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Volumn 78, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 353-363

Citizenship tests: A comparative, communitarian perspective

(1)  Etzioni, Amitai a  

a NONE

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EID: 34547970701     PISSN: 00323179     EISSN: 1467923X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-923X.2007.00864.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (97)

References (47)
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    • The emerging migration state
    • no. pp. See. p.
    • J. Hollifield The emerging migration state The International Migration Review, vol. 38, no. 3, 2004, pp. 885 912. See p. 890.
    • (2004) The International Migration Review , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 885-912
    • Hollifield, J.1
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    • Ibid.
    • Ibid.
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    • Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee RightsTake action: stop the "second wall" blocking citizenship. newsletter, accessed 29 November 2006
    • Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights Take action: stop the "second wall" blocking citizenship newsletter, 13 October 2006 accessed 29 November 2006, http://www.icirr.org/newsletters/oct13alert.htm
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    • Origins of immigration restriction 1882-1897
    • no. pp. Seep. 81.
    • J. Higham Origins of immigration restriction 1882-1897 The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 39, no. 1, 1952, pp. 77 88. Seep. 81.
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    • Higham, J.1
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    • Ibid., p.
    • Ibid., p. 103.
  • 11
    • 34547997545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Writing on the literacy test, Cheryl Shanks argues that arguments made for the literacy test as an upholder of good citizenship were spurious: 'The test's real purpose, however, was clearly to exclude "undesirables" emigrating from southeast Europe; The test's proponents did not bother to pretend otherwise.'
    • See C. Shanks, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, p.
    • Writing on the literacy test, Cheryl Shanks argues that arguments made for the literacy test as an upholder of good citizenship were spurious: 'The test's real purpose, however, was clearly to exclude "undesirables" emigrating from southeast Europe; the test's proponents did not bother to pretend otherwise.' Using the test as a 'covert means of numerical and racial restriction' allowed anti-immigrant legislators to further restrict immigration above and beyond the already existing quotas. See C. Shanks, Immigration and the Politics of American Sovereignty, 1890-1990, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, 2001, p. 34.
    • (2001) Immigration and the Politics of American Sovereignty, 1890-1990 , pp. 34
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    • A brief history of U.S. immigration policy
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    • J. Vialet A brief history of U.S. immigration policy in The Politics of Immigration, ed. A. Babkina, Huntington, NY, Nova Science Publishers, 2001. See p. 14.
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    • Vialet, J.1
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    • Ibid., p.
    • Ibid., p. 14.
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    • Expatica Germany, accessed at
    • D. Smith Failing the tolerance test Expatica Germany, 2006 accessed at http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?subchannel_id=52&story_id=26707
    • (2006) Failing the Tolerance Test
    • Smith, D.1
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    • Belonging: Citizenship and migration in the European Union and in Germany
    • no. pp. See. p.
    • H. Hartnell Belonging: citizenship and migration in the European Union and in Germany Berkeley Journal of International Law, vol. 24, no. 1, 2006, pp. 330 400. See p. 394.
    • (2006) Berkeley Journal of International Law , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 330-400
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    • Ibid., p.
    • Ibid., p. 395.
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    • Planning to stay in the Netherlands: preperation [sic'], accessed at
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    • Ibid.
    • Ibid.
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    • True Faith and Allegiance
    • Of particular interest with regard to the history of citizenship in America, see. An excellent summary of the conceptual overviews of citizenship, its form and ideologies can be found in. K. Faulks, London, Routledge
    • Of particular interest with regard to the history of citizenship in America, see Pickus, True Faith and Allegiance. An excellent summary of the conceptual overviews of citizenship, its form and ideologies can be found in K. Faulks, Citizenship, London, Routledge, 2000.
    • Citizenship , pp. 2000
    • Pickus1
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    • For more on libertarian citizenship, especially the rights and responsibilities of citizens of a libertarian state, see chapters 3 and 7 of D. Boaz
    • New York, The Free Press
    • For more on libertarian citizenship, especially the rights and responsibilities of citizens of a libertarian state, see chapters 3 and 7 of D. Boaz, Libertarianism: A Primer, New York, The Free Press, 1997.
    • (1997) Libertarianism: A Primer
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    • Are there grounds for limiting immigration?
    • no. pp. See. p. See also J. Simon, The Economic Consequences of Immigration, Oxford, Blackwell, 1989.
    • J. Simon Are there grounds for limiting immigration? Journal of Libertarian Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, 1998, pp. 137 52. See p. 152. See also J. Simon, The Economic Consequences of Immigration, Oxford, Blackwell, 1989.
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    • Simon, J.1
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    • On liberal citizenship, see. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield, and M. Kenny, The Politics of Identity: Liberal Political Theory and the Dilemmas of Difference, Cambridge, Polity, 2004.
    • On liberal citizenship, see T. Spragens, Civic Liberalism: Reflections on our Democratic Ideals, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield, 1999 and M. Kenny, The Politics of Identity: Liberal Political Theory and the Dilemmas of Difference, Cambridge, Polity, 2004.
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    • London, Pluto Press, (first published 1950). See p.
    • T. H. Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class, London, Pluto Press, 1992 (first published 1950). See p. 24.
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    • New York, Columbia University Press, See. p.
    • J. Rawls, Political Liberalism, New York, Columbia University Press, 1993. See p. 26.
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    • Libertarians are of course also concerned with rights, but they seek to protect citizenship first and foremost by minimising the scope of the government. liberals tend to be accepting of a thicker government and hence need to be even more concerned than libertarians to ensure that a strong support of rights prevents the government from exceeding its legitimate authority.
    • Libertarians are of course also concerned with rights, but they seek to protect citizenship first and foremost by minimising the scope of the government liberals tend to be accepting of a thicker government and hence need to be even more concerned than libertarians to ensure that a strong support of rights prevents the government from exceeding its legitimate authority.
  • 36
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    • Why naturalization should be easy: A response to Noah Pickus
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    • J. Carens Why naturalization should be easy: a response to Noah Pickus in Immigration and Citizenship in the list Century, ed. N. Pickus, Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield, 1998. See p. 143.
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    • Ibid., p.
    • Ibid., p. 146.
  • 38
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    • I include myself in this category. See. Süddeutsche Zeitung, p. A. Etzioni, 'Droits et devoirs de l'immigré', Courrier International, vol. 814, 2006, pp. 8-14. and A. Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society, New York, Basic Books, 1996. For more on communitarianism, see 'The responsive communitarian platform'. For a more wide-ranging comparison of liberal versus communitarian models of citizenship, see S. Mulhall and A. Swift, Liberals and Communitarians, Oxford, Blackwell, 1992.
    • I include myself in this category. See A. Etzioni Das Prinzip des Mosaiks Süddeutsche Zeitung, 8 April 2006, p. 15. A. Etzioni, 'Droits et devoirs de l'immigré', Courrier International, vol. 814, 2006, pp. 8-14. and A. Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society, New York, Basic Books, 1996. For more on communitarianism, see 'The responsive communitarian platform' http://www.gwu.edu/∼ccps/platformtext.html. For a more wide-ranging comparison of liberal versus communitarian models of citizenship, see S. Mulhall and A. Swift, Liberals and Communitarians, Oxford, Blackwell, 1992.
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    • As I see it, the image of a mosaic, if properly understood, best serves the search for an intercommunity construction of bounded autonomy suitable to a communitarian society. The mosaic is enriched by a variety of elements of different shapes and colors, but it is held together by a frame and glue ... These distinct communities recognize that they are integral parts of a more encompassing whole.' (Etzioni, The New Golden Rule.).
    • As I see it, the image of a mosaic, if properly understood, best serves the search for an intercommunity construction of bounded autonomy suitable to a communitarian society. The mosaic is enriched by a variety of elements of different shapes and colors, but it is held together by a frame and glue... These distinct communities recognize that they are integral parts of a more encompassing whole.' (Etzioni, The New Golden Rule.).
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