Discrimination of bird and insect radar echoes in clear air using high-resolution radars

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 1215-1230

  Martin, William J ^a   Shapiro, Alan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOPPLER RADAR; RADAR CLUTTER; RADAR CROSS SECTION; WIND;

CLEAN-AIR ECHOES; RADAR WAVELENGTH; WEATHER SURVEILLANCE RADAR;

METEOROLOGICAL RADAR;

DOPPLER RADAR; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR; RADAR CLUTTER; RADAR CROSS SECTION; WIND;

AIR; BIRD; CROSS SECTION; DOPPLER RADAR; ECHO SOUNDING; IMAGE RESOLUTION; INSECT;

AVES; HEXAPODA;

EID: 34548014789     PISSN: 07390572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JTECH2038.1     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Bachmann, S., and D. S. Zrnić, 2005: Spectral polarimetry for identifying and separating mixed biological scatterers. Preprints, 32d Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Albuquerque, NM, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, P9R.5
2. Battan, L. J., 1973: Radar Observations of the Atmosphere. University of Chicago Press, 324 pp.
3. Berry, R. E., and L. R. Taylor, 1968: High altitude migration of aphids in maritime and continental climates. J. Anim. Ecol., 37, 713-722.
4. Blake, L. V., 1970: Prediction of radar range. Radar Handbook, M. I. Skolnik, Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2.1-2.73.
5. Bluestein, H. B., and A. L. Pazmany, 2000: Observations of tornadoes and other convective phenomena with a mobile, 3-mm wavelength Doppler radar: The spring 1999 field experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 2939-2951.
6. Browning, K. A., and D. Atlas, 1966: Velocity characteristics of some clear-air dot angels. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 592-604.
7. Collins, W. G., 2001: The quality control of velocity azimuth display (VAD) winds at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Preprints, 11th Symp. on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Albuquerque, NM, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 9.2.
8. Crawford, A. B., 1949: Radar reflections in the lower atmosphere. Proc. IRE, 37, 404-405.
9. Crum, T. D., R. L. Alberty, and D. W. Burgess, 1993: Recording, archiving, and using WSR-88D data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 645-653.
10. Drake, V. A., 1984: The vertical distribution of macro-insects migrating in the nocturnal boundary layer: A radar study. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 28, 353-374.
11. Drake, V. A., 1985: Radar observations of moths migrating in a nocturnal low-level jet. Ecol. Entomol., 10, 259-265.
12. Eastwood, E., 1967: Radar Ornithology. Methuen & Co., 278 pp.
13. Elder, F. C., 1957: Some persistent "ring" angels on high-powered radar. Proc. Sixth Weather Radar Conf., Cambridge, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 281-290.
14. Friend, A. W., 1939: Continuous determination of air-mass boundaries by radio. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 20, 202 205.
15. Gauthreaux, S. A., and C. G. Belser, 1998: Displays of bird movements on the WSR-88D: Patterns and quantification. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 453-464.
16. Gauthreaux, S. A., D. S. Mizrahi, and C. G. Belser, 1998: Bird migration and bias of WSR-88D wind estimates. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 465-481.
17. Geerts, B., and Q. Miao, 2005a: The use of millimeter Doppler radar echoes to estimate vertical air velocities in the fair-weather convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 225-246.
18. Geerts, B., and Q. Miao, 2005b: A simple numerical model of the flight behavior of small insects in the atmospheric convective boundary layer. Environ. Entomol., 34, 251-272.
19. Gossard, E. E., 1990: Radar research on the atmospheric boundary layer. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 477-527.
20. Gunn, K. L. S., and T. W. R. East, 1954: The microwave properties of precipitation particles. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 80, 522-545.
21. Hardy, K. R., and K. M. Glover, 1966: 24 hour history of radar angel activity at three wavelengths. Proc. 12th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Norman, OK, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 264-268.
22. Hardy, K. R., and I. Katz, 1969: Probing the atmosphere with high power, high resolution radars. Proc. IEEE, 57, 468-480.
23. Hardy, K. R., and K. S. Gage, 1990: The history of radar studies of the clear atmosphere. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 130-142.
24. Jain, M., M. Eilts, and K. Hondl, 1993: Observed differences of the horizontal wind derived from Doppler radar and a balloon-borne atmospheric sounding system. Preprints, Eighth Symp. on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Anaheim, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 189-194.
25. Jungbluth, K., J. Belles, and M. Schumacher, 1995: Velocity contamination of WSR-88D and wind profiler data due to migrating birds. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 666-668.
26. Klazura, G. E., and D. A. Imy, 1993: A description of the initial set of analysis products available from the NEXRAD WSR-88D system. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 1293-1311.
27. Kropfli, R. A., I. Katz, T. G. Konrad, and E. B. Dobson, 1968: Simultaneous radar reflectivity measurements and refractive index spectra in the clear atmosphere. Radio Sci., 3, 991-994.
28. Lane, J. A., and R. W. Meadows, 1963: Simultaneous radar and refractometer soundings of the troposphere. Nature, 197, 35-36.
29. Lang, T. J., S. A. Rutledge, and J. L. Stith, 2004: Observations of quasi-symmetric echo patterns in clear air with the CSU-CHILL polarimetric radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 1182-1189.
30. Larkin, R. P., 1991: Flight speeds observed with radar, a correction: Slow "birds" are insects. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 29, 221-224.
31. Lhermitte, R., 1990: Attenuation and scattering of millimeter wavelength radiation by clouds and precipitation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 464-479.
32. Liu, S., Q. Xu, and P. Zhang, 2005: Identifying Doppler velocity contamination caused by migrating birds. Part II: Bayes identification and probability tests. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 1114-1121.
33. Lowery, G. H., Jr., and R. J. Newman, 1966: A continentwide view of bird migration on four nights in October. Auk, 83, 547-586.
34. Martin, W. J., 2003: Measurements and Modeling of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 243 pp.
35. Martin, W. J., and A. Shapiro, 2005: Impact of radar tilt and ground clutter on wind measurements in clear air. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 649-663.
36. Miller, P. A., M. F. Barth, J. R. Smart, and L. A. Benjamin, 1997: The extent of bird contamination in the hourly winds measured by the NOAA profiler network: Results before and after implementation of the new bird contamination quality control check. Preprints, First Symp. on Integrated Observing Systems, Long Beach, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 138-144.
37. Mueller, E. A., 1983: Differential reflectivity of birds and insects. Preprints, 21st Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 465-466.
38. O'Bannon, T., 1995: Anomalous WSR-88D wind profiles - Migrating birds? Preprints, 27th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 663-665.
39. Pekour, M. S., and R. L. Coulter, 1999: A technique for removing the effect of migrating birds in 915-MHz wind profiler data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 1941-1948.
40. Probert-Jones, J. R., 1962: The radar equation in meteorology. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 88, 485-495.
41. Reynolds, D. R., J. W. Chapman, A. S. Edwards, A. D. Smith, C. R. Wood, J. F. Barlow, and I. P. Woiwod, 2005: Radar studies of the vertical distribution of insects migrating over southern Britain: The influence of temperature inversions on nocturnal layer concentrations. Bull. Entomol. Res., 95, 259-274.
42. Riley, J. R., 1975: Collective orientation in night-flying insects. Nature, 253, 113-114.
43. Riley, J. R., 1985: Radar cross section of insects. Proc. IEEE, 73, 228-232.
44. Riley, J. R., 1989: Remote sensing in entomology. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 34, 247-271.
45. Russell, R. W., and J. W. Wilson, 1997: Radar-observed "fine lines" in the optically clear boundary layer: Reflectivity contributions from aerial plankton and its predators. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 82, 235-262.
46. Schaefer, G. W., 1976: Radar observations of insect flight. Insect Flight, R. C. Rainey, Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 157-197.
47. Shamoun-Baranes, J., E. van Loon, H. van Gasteren, J. van Belle, W. Bouten, and L. Buurma, 2006: A comparative analysis of the influence of weather on the flight altitudes of birds. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 47-61.
48. Silverman, R. A., 1956: Turbulent mixing theory applied to radio scattering. J. Appl. Phys., 27, 699-705.
49. Tatarski, V. I., 1961: Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium. McGraw-Hill, 285 pp. (Translated from Russian by R. A. Silverman.)
50. Van de Kamp, D. W., F. M. Ralph, M. F. Barth, P. A. Miller, J. R. Smart, and L. A. Benjamin, 1997: The new bird contamination quality control check applied to hourly winds from NOAA's profiler network. Preprints, 28th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Austin, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 131-132.
51. Vaughn, C. R., 1985: Birds and insects as radar targets: A review. Proc. IEEE, 73, 205-227.
52. Wilczak, J. M., and Coauthors, 1995: Contamination of wind profiler data by migrating birds: Characteristics of corrupted data and potential solutions. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 449-467.
53. Wilson, J. W., T. M. Weckwerth, J. Vivekanandan, R. M. Wakimoto, and R. W. Russell, 1994: Boundary layer clear-air radar echoes: Origin of echoes and accuracy of derived winds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1184-1206.
54. Wiscombe, W. J., 1979: Mie scattering calculations: Advances in technique and fast, vectorspeed computer codes. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/ TN-140+STR, 64 pp.
55. Wiscombe, W. J., 1980: Improved Mie scattering algorithms. Appl. Opt., 19, 1505-1509.
56. Wurman, J., 2001: The DOW mobile multiple-Doppler network. Preprints, 30th Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Munich, Germany, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95-97.
57. Wurman, J., J. Straka, E. Rasmussen, M. Randall, and A. Zahrai, 1997: Design and deployment of a portable, pencil-beam, pulsed 3-cm Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 1502-1512.
58. Zhang, P., S. Liu, and Q. Xu, 2005a: Identifying Doppler velocity contamination caused by migrating birds. Part I: Feature extraction and quantification. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 1105-1113.
59. Zhang, P., A.V. Ryzhkov, and D. Zrnić, 2005b: Observations of insects and birds with a polarimetric prototype of the WSR-88D radar. Preprints, 32d Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Albuquerque, NM, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 9R.6.
60. Zrnić, D. S., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 1998: Observations of insects and birds with a polarimetric radar. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 661-668.
61. Zrnić, D. S., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 1999: Polarimetry for weather surveillance radars. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 389-406.