메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 132-155

FROM GENIUS INVERTS TO GENDERED INTELLIGENCE: Lewis Terman and the Power of the Norm

Author keywords

gender; intelligence; Lewis Terman; normativity; sexuality

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HISTORY; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; MALE; PSYCHOLOGY; SEXUALITY;

EID: 34548035188     PISSN: 10934510     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1093-4510.10.2.132     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (136)
  • 1
    • 0008591317 scopus 로고
    • Freud, male homosexuality, and the Americans
    • Abelove H., Barale M.A., and Halperin D.M. (Eds), Routledge, New York
    • Abelove H. Freud, male homosexuality, and the Americans. In: Abelove H., Barale M.A., and Halperin D.M. (Eds). The lesbian and gay studies reader (1993), Routledge, New York 381-393
    • (1993) The lesbian and gay studies reader , pp. 381-393
    • Abelove, H.1
  • 6
    • 34548827155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bridges, M. B. (1929, April 4). Letter to Lewis Terman. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 7
    • 0028412011 scopus 로고
    • The development of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory
    • Buchanan R.D. The development of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 30 (1994) 148-161
    • (1994) Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences , vol.30 , pp. 148-161
    • Buchanan, R.D.1
  • 11
    • 28444460430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Welfare moms and the two grooms: The concurrent promotion and restriction of marriage in US public policy
    • Cahill S. Welfare moms and the two grooms: The concurrent promotion and restriction of marriage in US public policy. Sexualities 8 (2005) 169-187
    • (2005) Sexualities , vol.8 , pp. 169-187
    • Cahill, S.1
  • 12
    • 0009038885 scopus 로고
    • Army alpha, army brass and the search for army intelligence
    • Carson J. Army alpha, army brass and the search for army intelligence. Isis 84 (1993) 278-309
    • (1993) Isis , vol.84 , pp. 278-309
    • Carson, J.1
  • 13
    • 85138086448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normality, Whiteness, authorship: Evolutionary sexology and the primitive pervert
    • Rosario V. (Ed), Routledge, New York
    • Carter J. Normality, Whiteness, authorship: Evolutionary sexology and the primitive pervert. In: Rosario V. (Ed). Science and homosexualities (1997), Routledge, New York 151-176
    • (1997) Science and homosexualities , pp. 151-176
    • Carter, J.1
  • 17
    • 0002216061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Punks, bulldaggers, and welfare queens: The radical potential of queer politics?
    • Cohen C. Punks, bulldaggers, and welfare queens: The radical potential of queer politics?. GLQ 4 (1997) 437-485
    • (1997) GLQ , vol.4 , pp. 437-485
    • Cohen, C.1
  • 18
    • 0015688944 scopus 로고
    • Masculinity-femininity: An exception to a famous dictum?
    • Constantinople A. Masculinity-femininity: An exception to a famous dictum?. Psychological Bulletin 80 (1973) 389-407
    • (1973) Psychological Bulletin , vol.80 , pp. 389-407
    • Constantinople, A.1
  • 20
    • 34548815093 scopus 로고
    • The process of musical creation
    • Cowell H. The process of musical creation. American Journal of Psychology 37 (1926) 233-236
    • (1926) American Journal of Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 233-236
    • Cowell, H.1
  • 23
    • 0026812433 scopus 로고
    • A scientific project locked in time: The Terman Genetic Studies of Genius, 1920s-1950s
    • Cravens H. A scientific project locked in time: The Terman Genetic Studies of Genius, 1920s-1950s. American Psychologist 47 (1992) 183-189
    • (1992) American Psychologist , vol.47 , pp. 183-189
    • Cravens, H.1
  • 24
    • 33847625145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "sinister fruitiness" of machines: Neuromancer, internet sexuality, and the Turing test
    • Sedgwick E.K. (Ed), Duke University Press, Durham, NC
    • Curtain T. The "sinister fruitiness" of machines: Neuromancer, internet sexuality, and the Turing test. In: Sedgwick E.K. (Ed). Novel gazing: Queer readings in fiction (1997), Duke University Press, Durham, NC 128-148
    • (1997) Novel gazing: Queer readings in fiction , pp. 128-148
    • Curtain, T.1
  • 34
    • 34548817120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fenton, N. (1932, July 5). Letter to Lewis Terman. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 35
    • 34548829765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fenton, N. (1928, October 9). Letter to Lewis Terman. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 38
    • 34548823081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foucault, M. (2003a). Abnormal: Lectures at the college de France, 1974-1975 (G. Burchell, Trans.). London: Verso.
  • 39
    • 34548833141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foucault, M. (2003b). Society must be defended: Lectures at the college de France, 1975-1976 (D. Macey, Trans.). London: Allen Lane.
  • 40
    • 0023459494 scopus 로고
    • "Uncontrolled desires": The response to the sexual psychopath, 1920-1960
    • Freedman E.B. "Uncontrolled desires": The response to the sexual psychopath, 1920-1960. Journal of American History 74 1 (1987) 83-106
    • (1987) Journal of American History , vol.74 , Issue.1 , pp. 83-106
    • Freedman, E.B.1
  • 41
    • 34548859361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Freud, S. (1953). Leonardo da Vinci. In The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 11, J. Strachey, Trans.). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published in 1910)
  • 43
    • 84937177552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The masculine degenerate: American doctors' portrayals of the lesbian intellect, 1880-1949
    • Gibson M. The masculine degenerate: American doctors' portrayals of the lesbian intellect, 1880-1949. Journal of Women's History 9 (1998) 78-103
    • (1998) Journal of Women's History , vol.9 , pp. 78-103
    • Gibson, M.1
  • 45
    • 0036599169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marital research in the 20th century and a research agenda for the 21st century
    • Gottman J.M., and Notarius C.I. Marital research in the 20th century and a research agenda for the 21st century. Family Process 41 (2002) 159-197
    • (2002) Family Process , vol.41 , pp. 159-197
    • Gottman, J.M.1    Notarius, C.I.2
  • 46
    • 0004277776 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
    • Hacking I. The taming of chance (1990), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
    • (1990) The taming of chance
    • Hacking, I.1
  • 47
    • 34548854079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haggerty, M. E. (1921, April 14). Letter to Lewis Terman. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038): Stanford University Archives.
  • 51
    • 0003733825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Routledge, New York
    • TM (1997), Routledge, New York
    • (1997) TM
    • Haraway, D.1
  • 52
    • 27644558801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "More feminine than 999 men out of 1,000": Measuring sex roles and gender nonconformity in psychology
    • Lester T. (Ed), University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI
    • Hegarty P. "More feminine than 999 men out of 1,000": Measuring sex roles and gender nonconformity in psychology. In: Lester T. (Ed). Gender nonconformity, race, and sexuality: Charting the connections (2003), University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI
    • (2003) Gender nonconformity, race, and sexuality: Charting the connections
    • Hegarty, P.1
  • 56
    • 34548816560 scopus 로고
    • Review of the book Psychological Factors in Marital Happiness
    • Hollingworth H. Review of the book Psychological Factors in Marital Happiness. Psychological Bulletin 36 (1939) 191-197
    • (1939) Psychological Bulletin , vol.36 , pp. 191-197
    • Hollingworth, H.1
  • 58
    • 0038604652 scopus 로고
    • Quantifying psychological phenomena: Debates, dilemmas and implications
    • Morawski J.G. (Ed), Yale University Press, New Haven, CT
    • Hornstein G.A. Quantifying psychological phenomena: Debates, dilemmas and implications. In: Morawski J.G. (Ed). The rise of expeiemrntation in American psychology (1988), Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 1-34
    • (1988) The rise of expeiemrntation in American psychology , pp. 1-34
    • Hornstein, G.A.1
  • 59
    • 34347315673 scopus 로고
    • Madness and degeneration, IV: The man of genius
    • Huertas R. Madness and degeneration, IV: The man of genius. History of Psychiatry 4 (1993) 301-319
    • (1993) History of Psychiatry , vol.4 , pp. 301-319
    • Huertas, R.1
  • 64
    • 34548843449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelly, E. L. (1931, November 25). Letter to Lewis Terman. Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 65
    • 34548838946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelly, E. L. (1932, February 12). Letter to Lewis Terman. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 66
    • 34548824447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelly, E. L. (1933, July 13). Letter to Lewis Terman. Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 67
    • 0001076062 scopus 로고
    • Concerning the validity of Terman's weights for predicting marital happiness
    • Kelly E.L. Concerning the validity of Terman's weights for predicting marital happiness. Psychological Bulletin 36 (1939) 202-203
    • (1939) Psychological Bulletin , vol.36 , pp. 202-203
    • Kelly, E.L.1
  • 68
    • 85048902185 scopus 로고
    • Consistency of the adult personality
    • Kelly E.L. Consistency of the adult personality. American Psychologist 10 (1950) 659-681
    • (1950) American Psychologist , vol.10 , pp. 659-681
    • Kelly, E.L.1
  • 69
    • 0023207765 scopus 로고
    • Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction
    • Kelly E.L., and Conley J.J. Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 27-40
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 27-40
    • Kelly, E.L.1    Conley, J.J.2
  • 70
    • 0002049317 scopus 로고
    • Testing the army's intelligence
    • Kevles D.J. Testing the army's intelligence. Journal of American History 55 (1968) 565-581
    • (1968) Journal of American History , vol.55 , pp. 565-581
    • Kevles, D.J.1
  • 72
    • 85003156706 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for a hormonal explanation of the homosexual
    • Kinsey A.C. Criteria for a hormonal explanation of the homosexual. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 5 (1941) 424-428
    • (1941) Journal of Clinical Endocrinology , vol.5 , pp. 424-428
    • Kinsey, A.C.1
  • 75
    • 34548822800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latour, B. (1993). We have never been modern (C. Porter, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • 76
    • 0000861041 scopus 로고
    • "Rather worse than folly?" Psychology measures femininity and masculinity, 1: From Terman and Miles to the Guildfords
    • Lewin M. (Ed), Columbia University Press, New York
    • Lewin M. "Rather worse than folly?" Psychology measures femininity and masculinity, 1: From Terman and Miles to the Guildfords. In: Lewin M. (Ed). In the shadow of the past (1984), Columbia University Press, New York 155-178
    • (1984) In the shadow of the past , pp. 155-178
    • Lewin, M.1
  • 77
    • 0002286394 scopus 로고
    • Psychology measures femininity and masculinity, 2: From "13 gay men" to the instrumental-expressive distinction
    • Lewin M. (Ed), Columbia University Press, New York
    • Lewin M. Psychology measures femininity and masculinity, 2: From "13 gay men" to the instrumental-expressive distinction. In: Lewin M. (Ed). In the shadow of the past (1984), Columbia University Press, New York 179-204
    • (1984) In the shadow of the past , pp. 179-204
    • Lewin, M.1
  • 78
    • 0034346342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender-related individual differences and mortality in the Terman longitudinal study: Is masculinity hazardous to your health?
    • Lippa R.A., Martin L.R., and Friedman H.S. Gender-related individual differences and mortality in the Terman longitudinal study: Is masculinity hazardous to your health?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (2000) 1560-1570
    • (2000) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.26 , pp. 1560-1570
    • Lippa, R.A.1    Martin, L.R.2    Friedman, H.S.3
  • 83
    • 34548860463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marshall, H. (1921, October 22). Letter to Lewis Terman. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 85
    • 0043210426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality traits in adolescence as predictors of religiousness in early adulthood: Findings from the Terman longitudinal study
    • McColough M.E., Tsang J.A., and Brion S. Personality traits in adolescence as predictors of religiousness in early adulthood: Findings from the Terman longitudinal study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 980-991
    • (2003) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.29 , pp. 980-991
    • McColough, M.E.1    Tsang, J.A.2    Brion, S.3
  • 86
    • 0010035992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of gender identity disorder in children
    • Rottnek M. (Ed), NYU Press, New York
    • Minter S. Diagnosis and treatment of gender identity disorder in children. In: Rottnek M. (Ed). Sissies & tomboys: Gender nonconformity and homosexual childhood (1999), NYU Press, New York 9-33
    • (1999) Sissies & tomboys: Gender nonconformity and homosexual childhood , pp. 9-33
    • Minter, S.1
  • 87
    • 0031479365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Queer theory: Historical roots and implications for psychology
    • Minton H. Queer theory: Historical roots and implications for psychology. Theory and Psychology 7 (1997) 337-353
    • (1997) Theory and Psychology , vol.7 , pp. 337-353
    • Minton, H.1
  • 89
  • 92
    • 0034287208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of being orgasmic: Sexuality gender and marital sex manuals in the United States, 1920-1963
    • Neuhaus J. The importance of being orgasmic: Sexuality gender and marital sex manuals in the United States, 1920-1963. Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (2000) 447-473
    • (2000) Journal of the History of Sexuality , vol.9 , pp. 447-473
    • Neuhaus, J.1
  • 96
    • 34548012413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological knowledge in a colonial context: Theories on the nature of the "native mind" in the former Dutch East Indies
    • Pols H. Psychological knowledge in a colonial context: Theories on the nature of the "native mind" in the former Dutch East Indies. History of Psychology 10 (2007) 111-131
    • (2007) History of Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 111-131
    • Pols, H.1
  • 97
    • 31644443055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transsexuality and the transsexologists: Inversion and the emergence of transsexual subjectivity
    • Bland L., and Doan L. (Eds), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
    • Prosser J. Transsexuality and the transsexologists: Inversion and the emergence of transsexual subjectivity. In: Bland L., and Doan L. (Eds). Sexology in culture: Labeling bodies and desires (1998), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL 116-132
    • (1998) Sexology in culture: Labeling bodies and desires , pp. 116-132
    • Prosser, J.1
  • 99
    • 34548838670 scopus 로고
    • Rand, McNally and Co, New York
    • Royse N.K. A study of genius (1891), Rand, McNally and Co, New York
    • (1891) A study of genius
    • Royse, N.K.1
  • 100
    • 0003226436 scopus 로고
    • Putting psychology on the map: Ideology and intelligence testing
    • Buss A.R. (Ed), Irvington, New York
    • Samelson F. Putting psychology on the map: Ideology and intelligence testing. In: Buss A.R. (Ed). Psychology in social context (1979), Irvington, New York 103-168
    • (1979) Psychology in social context , pp. 103-168
    • Samelson, F.1
  • 102
    • 0042045711 scopus 로고
    • Career and life satisfaction among Terman's gifted women
    • Stanley J.C., George W.D., and Solano C.H. (Eds), Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore
    • Sears P.S., and Barbee A.H. Career and life satisfaction among Terman's gifted women. In: Stanley J.C., George W.D., and Solano C.H. (Eds). The gifted and the creative: A fifty year perspective (1977), Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 28-65
    • (1977) The gifted and the creative: A fifty year perspective , pp. 28-65
    • Sears, P.S.1    Barbee, A.H.2
  • 103
    • 0039586142 scopus 로고
    • How to bring your kids up gay
    • Warner M. (Ed), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN
    • Sedgwick E.K. How to bring your kids up gay. In: Warner M. (Ed). Fear of a queer planet: Queer politics and social theory (1993), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN 69-81
    • (1993) Fear of a queer planet: Queer politics and social theory , pp. 69-81
    • Sedgwick, E.K.1
  • 104
    • 34548026796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Passionate men, emotional women: Psychology constructs gender difference in the late 19th century
    • Shields S. Passionate men, emotional women: Psychology constructs gender difference in the late 19th century. History of Psychology 10 (2007) 92-110
    • (2007) History of Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 92-110
    • Shields, S.1
  • 107
    • 0028520174 scopus 로고
    • Scientific racism and the emergence of the homosexual body
    • Sommerville S. Scientific racism and the emergence of the homosexual body. Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994) 243-266
    • (1994) Journal of the History of Sexuality , vol.5 , pp. 243-266
    • Sommerville, S.1
  • 109
    • 0348045437 scopus 로고
    • A study in precocity and prematuration
    • Terman L.M. A study in precocity and prematuration. American Journal of Psychology 16 (1905) 145-183
    • (1905) American Journal of Psychology , vol.16 , pp. 145-183
    • Terman, L.M.1
  • 111
    • 0037818242 scopus 로고
    • The intelligence quotient of Francis Galton in childhood
    • Terman L.M. The intelligence quotient of Francis Galton in childhood. American Journal of Psychology 28 (1917) 209-215
    • (1917) American Journal of Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 209-215
    • Terman, L.M.1
  • 112
    • 34548829242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terman, L. M. (1921, 5). Letter to M. E. Haggerty. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 114
    • 34548847854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terman, L. M. (1926, January 5). Letter to R. L. Wilbur. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 115
    • 34548847024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terman, L. M. (1928a, December 5). Letter to Mr. Court Smith. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 116
    • 34548849884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terman, L. M. (1928b, October 9). Letter to Mr James B. Holohan. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 117
    • 34548850162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terman, L. M. (1928c, December 5). Letter to the Commanding Officer of the Federal Prison on Alcatraz Island, December 5th. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 118
    • 34548818240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terman, L. M. (1928d, October 5). Letter to Norman Fenton. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 119
    • 34548850715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terman, L. M. (1932, February 3). Letter to E. Lowell Kelly. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 120
    • 34548854343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terman, L. M. (1934, November 15). Letter to Donald Wilson. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 121
    • 34548834824 scopus 로고
    • The effect of happiness or unhappiness on self-report regarding attitudes reaction patterns and facts of personal history
    • Terman L.M. The effect of happiness or unhappiness on self-report regarding attitudes reaction patterns and facts of personal history. Psychological Bulletin 36 (1939) 197-202
    • (1939) Psychological Bulletin , vol.36 , pp. 197-202
    • Terman, L.M.1
  • 122
    • 0038434820 scopus 로고
    • Kinsey's "Sexual behavior in the human male": Some comments and criticisms
    • Terman L.M. Kinsey's "Sexual behavior in the human male": Some comments and criticisms. Psychological Bulletin 45 (1948) 443-459
    • (1948) Psychological Bulletin , vol.45 , pp. 443-459
    • Terman, L.M.1
  • 127
    • 0003800310 scopus 로고
    • The gifted child grows up: Twenty-five years' follow-up of a superior group
    • Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
    • Terman L.M., and Oden M.H. The gifted child grows up: Twenty-five years' follow-up of a superior group. Genetic studies of genius 4 (1947), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
    • (1947) Genetic studies of genius , vol.4
    • Terman, L.M.1    Oden, M.H.2
  • 128
    • 0003800308 scopus 로고
    • The gifted child at mid-life: Thirty-five years' follow-up of the superior child
    • Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
    • Terman L.M., and Oden M.H. The gifted child at mid-life: Thirty-five years' follow-up of the superior child. Genetic studies of genius 5 (1959), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
    • (1959) Genetic studies of genius , vol.5
    • Terman, L.M.1    Oden, M.H.2
  • 129
    • 0040516955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
    • Terry J. An American obsession (1999), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
    • (1999) An American obsession
    • Terry, J.1
  • 130
    • 34548821702 scopus 로고
    • Black intellectuals on IQ tests
    • Jaccoby R., and Russell G. (Eds), Random House, New York Reprinted from Teachers College Record
    • Thomas W.B. Black intellectuals on IQ tests. In: Jaccoby R., and Russell G. (Eds). The Bell curve debate (1984/1995), Random House, New York 510-541 Reprinted from Teachers College Record
    • (1984) The Bell curve debate , pp. 510-541
    • Thomas, W.B.1
  • 131
    • 0002988210 scopus 로고
    • Computing machinery and intelligence
    • Turing A. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 59 (1950) 433-460
    • (1950) Mind , vol.59 , pp. 433-460
    • Turing, A.1
  • 132
    • 34548861056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilson, D. (1935a, January 12). Letter to Lewis Terman. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 133
    • 34548860751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilson, D. (1935b, February 18). Letter to Lewis Terman. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 134
    • 34548831195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yates, D. (1922, January 2). Letter to Lewis Terman. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.
  • 136
    • 34548841215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zinn, E. L. (1928, May 28). Letter to Lewis Terman. In Lewis Terman Papers (SC038), Stanford University Archives.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.