Cultural challenges to biotechnology: Native American genetic resources and the concept of cultural harm

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 396-411

  Tsosie, Rebecca ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMERICAN INDIAN; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; BENEFICENCE; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CONFERENCE PAPER; ETHICS; ETHNOLOGY; GENETIC PRIVACY; GENETICS; HUMAN; HUMAN RIGHTS; LEGAL ASPECT; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PATENT; PRIVACY; SOCIAL JUSTICE; UNITED STATES; VULNERABLE POPULATION;

ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; BENEFICENCE; BIOTECHNOLOGY; GENETIC PRIVACY; GENETIC RESEARCH; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY; OWNERSHIP; PRIVACY; SOCIAL JUSTICE; UNITED STATES; VULNERABLE POPULATIONS;

EID: 34547943051     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: 1748720X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00163.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (112)

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3. Id. (Tilousi compliant), at 7; id. (Havasupai Tribe complaint), at 6.
4. See, e.g., Moore v. Regents of the University of California, 793 P.2d 479 (Cal. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 936 (1991).
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9. Id., at 31-91. See, e.g., at 32 (all resources should be owned by someone), at 34-36 (exclusivity as value, developing this point further in subsequent text), and at 75 (transferability).
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11. See, e.g., Chilkat Indian Village, IRA v. Johnson, 20 Indian L. Rep. 6127 (Chilkat Tr. Ct. 1993) (explaining the concept of "clan trust property," which is under the stewardship of particular tribal members, but cannot be alienated to nonmembers).
12. R. N. Clinton The Rights of Indigenous Peoples as Collective Group Rights Arizona Law Review 32, no. 4 (1990 739 744, at 740.
13. Id., at 740.
14. Id., at 742.
15. Id.
16. Id.
17. Id.
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19. U.S. Const. art. 1, § 8 (ratifed 1789).
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22. See generally B. Trigger The Past as Power: Anthropology and the North American Indian in I. McBryde, Who Owns the Past Melbourne/Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1985 11 40 see also id.
23. See Tsosie, supra note 21.
24. See Rao, supra note 5, at 444-45.
25. Id., at 389.
26. Id.
27. Id.
28. Id., at 402.
29. Florida v. Powell, 497 So.2d 1188 (Fla. 1986).
30. See Rao, supra note 5, at 402-3.
31. Id., at 384-87.
32. Brotherton v. Cleveland, 923 F.2d 477 (6th Cir. 1991).
33. See Rao, supra note 5, at 406.
34. Id., citing Brotherton v. Cleveland, 923 F. 2d, at 481.
35. Id., at 428.
36. See Moore, supra note 4.
37. See Rao, supra note 5, at 433.
38. Id., at 440.
39. Id.
40. Id., at 442-43.
41. Id., at 441.
42. See R. Rao Genes and Spleens: Property, Contract, or Privacy Rights in the Human Body Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 3 (2007 371 382.
43. See, e.g., W. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (New York : Oxford University Press, 1995).
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45. See Tsosie, supra note 21, at 332-46.
46. W. Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community, and Culture (New York : Oxford University Press, 1989 at 169.
47. The status of Indian nations as "domestic, dependent nations" emerged from Chief Justice John Marshall's opinions in the Cherokee cases. See Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831); Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 515 (1832).
48. See Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535 (1974).
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50. J. Hart Translating and Resting Empire: Cultural Appropriation and Postcolonial Studies in B. Ziff and P. V. Rao, eds., Borrowed Power: Essays on Cultural Appropriation (New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press, 1997 at 137-8.
51. See Margalit and Halbertal, supra note 49, at 497-98.
52. See generally S. J. Anaya, Indigenous Peoples in International Law, 2nd ed. (New York : Oxford University Press, 2004). (Appendix contains relevant provisions of documents cited in this article.).
53. Id., at 132. For the full text, please see, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI), article 27, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, December 16, 1966 (entered into force March 23, 1976).
54. See C. Vecsey, ed., Handbook of American Indian Religious Freedom (New York : Crossroad Press, 1991 at 16.
55. R. N. Clinton, C. E. Goldberg, and R. Tsosie, American Indian Law: Native Nations and the Federal System, Cases and Materials, 5th ed. (Lexis Nexis/Mathew Bender, 2007 at 35-6.
56. See, e.g., S. C. Moore Sacred Sites and Public Lands in C. Vecsey, Handbook of American Indian Religious Freedom (New York : Crossroad Press, 1991 at 81-99.
57. See R. Tsosie Tribal Environmental Policy in an Era of Self-Determination: The Role of Ethics, Economics, and Traditional Ecological Knowledge Vermont Law Review 21, no. 1 (1996 225 333, at 225.
58. Id., at 288-89.
59. Id.
60. Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, 485 U.S. 439 (1988).
61. In re Exxon Valdez, 1994 W.L. 182856 (D. Alaska), 1995 A.M.C. 1440 (D. Alaska, 1994); affirmed 104 F.2d 1196 (9th Cir. 19997).
62. In re Exxon Valdez, 1994 W.L. 182856 (D. Alaska), 1995 A.M.C. 1440; In re Exxon Valdez: Alaska Native Class v. Exxon Corp., 104 F. 3d 1196 CA9 (Alaska) 1997.
63. 104 F. 2d at 1198.
64. 1994 W.L. 182856 at *4.
65. See 1994 W.L. 182856 at *5 ("enjoyment of life damages are unavailable...[T]he plaintiffs must find recompense for interference with their culture from the public recoveries that have been demanded of and received from Exxon.").
66. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 25 U.S.C. 3001-3013.
67. See J. F. Trope and W. R. Echo-Hawk The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act: Background and Legislative History Arizona State Law Journal 24, no. 1 (Spring 1992 35 77, at 66.
68. 25 USC § 3001 (3) (D).
69. 25 USC § 3001 (3) (C).
70. See United States v. Sioux Nation, 448 U.S. 371 (1980) (holding that 1877 federal statute extinguished tribal treaty rights to the Black Hills without payment of just compensation in violation of the Fifth Amendment); cf. Crow v. Gullet (D.S.D.) (Native claimants not protected by the First Amendment in efforts to protect the integrity of Bear Butte, a sacred site within the Black Hills).
71. 25 U.S.C. 305-305(e) and amendments.
72. These claims were brought in federal court and in tribal court under different legal theories. For an excellent summary of the litigation, see N. Jessup Newton Memory and Misrepresentation: Representing Crazy Horse in Tribal Court," in Ziff and Rao, supra note 50; J. R. Herrera, "Not Even His Name: Is the Denigration of Crazy Horse Custer's Final Revenge Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 29, no. 1 (1994 175 195.
73. Id. (Herrera), at 186-87.
74. Hornell Brewing Co. v. Brady, 819 F. Supp. 1227 (E.D.N.Y. 1993).
75. Hornell Brewing Co. v. Rosebud Sioux Tribal Court, 133 F.3d 1087, 1093-94 (8th Cir. 1998).
76. See J. McGregor Research Ethics for Genetic Research on Groups Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 3 (2007 356 370.
77. See National Research Act, 42 USC § 289 and regulations codified at 34 CFR 46 (human subjects protections for federally funded research).
78. See Summary Meeting Report, American Indian and Alaska Native Genetics Research Policy Formulation Meeting, February 7-9, 2001, at 5. (The meeting was funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and National Genome Research Institute.).
79. See D. Harry, S. Howard, B. L. Shelton, and the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB) Indigenous Peoples, Genes and Genetics: What Indigenous People Should Know about Biocolonialism IPCB, May 2000, at 19-23; id; American Indian Law Center, Inc., Model Tribal Research Code, 3rd ed., September 1999, at 1-2.
80. M. B. Bowekaty Perspective on Research in American Indian Communities Jurimetrics 42 (Winter 2002 145 48, at 147-48.
81. See Havasupai Tribe complaint, supra note 2.
82. See K. TallBear Narratives of Race and Indigeneity in the Genographic Project Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 3 (2007 412 424.
83. See M. L. Whelan What, If Any, Are the Ethical Obligations of the U.S. Patent Office? A Close Look at the Biological Sampling of Indigenous Groups Duke Law and Technology Review, no. 14 (2006 at 5.
84. See TallBear, supra note 82; Moore v. Regents of University of California, 793 P.2d 479 (Cal. 1990).
85. Greenberg v. Miami Children's Hospital, 264 F. Supp.2d 1064 (S.D. Fla. 2003).
86. See Johnson v. McIntosh, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 543 (1823).
87. See TallBear, supra note 82.
88. Na Iwi O Na Kupuna O Mokapu v. Dalton, 894 F. Supp. 1397 (D. Haw. 1995).
89. 894 F. Supp., at 1403.
90. Id., at 1402-03.
91. Id., at 1403-04.
92. Id., at 1406.
93. Id., at 1409.
94. Id., at 1409, n. 9.
95. Id.
96. Id., at 1418.
97. Id., at 1408.
98. Id., at 1407.
99. Id., at 1415-17.
100. Id., at 1410-14.
101. Id., at 1411-13.
102. Id., at 1413.
103. Id.
104. Id., at 1414.
105. Bonnichsen v. United States, 357 F.3d 962 (9th Cir. 2004).
106. 357 F. 3d, at 979-80.
107. Id., at 966, 979.
108. Id., at 979.
109. See generally Clinton, Goldberg, Tsosie, supra note 55.
110. See, e.g., R. Tsosie Sacred Obligations: Intercultural Justice and the Discourse of Treaty Rights University of California at Los Angeles Law Review 47, no. 6 (2000 1615 72.
111. V. Deloria, Jr. and D. R. Wildcat, Power and Place: Indian Education in America (Golden, CO : Fulcrum Publishing, 2001).
112. His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Ethics for the New Millennium (New York : Riverhead Books, 1999).