Methoprene

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association

Volumn 23, Issue 2 SUPPL., 2007, Pages 225-239

  Henrick, Clive A ^a  

^a Zoecon Research and Development   (United States)

Author keywords

Altosid ; Biorational; JH mimic; Juvenile hormone; Juvenoid; Mosquito; Non targets; S methoprene

Indexed keywords

HEXAPODA;

EID: 34548027277     PISSN: 8756971X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x(2007)23[225:m]2.0.co;2     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Allen GR, Sweeney AW. 1985. The compatibility of methoprene with the mosquito fungus Culicinomyces clavisporus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1:243-245.
2. Ankley GT, Tietge JE, DeFoe DL, Jensen KM, Holcombe GW, Durhan EJ, Diamond SA. 1998. Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of Rana pipiens. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:2530-2542.
3. Baker FC. 1990. Techniques for identification and quantification of juvenile hormones and related compounds in arthropods. In: Gupta AP, ed. Morphogenetic hormones of arthropods. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press. p 389-453.
4. Banks WA, Lofgren CS. 1991. Effectiveness of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen against the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Entomol Sci 26:331-338.
5. Banks WA, Lofgren CS, Plumley JK. 1978. Red imported fire ants: effects of insect growth regulators on caste formation and colony growth and survival. J Econ Entomol 71:75-78.
6. Barber JT, Ellgaard EG, Castagno RJ. 1978. Crustacean molting in the presence of Altosid® SR-10. Mosq News 38:417-418.
7. Batzer DP, Sjogren RD. 1986. Potential effects of Altosid (methoprene) briquet treatments on Eubranchipus bundyi (Anostraca: Chirocephalidae). J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2:226-227.
8. Becnel JJ, Garcia J, Johnson M. 1996. Effects of three larvicides on the production of Aedes albopictus based on removal of pupal exuviae. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12:499-502.
9. Bergot BJ, Baker FC, Cerf DC, Jamieson G, Schooley DA. 1981. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of juvenile hormone titers in developing embryos of several insect species: discovery of a JH-like substance from eggs of Manduca sexta. In: Pratt GE, Brooks GT, eds. Juvenile hormone biochemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. p 33-45.
10. Bergot BJ, Jamieson GC, Ratcliff MA, Schooley DA. 1980. JH zero: new naturally occurring insect juvenile hormone from developing embryos of the tobacco hornworm. Science 210:336-338.
11. Bhaskaran G, Delbrouck J, Henrick CA, Siddall JB. 1972. A novel juvenile hormone analog for control of mosquitoes and flies. Zoecon Corporation, Unpublished.
12. Bircher L, Ruber E. 1988. Toxicity of methoprene to all stages of the salt marsh copepod, Apocyclops spartinus (Cyclopoida). J Am Mosq Control Assoc 4:520-523.
13. Blume RR, Aga A, Oehler DD, Younger RL. 1974. Onthophagus gazella: a non-target arthropod for the evaluation of bovine feces containing methoprene. Environ Entomol 3:947-949.
14. Bollenbacher WE, Granger NA. 1985. In: Kerkut GA, Gilbert GA, eds. Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology Volume 7. Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon Press. p 109-151.
15. Bowers WS. 1969. Juvenile hormone: activity of aromatic terpenoid ethers. Science 164:323-325.
16. Bowers WS, Fales HM, Thompson MJ, Uebel EC. 1966. Juvenile hormone: Identification of an active compound from balsam fir. Science 154:1020-1021.
17. Bowers WS, Thompson MJ, Uebel EC. 1965. Juvenile and gonadotropic hormone activity of 10,11-epoxyfarnesenic acid methyl ester. Life Sci 4:2323-2331.
18. Breaud TP, Farlow JE, Steelman CD, Schilling PE. 1977. Effects of the insect growth regulator methoprene on natural populations of aquatic organisms in Louisiana intermediate marsh habitats. Mosq News 37:704-712.
19. Brown TM, Brown AWA. 1974. Experimental induction of resistance to a juvenile hormone mimic. J Econ Entomol 67:799-801.
20. Brown TM, DeVries DH, Brown AWA. 1978. Induction of resistance to insect growth regulators. J Econ Entomol 71:223-229.
21. Brüning E, Lanzrein B. 1987. Function of juvenile hormone III in embryonic development of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea. Int J Invertebr Reprod Dev 12:29-44.
22. Brüning E, Saxer A, Lanzrein B. 1985. Methyl farnesoate and juvenile hormone III in normal and precocene-treated embryos of the ovoviviparous cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea. Int J Invertebr Reprod Dev 8:269-278.
23. Celestial DM, McKenny CL Jr. 1994. The influence of an insect growth regulator on the larval development of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii. Environ Pollution 85:169-173.
24. Cerf DC, Georghiou GP. 1972. Evidence of cross-resistance to a juvenile hormone analogue in some insecticide-resistant houseflies. Nature (Lond) 239: 401-402.
25. Cerf DC, Georghiou GP. 1974. Cross-resistance to juvenile hormone analogs in insecticide-resistant strains of Musca domestica L. Pestic Sci 5:759-767.
26. Chamberlain WF. 1979. Methoprene and the flea. Pest Control 47:22-26.
27. Chamberlain WF, Becker JD. 1977. Inhibition of cocoon formation and adult emergence of oriental rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) by insect growth regulators. Southwest Entomol 2:179-182.
28. Chamberlain WF, Hunt LM, Hopkins DE, Gingrich AR, Miller JA, Gilbert BN. 1975. Absorption, excretion, and metabolism of methoprene by a guinea pig, a steer, and a cow. J Agric Food Chem 23:736-742.
29. Chamberlain WF, Maciejewska L, Matter JJ. 1988. Response of the larvae and pupae of the oriental rat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) to chemicals of different chemical types. J Econ Entomol 81:1420-1425.
30. Christiansen ME, Costlow JD Jr, Monroe RJ. 1977. Effects of the juvenile hormone mimic ZR-515 (Altosid®) on larval development of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii at various salinities and cyclic temperatures. Marine Biol 39:269-279.
31. Collins PJ, Wilson D. 1987. Efficacy of current and potential grain protectant insecticides against a fenitrothion-resistant strain of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. Pestic Sci 20:93-104.
32. Cornel AJ, Stanich MA, Farley D, Mulligan FS III, Byde G. 2000. Methoprene tolerance in Aedes nigromaculis in Fresno County, California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 16:223-228.
33. Costlow JD Jr. 1977. The effect of juvenile hormone mimics on development of the mud crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould). In: Vernberg FJ, Calabrese A, Thurberg FP, Vernburg WB, eds. Physiological responses of marine biota to pollutants. New York: Academic Press. p 439-457.
34. Creekmur GD, Russell MP, Hazelrigg JE. 1982. Field evaluation of the effects of slow-release wettable powder formulation of Altosid® on nontarget organisms. Proc Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc 49:95-97.
35. Dame DA, Lowe RE, Wichterman GJ, Cameron AL, Baldwin KF, Miller TW. 1976. Laboratory and field assessment of insect growth regulators for mosquito control. Mosq News 36:462-472.
36. Dame DA, Wichterman GJ, Hornby JA. 1998. Mosquito (Aedes taeniorhynchus) resistance to methoprene in an isolated habitat. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14:200-203.
37. Degitz SJ, Durhan EJ, Tietge JE, Kosian PA, Holcombe GW, Ankley GT. 2003. Developmental toxicity of methoprene and several degradation products in Xenopus laevis. Aquatic Toxicol 64:97-105.
38. Djerassi C, Shih-Coleman C, Diekman J. 1974. Insect control of the future: Operational and policy aspects. Science 186:596-607.
39. Dorn S, Frischknecht ML, Martinez V, Zurflüh R, Fischer U. 1981. A novel non-neurotoxic insecticide with a broad activity spectrum. Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz 88:269-275.
40. Duve H, Thorpe A, Yagi KJ, Yu CG, Tobe SS. 1992. Factors affecting the biosynthesis and release of juvenile hormone bisepoxide in the adult blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. J Insect Physiol 38:575-578.
41. Edwards JP, Clarke B. 1978. Eradication of Pharaoh's ants with baits containing the insect juvenile hormone analogue methoprene. Int Pest Control 20:5-10.
42. Edwards JP, Menn JJ. 1981. The use of juvenoids in pest management. In: Wegler R, ed. Chemie der pflanzenschutz- und schädlingsbekä mpfungsmittl, vol 6. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p 185-214.
43. El-Gazzar LM, Koehler PG, Patterson RS, Milio J. 1986. Insect growth regulators: mode of action on the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol 23:651-654.
44. Fashing NJ, Sagan H. 1979. Effect of the juvenile hormone analog methoprene on Nasonia vitripennis when administered via a host, Sarcophaga bullata. Environ Entomol 8:816-818.
45. Fincher GT. 1991. Sustained-release bolus for horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) control: effects of methoprene and diflubenzuron on some other nontarget species. Environ Entomol 20:77-81.
46. Finney JR, Gordon R, Condon WJ, Rusted TN. 1977. Laboratory studies on the feasibility of integrated mosquito control using an insect growth regulator and a mermithid nematode. Mosq News 37:6-11.
47. Floore TG, Rathburn CB Jr, Boike AH Jr, Masters HM. 1988. Small plot field tests of Altosid pellets against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. J Florida Anti-Mosq Assoc 59:1-4.
48. Floore TG, Rathburn CB Jr, Boike AH Jr, Rodriguez HM, Coughlin JS. 1990. Small plot test of sustained release Altosid® (methoprene) pellets against Aedes taeniorhynchus in brackish water. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 6:133-134.
49. Floore TG, Rathburn CB Jr, Dukes JC, Clements BW Jr, Boike AH Jr. 1991. Control of Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus emergence with sustained release Altosid® sand granules and pellets in saltwater and freshwater test plots. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 7:405-408.
50. Floore TG, Smith JP, Shaffer KR, Schreiber ET. 2002. Laboratory bioassay studies to determine methoprene susceptibility in a natural population of Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus from Florida Keys. J Am Mosq control Assoc 18:111-113.
51. Fort DJ, Propst TL, Stover EL, Helgen JC, Levey RB, Gallagher K, Burkhart JG. 1999a. Effects of pond water, sediment, and sediment extracts from Minnesota and Vermont, U.S.A., on early development and metamorphosis of Xenopus. Environ Toxicol Chem 18:2305-2315.
52. Fort DJ, Rogers RL, Copley HF, Bruning LA, Stover EL, Helgen JC, Burkhart JG. 1999b. Progress toward identifying causes of maldevelopment induced in Xenopus by pond water and sediment extracts from Minnesota, U.S.A. Environ Toxicol Chem 18:2316-2324.
53. Forward RB Jr, Costlow JD Jr. 1978. Sublethal effects of insect growth regulators upon crab larval behavior. Water Air Soil Pollut 9:227-238.
54. Fukuda S. 1944. The hormonal mechanism of larval moulting and metamorphosis in the silkworm. J Fac Sci Imp Univ Tokyo Ser IV 6:477-532.
55. Garg RC, Donahue WA. 1989. Pharmacologic profile of methoprene, an insect growth regulator, in cattle, dogs, and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:410-412.
56. Georghiou GP, Ariaratnum V, Pasternak ME, Lin CS. 1975. Organophosphorus multi-resistance in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in California. J Econ Entomol 68:461-467.
57. Georghiou GP, Lin CS. 1974. Time-sequence response of Culex tarsalis following exposure to insect growth regulators. Proc Calif Mosq Control Assoc 42:165-166.
58. Georghiou GP, Lin CS, Pasternak ME. 1974. Assessment of potentiality of Culex tarsalis for development of resistance to carbamate insecticides and insect growth regulators. Proc Calif Mosq Control Assoc 42:117-118.
59. Gradoni L, Bettini S, Majori G. 1976. Toxicity of Altosid to the crustacean, Gammarus aequicauda. Mosq News 363:294-297.
60. Hangartner WW, Suchý M, Wipf H.-K, Zurflüh RC. 1976. Synthesis and laboratory and field evaluation of a new, highly active and stable insect growth regulator. J Agric Food Chem 24:169-175.
61. Harris RL, Chamberlain WF, Frazar ED. 1974. Horn flies and stable flies: free-choice feeding of methoprene mineral blocks to cattle for control. J Econ Entomol 67:384-386.
62. Harris RL, Frazer[sic] ED, Younger RL. 1973. Horn flies, stable flies, and house flies: development in feces of bo vines treated orally with juvenile hormone analogues. J Econ Entomol 66:1099-1102.
63. Hawkins DR, Weston KT, Chasseaud LF, Franklin ER. 1977. Fate of methoprene (isopropyl (2E,4E)-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4- dodecadienoate) in rats. J Agric Food Chem 25:398-403.
64. Henrick CA. 1982. Juvenile hormone analogs: Structure-activity relationships. In: Coats JR, ed. Insecticide mode of action. New York: Academic Press. p 315-402.
65. Henrick CA. 1990. This week's citation classic. Curr Contents Agric Biol Environ Sci 21:14.
66. Henrick CA. 1995. Juvenoids. In: Godfrey CRA, ed. Agrochemicals from natural products. New York: Marcel Dekker. p 147-213.
67. Henrick CA, Anderson RJ, Staal GB, Ludvik GF. 1978. Insect juvenile hormone activity of optically active alkyl (2E,4E)-3,7,11- trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoates and of arylterpenoid analogues. J Agric Food Chem 26:542-550.
68. Henrick CA, Ko J, Nguyen J, Burleson J, Lindahl G, Van Gundy D, Edge JM. 2002. Investigation of the relationship between s-methoprene and deformities in anurans. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 18:214-221.
69. Henrick CA, Staal GB. 1988. Stereoisomerism in juvenile hormone structure-activity relationships. In: Ariëns EJ, van Rensen JJS, Wellings W, eds. Stereoselectivity of pesticides; biological and chemical problems. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. p 303-326.
70. Henrick CA, Staal GB, Siddall JB. 1973. Alkyl 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4- dodecadienoates, a new class of potent insect growth regulators with juvenile hormone activity. J Agric Food Chem 21:354-359.
71. Henrick CA, Staal GB, Siddall JB. 1976a. Structure activity relationships in some juvenile hormone analogs. In: Gilbert LI, ed. The Juvenile Hormones. New York: Plenum. p 48-60.
72. Henrick CA, Willy WE, Garcia BA, Staal GB. 1975. Insect juvenile hormone activity of the stereoisomers of ethyl 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienote. J Agric Food Chem 23:396-400.
73. Henrick CA, Willy WE, Staal GB. 1976b. Insect juvenile hormone activity of alkyl (2E,4E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoates. Variations in the ester function and in the carbon chain. J Agric Food Chem 24:207-218.
74. Hester PG, Rathburn CB Jr, Boike AH Jr. 1980. Effects of methoprene on non-target organisms when applied as a mosquito larvicide. Proc Florida Anti-Mosq Assoc 51:16-20.
75. Hinkle NC, Koehler PG, Patterson RS. 1995. Residual effectiveness of insect growth regulators applied to carpet for control of cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) larvae. J Econ Entomol 88:903-906.
76. Hornby JA. 2000. Re-examination of Ae taeniorhynchus methoprene susceptibility in Lee County Florida. In: American Mosquito Control Association Meeting 2000 March 11-16; Atlantic City, NJ.
77. Hsieh MG, Steelman CD. 1974. Susceptibility of selected mosquito species to five chemicals which inhibit insect development. Mosq News 34:278-282.
78. Jakob WL. 1972. Additional studies with juvenile hormone-type compounds against mosquito larvae. Mosq News 32:592-595.
79. Judy KJ, Schooley DA, Dunham LL, Hall MS, Bergot BJ, Siddall JB. 1973. Isolation, structure, and absolute configuration of a new natural insect juvenile hormone from Manduca sexta. Proc Nat Acad Sci 70:1509-1513.
80. Kadri ABH. 1975. Cross-resistance to an insect juvenile hormone analogue in a species of the Anopheles gambiae complex resistant to insecticides. J Med Entomol 12:10-12.
81. Kamada A. 1992. Effects of methoprene Manta application on growth and cocoon production in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, of different rearing temperatures. J Seric Sci Jpn 61:116-122.
82. Karrer F, Farooq S. 1981. Some insect growth regulators with aromatic rings: their synthesis and biological properties. In: Sehnal F, Zabza A, Menn JJ, Cymborowski B, eds. Regulation of insect development and behaviour, Part 1. Wrocław, Poland: Wrocław Tech. Univ. Press. p 289-302.
83. Kawada H, Kojima I, Shinjo G. 1989. Laboratory evaluation of a new insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen, as a cockroach control agent. Jpn J Sanit Zool 40:195-201.
84. Knepper RG, Leclair AD, Strickler JD, Walker ED. 1992. Evaluation of methoprene (Altosid® XR) sustained release briquets for control of Culex mosquitoes in urban catch basins. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8:228-230.
85. Koehler PG, Patterson RS. 1991. Incorporation of pyriproxyfen in a German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) management program. J Econ Entomol 84:917-921.
86. Koolman J. 1982. Ecdysone metabolism. Insect Biochem 12:225-250.
87. Kopeć S. 1917. Experiments on metamorphosis of insects. Bull Int Acad Sci Cracovie B:57-60.
88. Kopeć S. 1922. Studies on the necessity of the brain for the inception of insect metamorphosis. Biol Bull 42:323-342.
89. Kramer VL, Beesley C. 1991. Efficacy and persistence of sustained-release methoprene pellets against Aedes mosquitoes in an irrigated pasture. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 7:646-648.
90. Kramer VL, Carper ER, Beesley C. 1993. Control of Aedes dorsalis with sustained-release methoprene pellets in a saltwater marsh. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 9:127-130.
91. Krishna Kumaran A. 1990. Modes of action of juvenile hormones at cellular and molecular levels. In: Gupta AP, ed. Morphogenetic hormones of arthropods, vol 1. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press. p 182-227.
92. La Clair JJ, Bantle JA, Dumont J. 1998. Photoproducts and metabolites of a common insect growth regulator produce developmental deformities in Xenopus. Environ Sci Technol 32:1453-1461.
93. Lee BM, Scott GI. 1989. Acute toxicity of temephos, fenoxycarb, diflubenzuron, and methoprene and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis to the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 43:827-832.
94. Levy R, Miller TW Jr. 1977. Susceptibility of the mosquito nematode, Romanomermis culicivorax (Mermithidae) to pesticides and growth regulators. Environ Entomol 6:447-448.
95. Levy R, Miller TW Jr. 1978. Tolerance of the planarian, Dugesia dorotcephala, to high concentrations of pesticides and growth regulators. Entomophaga 23:31-34.
96. Lowe RE, Schwarz M, Cameron AL, Dame DA. 1975. Evaluation of newly synthesized insect growth regulators against Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Anopheles albimanus and Aedes taeniorhynchus. Mosq News 35:561-563.
97. Lucas RE. 1978. Altosid -A unique tool for use in an integrated mosquito control program. Proc Calif Mosq Control Assoc 46:118-119.
98. Manville JF. 1975. Juvabione and its analogs. Juvabione and Δ4′-dehydrojuvabione, isolated from the whole wood of Abies balsamea, have the R,R stereoconfigurations, not the R,S. Can J Chem 53:1579-1585.
99. Manville JF. 1976. Juvabione and its analogues. II. Isolation, identification, and occurrence of juvabiol and its epimer isojuvabiol from the whole wood of Abies balsamea. Can J Chem 54:2365-2371.
100. Manville JF, Kriz CD. 1977. Juvabione and its analogues. IV. Isolation, identification, and occurrence of juvabione, juvabiol, and epijuvabiol from the whole wood of Abies lasiocarpa. Can J Chem 55:2547-2553.
101. Manzelli MA. 1982. Management of stored-tobacco pests, the cigarette beetle (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) and tobacco moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with methoprene. J Econ Entomol 75:721-723.
102. Masner P, Dorn S, Vogel W, Kälin M, Graf O, Günthart E. 1981. Types of response of insects to a new IGR and to proven standards. In: Sehnal F, Zabza A, Menn JJ, Cymborowski, eds. Regulation of insect development and behaviour, Part II. Wrocław, Poland: Wrocław Tech. Univ. Press. p 809-818.
103. McKenney CL Jr, Matthews E. 1990. Influence of an insect growth regulator on the larval development of an estuarine shrimp. Environ Pollution 64:169-178.
104. Menn JJ, Henrick CA. 1981. Rational and biorational design of pesticides. Phil. Trans R Soc Lond B295:57-71.
105. Menn JJ, Henrick CA, Staal GB. 1981. Juvenoids: bioactivity and prospects for insect management. In: Sehnal F, Zabza A, Menn JJ, Cymborowski B, eds. Regulation of insect development and behaviour, Part II. Wrocław, Poland: Wrocław Tech. Univ. Press. p 735-748.
106. Meyer AS, Schneiderman HA, Hanzmann, Ko JH. 1968. The two juvenile hormones from the cecropia silk moth. Proc Nat Acad Sci 60:853-860.
107. Mian LS, Mulla MS. 1982a. Residual activity of insect growth regulators against stored-product beetles in grain commodities. J Econ Entomol 75:599-603.
108. Mian LS, Mulla MS. 1982b. Biological and environmental dynamics of insect growth regulators (IGRs) as used against Diptera of public health importance. Residue Reviews 84:27-112.
109. Miller J A, Beadles ML, Palmer JS, Pickens MO. 1977. Methoprene for control of the horn fly: a sustained-release bolus formulation for cattle. J Econ Entomol 70:589-591.
110. Miller JA, Knapp FW, Miller RW, Pitts CW. 1979. Sustained-release boluses containing methoprene for control of the horn fly and face fly. Southwest Entomol 4:195-200.
111. Minkoff C III, Wilson TG. 1992. The competitive ability and fitness components of methoprene-tolerant (Met) Drosophila mutant resistant to juvenile hormone analog insecticides. Genetics 131:91-97.
112. Miura T, Takahashi RM. 1973. Insect developmental inhibitors. 3. Effects on nontarget aquatic organisms. J Econ Entomol 66:917-922.
113. Miura T, Takahashi RM. 1974. Insect developmental inhibitors. Effects of candidate mosquito control agents on nontarget aquatic organisms. Environ Entomol 3:631-636.
114. Moore WH. 1978. Altosid briquets: a new controlled release IGR formulation. Proc Florida Anti-Mosq Assoc 49:22-24.
115. Mortimer MR, Chapman HF. 1995. Acute toxic effects of (5)-methoprene and temephos to some Australian non-target aquatic crustacean species. J Ecotoxicol 1:107-111.
116. Moser BA, Koehler PG, Patterson RS. 1992. Effect of methoprene and diflubenzuron on larval development of the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Econ Entomol 85:112-116.
117. Norland RE, Mulla MS. 1975. Impact of Altosid on selected members of an aquatic ecosystem. Environ Entomol 4:145-152.
118. Olsen A. 1985. Ovicidal effect on the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), of treating fur of cats and dogs with methoprene. Int Pest Control 27:10-16.
119. Palma KG, Meola RW. 1990. Field evaluation of Nylar for control of cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in home yards. J Med Entomol 27:1045-1049.
120. Palma KG, Meola SM, Moela RW. 1993. Mode of action of pyriproxyfen and methoprene on eggs of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol 30:421-426.
121. Peleg BA. 1989. Evaluation of the insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen (Tiger), as a control agent for the California red scale and the cottony-cushion scale. Alon Hanotea 43:681-686.
122. Plapp FW Jr, Vinson SB. 1973. Juvenile hormone analogs: toxicity and cross-resistance in the housefly. Pestic Biochem Physiol 3:131-136.
123. Quistad GB, Schooley DA, Staiger LE, Bergot BJ, Sleight BH, Macek KJ. 1976a. Environmental degradation of the insect growth regulator methoprene. IX. Metabolism by bluegill fish. Pestic Biochem Physiol 6:523-529.
124. Quistad GB, Staiger LE, Bergot BJ, Schooley DA. 1975a. Environmental degradation of the insect growth regulator methoprene. VII. Bovine metabolism to cholesterol and related natural products. J Agric Food Chem 23:743-749.
125. Quistad GB, Staiger LE, Schooley DA. 1974a. Cholesterol and bile acids via acetate from the insect juvenile hormone analog methoprene. Life Sci 15:1797-1804.
126. Quistad GB, Staiger LE, Schooley DA. 1974b. Environmental degradation of the insect growth regulator methoprene (isopropyl (2E,4E)-11- methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate). I. Metabolism by alfalfa and rice. J Agric Food Chem 22:582-589.
127. Quistad GB, Staiger LE, Schooley DA. 1975b. Environmental degradation of the insect growth regulator methoprene (isopropyl (2E,4E)-11- methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4,dodecadienoate). III. Photodecomposition. J Agric Food Chem 23:299-303.
128. Quistad GB, Staiger LE, Schooley DA. 1975c. Environmental degradation of the insect growth regulator methoprene V. Metabolism by houseflies and mosquitoes. Pestic Biochem Physiol 5:233-241.
129. Quistad GB, Staiger LE, Schooley DA. 1975d. Environmental degradation of the insect growth regulator methoprene. VIII. Bovine metabolism to natural products in milk and blood. J Agric Food Chem 23:750-753.
130. Quistad GB, Staiger LE, Schooley DA. 1976b. Environmental degradation of the insect growth regulator methoprene. X. Chicken metabolism. J Agric Food Chem 24:644-648.
131. Rathburn CB Jr, Boike AH Jr. 1975. Laboratory and small plot field tests of Altosid and Dimilin for the control of Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culex nigripalpus larvae. Mosq News 35:540-546.
132. Rathburn CB Jr, Boike AH Jr. 1977. The efficacy of preflood and residual applications of two formulations of methoprene. Mosq News 37:620-623.
133. Retnakaran A, Granett J, Ennis T. 1985. Insect growth regulators. In: Kerkut GA, Gilbert LI, eds. Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, vol 12. Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon Press. p 529-601.
134. Richard DS, Applebaum SW, Sliter TJ, Baker FC, Schooley DA, Reuter CC, Henrich VC, Gilbert LI. 1989. Juvenile hormone bisepoxide biosynthesis in vitro by the ring gland of Drosophila melanogaster: a putative juvenile hormone in the higher diptera. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86:1421-1425.
135. Richard DS, Gilbert LI. 1991. Reversible juvenile hormone inhibition of ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone synthesis by the ring gland of Drosophila melanogaster. Experientia 47:1063-1066.
136. Rogers AJ, Rathburn CB Jr, Beidler EJ, Dodd G, Lafferty A. 1976. Tests of two insect growth regulators formulated on sand against larvae of salt-marsh mosquitoes. Mosq News 36:273-277'.
137. Röller H, Dahm KH, Sweely CC, Trost BM. 1967. The structure of juvenile hormone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 6:179-180.
138. Ross DH, Judy D, Jacobson B, Howell R. 1994. Methoprene concentrations in freshwater microcosms treated with sustained-release Altosid® formulations. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10:202-209.
139. Schaefer CH, Dupras EF Jr. 1973. Insect development inhibitors. 4. Persistence of ZR-515 in water. J Econ Entomol 66:923-925.
140. Schaefer CH, Miura T, Mulligan FS III, Dupras EF Jr. 1974. Insect developmental inhibitors: formulation research on Altosid. Proc Calif Mosq Control Assoc 42:140-141.
141. Schaefer CH, Wilder WH. 1972. Insect developmental inhibitors: a practical evaluation as mosquito control agents. J Econ Entomol 65:1066-1071.
142. Schaefer CH, Wilder WH. 1973. Insect developmental inhibitors. 2. Effects on target mosquito species. J Econ Entomol 66:913-916.
143. Schmialek P. 1961. Double identification in Tenebrio feces and in yeast of substances with juvenile hormone activity. Z Naturforschg B: Anorg Chem Org Chem Biochem Biophys Biol 16:461-463.
144. Schmialek P. 1963. Compounds with juvenile-hormone action. Z Naturforschg B: Anorg Chem Org Chem Biochem Biophys Biol 18:516-519.
145. Schoeppner RF. 1978. The effectiveness of Altosid® briquets in controlling Culex pipiens in catch basins. Proc Calif Mosq Control Assoc 46:115-117.
146. Schooley DA, Baker FC, Tsai LW, Miller CA, Jamieson GC. 1984. Juvenile hormones 0, I, and II exist only in Lepidoptera. In: Hoffmann J, Porchet M, eds. Biosynthesis, metabolism and mode of action of invertebrate hormones. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. p 373-383.
147. Schooley DA, Bergot BJ, Dunham LL, Siddall JB. 1975a. Environmental degradation of the insect growth regulator methoprene (isopropyl (2E,4E)- 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate). II. Metabolism by aquatic microorganisms. J Agric Food Chem 23:293-298.
148. Schooley DA, Creswell KM, Staiger LE, Quistad GB. 1975b. Environmental degradation of the insect growth regulator isopropyl (2E,4E)-11-methoxy-3,7,11- trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate (methoprene). IV. Soil metabolism. J Agric Food Chem 23:369-373.
149. Schooley DA, Quistad GB. 1979. Metabolism of insect growth regulators in aquatic organisms. In: Khan MAQ, Lech JJ, Menn JJ, eds. Pesticide and xenobiotic metabolism in aquatic organisms. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 99. Columbus, OH: American Chemical Society. p 161-176.
150. Schwarz M, Miller RW, Wright JE, Chamberlain WF, Hopkins DE. 1974. Compounds related to juvenile hormone. Exceptional activity of arylterpenoid compounds in four species of flies. J Econ Entomol 67:598-601.
151. Sehnal F. 1976. Action of juvenoids on different groups of insects. In: Gilbert LI, ed. The juvenile hormones. New York: Plenum. p 301-322.
152. Shemshedini L, Wilson TG. 1990. Resistance to juvenile hormone and an insect growth regulator in Drosophila is associated with an altered cytosolic juvenile hormone-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87:2072-2076.
153. th Annual Meeting 1992 November 8-12; Cincinnati, Ohio. Pensacola, FL: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Abstract number WP6A11.
154. Sláma K. 1985. Pharmacology of insect juvenile hormones. In: Kerkut GA, Gilbert LI, eds. Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, vol 11. Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon Press. p 357-394.
155. Sláma K. 1995. The present status of the mode of action of insect juvenile hormone. Netherlands J Zool 45:71-78.
156. Sláma K, Romaňuk M, Šorm F. 1974. Insect hormones and bioanalogues. New York: Springer Verlag.
157. Sláma K, Williams CM. 1965. Juvenile hormone activity for the bug Pyrrhocoris apterus. Proc Natl Acad Sci 54:411-414.
158. Snelson JT. 1987. Methoprene. In: Grain protectants Chapter 20. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. p 239-248.
159. Spencer JP, Olsen JK. 1979. Baselines of susceptibility of four species of floodwater mosquitoes to methoprene. Southwest Entomol 4:86-88.
160. Spencer JP, Olsen JK. 1982. Evaluation of the combined effects of methoprene and the protozoan parasite Ascogregarina culicis (Eugregarinida, Diplocystidae), on Aedes mosquitoes. Mosq News 42:384-390.
161. Staal GB. 1975. Insect growth regulators with juvenile hormone activity. Ann Rev Entomol 20:417-460.
162. Strong RG, Diekman J. 1973. Comparative effectiveness of fifteen insect growth regulators against several pests of stored products. J Econ Entomol 66:1167-1173.
163. Takahashi RM, Miura T. 1975. Insect developmental inhibitors-multiple applications of Dimilin and Altosid to Gambusia affinis. Proc Calif Mosq Control Assoc 43:85-87.
164. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. R.E.D. facts: methoprene 1991 Report 738-F-91-104. 6 p. Available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0030fact.pdf
165. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Update of the March 1991 methoprene R.E.D. fact sheet. 9 p Available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_105401.pdf
166. Vinson SB, Plapp FW Jr. 1974. Third generation insecticides: the potential for the development of resistance by insects. J Agric Food Chem 22:356-360.
167. Vogel W, Masner P, Graf O, Dorn S. 1979. Types of response of insects on treatment with juvenile hormone active insect growth regulators. Experientia 35:1254-1256.
168. White PF. 1979. Pot test with methoprene and permethrin against the mushroom phorid (Megaselia halterata) and the mushroom sciarid (Lycoriella auripila). Entomol Exp Appl 26:332-338.
169. Wigglesworth VB. 1940. The determination of characters at metamorphosis in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera). J Exp Biol 17:201-222.
170. Williams CM. 1950. The metamorphosis of insects. Sci Am 182:24.
171. Williams CM. 1956. The juvenile hormone of insects. Nature (Lond) 178:212-213.
172. Williams CM. 1967. Third-generation insecticides. Sci Am 217:13-17.
173. Wimmer Z, Romanuk M. 1989. Insect juvenile hormones and their bioanalogues. Collect Czech Chem Commun 54:2302-2329.
174. Wright JE. 1976. Environmental and toxicological aspects of insect growth regulators. Environ Health Perspect 14:127-132.
175. Wright JE, Spates GE. 1973. An approach in integrated control: insect juvenile hormone plus a hymenopterous parasite against the stable fly. Science 178:1292-1293.
176. Wright JE, Spates GE, Schwraz M. 1976. Insect growth regulator AI3-36206. Biological activity against Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca domestica and its environmental stability. J Econ Entomol 69:79-82.
177. Zurflüh RC. 1976. Phenyl ethers as insect growth regulators: laboratory and field experiments. In: Gilbert LI, ed. The juvenile hormones. New York: Plenum. p 61-74.