How can we simplify antiretroviral therapy in children?

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

Volumn 2, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 426-430

  Sohn, Annette H ^a   Ananworanich, Jintanat ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b South East Asia Research Collaboration with Hawaii ^*  (Thailand)

^c SEARCH   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Adherence; Antiretroviral treatment; Pediatric HIV; Treatment access; Weight band dosing

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; DIDANOSINE; LAMIVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS NEVIRAPINE PLUS STAVUDINE; LOPINAVIR; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; RITONAVIR; STAVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; ZIDOVUDINE;

COMMUNITY; COUNSELING; FAMILY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH PROGRAM; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LEARNING; LIPODYSTROPHY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUPPORT GROUP;

EID: 34547880461     PISSN: 1746630X     EISSN: 17466318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e3282ced12c     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF. Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/ AIDS interventions in the health sector: progress report, April 2007. Geneva: WHO; 2007. This recent report summarizes current global status of ART.
2. Havens PL, Gibb DM. Increasing antiretroviral drug access for children with HIV infection. Pediatrics 2007; 119:838-845. This statement is by the American Academy of Pediatrics and supported by numerous international organizations advocating the rapid scale-up of pediatric ART.
3. Williams PL, Storm D, Montepiedra G, et al. Predictors of adherence to antiretroviral medications in children and adolescents with HIV infection. Pediatrics 2006; 118:e1745-e1757. This describes a study of a US PACTG cohort that breaks down a variety of social and clinical factors that influence adherence.
4. Wrubel J, Moskowitz JT, Richards TA, et al. Pediatric adherence: perspectives of mothers of children with HIV. Soc Sci Med 2005; 61:2423-2433.
5. WHO. Antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection in infants and children in resource-limited settings: towards universal access. Geneva: WHO; 2006. This presents clinical guidelines for pediatric care covering topics from infant diagnosis to management of second-line ART.
6. Columbia University. Pediatric Antiretroviral Dosing in Resource-limited Settings; 2006. http://www.columbia-icap.org/resources/peds/files/dosingguide/ PedsDosingGuidesec.pdf. [Accessed 18 April 2007] This dosing table combines multiple drugs in an easy-to-use format; based on 2006 WHO guidelines.
7. Ponnet M, Frederix K, Petdachai W, et al. A drug dosage table is a useful tool to facilitate prescriptions of antiretroviral drugs for children in Thailand. Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16:420-426.
8. Menson EN, Walker AS, Sharland M, et al. Underdosing of antiretrovirals in UK and Irish children with HIV as an example of problems in prescribing medicines to children, 1997-2005: cohort study. BMJ 2006; 332:1183-1187.
9. Weidle PJ, Abrams EJ, Gvetadze R, et al. A simplified weight-based method for pediatric drug dosing for zidovudine and didanosine in resource-limited settings. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:59-64.
10. Chokephaibulkit K, Plipat N, Cressey TR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-infected children receiving an adult fixed-dose combination of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine. AIDS 2005; 19:1495-1499.
11. Verweel G, Sharland M, Lyall H, et al. Nevirapine use in HIV-1-infected children. AIDS 2003; 17:1639-1647.
12. Back DJ, Burger DM, Flexner CW, Gerber JG. The pharmacology of antiretroviral nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors: implications for once-daily dosing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 39 (Suppl 1): S1-S23; quiz S4-S5.
13. Ananworanich J, Hill A, Siangphoe U, et al. A prospective study of efficacy and safety of once-daily saquinavir/ritonavir plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in treatment-naive Thai patients. Antivir Ther 2005; 10:761-767.
14. Pellegrin I, Breilh D, Ragnaud JM, et al. Virological responses to atazanavir-ritonavir-based regimens: resistance-substitutions score and pharmacokinetic parameters (Reyaphar study). Antivir Ther 2006; 11:421-429.
15. Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative. Primer on pill swallowing. http://bayloraids.org/resources/pillprimer/index.shtml. [Accessed 20 April 2007]
16. O'Brien DP, Sauvageot D, Zachariah R, Humblet P. In resource-limited settings good early outcomes can be achieved in children using adult fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2006; 20:1955-1960. This presents valuable data that combine outcomes from multiple MSF sites.
17. Puthanakit T, Aurpibul L, Oberdorfer P, et al. Hospitalization and mortality among HIV-infected children after receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:599-604. This report is from a cohort in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and follows up previous reports on early outcomes, immune reconstitution syndrome, and disclosure practices (see Oberdorfer et al. [34]).
18. Mulenga V, Ellis J, Ewings F, et al. Nevirapine concentrations in HIV-infected children treated with divided fixed dose combination tablets in Malawi and Zambia [abstract]. In: AIDS 2006: XVI International AIDS Conference; 13-18 August 2006; Toronto. Geneva: International AIDS Society; 2006. Abstract WEAB0305.
19. Kabamba D, L'Homme R, Ewings F, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine, stavudine, and lamivudine in HIV-infected children in Zambia treated with pediatric fixed-dose combination tablets [abstract]. In: 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 25-28 February 2007; Los Angeles. Alexandria: CROI; 2007. Abstract 580.
20. Braitstein P, Brinkhof MW, Dabis F, et al. Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries. Lancet 2006; 367:817-824. Although this was a study of adults, it was an important analysis emphasizing that greater effort should be made to provide earlier access to ART in resource-limited settings.
21. WHO, UNICEF. Management of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy in infants and children. A clinical manual. Kathmandu: WHO; 2006. Report No.: WHO Technical Publication No. 51. This manual was developed to further simplify the 2006 WHO pediatric ART guidelines and contains many helpful graphs, tables, and flow-charts.
22. Ministry of Public Health. Thailand National Guidelines for the Clinical Management of HIV Infection in Children and Adults. Bangkok: Ministry of Public Health (in press).
23. Puthanakit T, Aurpibul L, Sirisanthana T, Sirisanthana V. Prevalence of lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in HIV-infected children received NNRTI-based antiretroviral therapy [online abstract]; 2006. http://www.med.cmu. ac.th/dept/pediatrics/04-divisions_home_thai/09-id-home/ID-2-hiv/ 01-research-abs/abs_present.htm#p6_49. [Accessed 18 April 2007]
24. Scherpbier HJ, Bekker V, Pajkrt D, et al. Once-daily highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected children: safety and efficacy of an efavirenz-containing regimen. Pediatrics 2007; 119:e705-e715.
25. LePrevost M, Green H, Flynn J, et al. Adherence and acceptability of once daily Lamivudine and abacavir in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:533-537. Although this combination is not in most standard first-line regimens, it may be an alternative to consider in children with adherence problems.
26. Bergshoeff A, Burger D, Verweij C, et al. Plasma pharmacokinetics of once- versus twice-daily lamivudine and abacavir: simplification of combination treatment in HIV-1-infected children (PENTA-13). Antivir Ther 2005; 10:239-246.
27. van der Lee M, Verweel G, de Groot R, Burger D. Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily regimen of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children. Antivir Ther 2006; 11:439-445.
28. Rosso R, Di Biagio A, Dentone C, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir exposure in treatment-naive HIV-infected children following twice or once daily administration. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:1168-1171.
29. UNICEF. Life skills. http://www.unicef.org/lifeskills/. [Accessed 26 April 2007] This website explains the UNICEF Life Skills program and provides links to educational resources.
30. Starace F, Massa A, Amico KR, Fisher JD. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: an empirical test of the information-motivation-behavioral skills model. Health Psychol 2006; 25:153-162.
31. Lee GM, Gortmaker SL, McIntosh K, et al. Quality of life for children and adolescents: impact of HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment. Pediatrics 2006; 117:273-283. This study of a large US PACTG cohort highlighted the impact of HIV on the daily lives of children and caretakers.
32. Oyugi JH, Byakika-Tusiime J, Ragland K, et al. Treatment interruptions predict resistance in HIV-positive individuals purchasing fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy in Kampala, Uganda. AIDS 2007; 21:965-971.
33. Bikaako-Kajura W, Luyirika E, Purcell DW, et al. Disclosure of HIV status and adherence to daily drug regimens among HIV-infected children in Uganda. AIDS Behav 2006; 10 (4 Suppl):S85-S93. Including comments from both the children and their caretakers facilitates a deeper understanding of how disclosure and nondisclosure can impact the family.
34. Moodley K, Myer L, Michaels D, Cotton M. Paediatric HIV disclosure in South Africa: caregivers' perspectives on discussing HIV with infected children. S Afr Med J 2006; 96:201-204.
35. Oberdorfer P, Puthanakit T, Louthrenoo O, et al. Disclosure of HIV/AIDS diagnosis to HIV-infected children in Thailand. J Paediatr Child Health 2006; 42:283-288.
36. Abadia-Barrero CE, Larusso MD. The disclosure model versus a developmental illness experience model for children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in Sao Paulo, Brazil. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2006; 20:36-43. This report challenges the pediatric HIV community to reassess how disclosure is taught and facilitated. The experiences of the children and their caretakers, and the social, cultural, and economic contexts, are incisively interpreted.
37. Myer L, Moodley K, Hendricks F, Cotton M. Healthcare providers' perspectives on discussing HIV status with infected children. J Trop Pediatr 2006; 52:293-295.