Paleoearthquakes on the southern San Andreas Fault, Wrightwood, California, 3000 to 1500 B.C.: A new method for evaluating paleoseismic evidence and earthquake horizons

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

Volumn 97, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 1054-1093

  Scharer, Katherine M ^a   Weldon II, Ray J ^b   Fumal, Tom E ^c   Biasi, Glenn P ^d  

^a APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^c U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; GEOMORPHOLOGY; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SEISMOLOGY; STRATIGRAPHY;

EARHQUAKE HORIZONS; GROUND DEFORMATION; PALEOEARTHQUAKES; PALEOSEISMIC EVIDENCE;

EARTHQUAKES;

BAYESIAN ANALYSIS; DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE EVENT; EVENT STRATIGRAPHY; PALEOSEISMICITY; RADIOCARBON DATING; SAN ANDREAS FAULT;

CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; SAN ANDREAS; UNITED STATES; WRIGHTWOOD;

EID: 34548098961     PISSN: 00371106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1785/0120060137     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Ambraseys, N. (2002). The seismic activity of the Marmara Sea region over the last 2000 years, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92, 1-18.
2. Ambraseys, N. N., and J. A. Jackson (1998). Faulting associated with his torical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region, Geophys. J. Int. 133, no. 2, 390-406.
3. Biasi, G. P., and R. Weldon (1994). Quantitative refinement of calibrated 14C distributions, Quat. Res. 41, 1-18.
4. Biasi, G. P., R. J. Weldon, T. E. Fumal, and G. G. Seitz (2002). Paleoseismic event dating and the conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92, no. 7, 2761-2781.
5. Bonilla, M. G., and J. J. Lienkaemper (1990). Visibility of fault strands in exploratory trenches and timing of rupture events, Geology 18, no. 2, 153-156.
6. Clemen, R. T. (1990). Making Hard Decisions: An Introduction to Decision Analysis, PWS-Kent Publishing Company, Boston, 557 pp.
7. Cook, G. T., A. J. Dugmore, and J. S. Shore (1998). The influence of pretreatment on humic acid yield and 14C age of Carex peat, Radiocarbon 40, no. 1, 21-27.
8. Dadson, S. J., N. Hovius, H. Chen, W. B. Dade, J. Lin, M. Hsu, C. Lin, M. Horng, T. Chen, J. Milliman, and C. Stark (2004). Earthquake-triggered increase in sediment delivery from an active mountain belt, Geology 32, no. 8, 733-736.
9. Daellenbach, H. G. (1994). System and Decision Making: A Management Science Approach, Wiley, Chichester, England, 545 pp.
10. Denlinger, R. P., and R. M. Iverson (2001). Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three dimensional terrain; 2, Numerical predictions and experimental tests, J. Geophys. Res. 106, no. 1, 553-566.
11. Doig, R. (1990). 2300 yr history of seismicity from silting events in Lake Tadoussac, Charlevoix, Quebec, Geology 18, 820-823.
12. Furnal, T. E., S. K. Pezzopane, and R. J. Weldon, II. (1993). A 100-year average recurrence-interval for the San Andreas Fault at Wrightwood, California, Science 259, 5092, 199-203.
13. Fumal, T. E., R. J. Weldon, G. P. Biasi, T. E. Dawson, G. G. Seitz, W. T. Frost, and D. P. Schwartz (2002). Evidence for large earthquakes on the San Andrea fault at the Wrightwood, California, paleoseismic site: A.D. 500 to present, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92, no. 7, 2726-2760.
14. Goldfinger, C., C. H. Nelson, J. E. Johnson, D. Erickson, M. Winkler, P. Kalk, J. Pastor, A. Camarero, C. Morri, G. Dunhill, L. Ramos, A. Raab, N. Pisias, Jr., M. Pourmanoutscheri, D. van Rooij, L. Amy, and C. Liu (2003). Holocene equake records from the Cascadia Subduction zone and northern San Andreas Fault based on precise dating of offshore turbidites, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 31, 555-577.
15. Johnson, A. (1970). Physical Processes in Geology, Freeman, Cooper and Company, San Francisco, 577 pp.
16. Lewicka, M. (1997). Is hate wiser than love? Cognitive and emotional utilities in decision making. Decision Making: Cognitive Models and Explanations, in R. Ranyard, W. R. Crozier, and O. Svenson (Editors), Routledge, London. 90-108.
17. Lienkaemper, J., and P. Williams (2006). A 1650-year record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward Fault, Seism. Res. Lett. 77, no. 2, 229.
18. Major, J. (1996). Depositional processes in large-scale debris flow experiments, J. Geol. 105, 345-366.
19. Marco, S., M. Stein, A. Agnon, and H. Ron (1996). Long-term earthquake clustering: a 50,000-year paleoseismic record in the Dead Sea Graben, J. Geophys. Res. 101, no. B3, 6179-6192.
20. Matthews, M. V., W. L. Ellsworth and P. A. Reasenberg (2002). A Brownian model for recurrent earthquakes, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92, no. 6, 2233-2250.
21. 14C ages from buried tidal-marsh soils in the Cascadia Subduction Zone, southern Oregon coast, Quat. Res. 38, 74-90.
22. Nilsson, M., M. Klarqvist, E. Bohlin, and G. Possnert (2001). Variation in 14C age of macrofossils and different fractions of minute peat samples dated by AMS, The Holocene 11, no. 5, 579-586.
23. Obermeier, S. F. (1998). Seismic Liquefaction Features: Examples from Paleoseismic Investigations in the Continental United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
24. Rice, J. A. (2001). Humin, Soil Sci. 166, no. 11, 848-857.
25. Rockwell, T., G. Seitz, T. Dawson, and J. Young (2006). The long record of San Jacinto fault paleoearthquakes at Hog Lake: implications for regional patterns of strain release in the southern San Andreas fault system, Seism. Res. Lett. 77, no. 2, 270.
26. Scharer, K. M. (2005). Earthquakes to mountains: fault behavior of the San Andreas fault and active tectonics of the Chinese Tian Shan, Department of Geological Sciences, Ph.D. Dissertation 185, University of Oregon, Eugene.
27. Scholz, C. H. (2002). The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, Cambridge University Press, New York, 471 pp.
28. Seitz, G. G. (1999). The paleoseismology of the southern San Andreas fault at Pitman Canyon: Implications for fault behavior and paleoseismic methodology, Department of Geological Sciences, Ph.D. Dissertation 278, University of Oregon, Eugene.
29. Shevchenko, S. M., and G. W. Bailey (1996). Life after death: lignin-humic relationships reexamined, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 95-154.
30. Shore, J. S., D. D. Bartley, and D. D. Harkness (1995). Problems encountered with the 14C dating of peat, Quat. Sci. Rev. 14, 373-383.
31. Sieh, K., M. Stuiver, and D. Brillinger (1989). A more precise chronology of earthquakes produced by the San Andreas fault in southern CA. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 603-623.
32. Stevenson, F. J. (1982). Humus Chemistry - Genesis, Chemistry, Reactions, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 443 pp.
33. Stuiver, M., and H. A. Polach (1977). Radiocarbon 19, 355.
34. Stuiver, M., and P. J. Reimer (1993). Extended 14C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program, Radiocarbon 35, 215-230.
35. Tornqvist, T. E., A.F.M. de Jong, W. A. Oosterbaan, and K. van der Borg (1992). Accurate dating of organic deposits by AMS 14C measurement of macrofossils, Radiocarbon 34, 566-577.
36. Trumbore, S. E. (2000). Radiocarbon geochronology, in Quaternary Geochronology, Methods and Applications, J. S. Noller, J. M. Sowers, and W. R. Lettis (Editors), American Geophysical Union Reference Shelf 4, 41-60.
37. Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases, Science 185, 1124-1131.
38. Usami, T. (1988). Study of historical earthquakes in Japan, in, W.H.K. Lee, H. Meyers, and K. Shimazaki (Editors), Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes of the World, Academic Press, New York, 276-288.
39. Weldon, R. J., T. E. Fumal, G. P. Biasi, and K. M. Scharer (2005). Past and future earthquakes on the San Andreas fault, Science 308, 966-967.
40. Weldon, R. J., T. E. Fumal, T. J. Powers, S. K. Pezzopane, K. M. Scharer, and J. C. Hamilton (2002). Structure and earthquake offsets on the San Andreas fault at the Wrightwood, California paleoseismic site, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92, no. 7, 2704-2725.
41. Weldon, R. J., K. M. Scharer, T. E. Fumal, and G. P. Biasi (2004). Wrightwood and the earthquake cycle: what a long recurrence record tells us about how faults work, GSA Today 14, no. 9, 4-10.
42. Wershaw, R. L. (2000). The study of humic substances - in search of a paradigm, in Humic Substances, Versatile Components of Plants, Soils and Water, E. A. Ghabbour and G. Davies (Editor), The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1-7.
43. Witter, R. C., and H. M. Kelsey (2003). Great Cascadia earthquakes and tsunamis of the past 6700 years. Coquille River estuary, southern coastal Oregon, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 115, no. 10, 1289-1306.
44. Wolf, P. R., and C. D. Ghilani (2002). Elementary Surveying, Prentice Hall, New York, 900 pp.
45. Zhang, H., T. Niemi, and T. Fumal (2006). A 3000-year record of earthquakes on the northern San Andreas fault at the Vedanta Marsh site, Olema, California, Seism. Res. Lett. 77, no. 2, 248.