Vegetation responses to conifer encroachment in a western Cascade meadow: A chronosequence approach

Canadian Journal of Botany

Volumn 85, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 285-298

  Haugo, Ryan D ^a   Halpern, Charles B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Colonization; Meadow dynamics; Overstory understory relationships; Pacific Northwest; Species richness; Tree invasion

Indexed keywords

FORESTRY; PLANT CELL CULTURE;

COLONIZATION; MEADOW DYNAMICS; OVERSTORY-UNDERSTORY RELATIONSHIPS; SPECIES RICHNESS; TREE INVASION;

VEGETATION;

AGE STRUCTURE; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; COLONIZATION; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; CONIFEROUS TREE; FOREST DYNAMICS; HABITAT RESTORATION; MEADOW; MONTANE FOREST; ORDINATION; OVERSTORY; POPULATION DECLINE; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; SPECIES RICHNESS; UNDERSTORY; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

FOREST MANAGEMENT; PLANTS; SOFTWOODS;

CASCADE RANGE; NORTH AMERICA; OREGON; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; UNITED STATES;

ABIES; ABIES GRANDIS; CONIFEROPHYTA; PINUS CONTORTA;

EID: 34547874664     PISSN: 00084026     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/B07-024     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Amiotti, N.M., Zalba, P., Sanchez, L.F., and Peinemann, N. 2000. The impact of single trees on properties of loess-derived grassland soils in Argentina. Ecology, 81: 3283-3290. doi:10.2307/177493.
2. Antos, J.A., and Zobel, D.B. 1984. Ecological implications of belowground morphology of nine coniferous forest herbs. Bot. Gaz. 145: 508-517. doi:10.1086/337486.
3. Archer, S.R. 1990. Development and stability of grass/woody mosaics in a subtropical savanna parkland, Texas, USA. J. Biogeogr. 17: 453-462. doi:10.2307/2845377.
4. Arno, S.F., and Gruell, G.E. 1986. Douglas-fir encroachment into mountain grasslands in southwestern Montana. J. Range Manag. 39: 272-276.
5. Belsky, A.J., Amundson, R.G., Duxbury, J.M., Riha, S.J., Ali, A.R., and Mwonga, S.M. 1989. The effects of trees on their physical, chemical and biological environments in a semi-arid savanna in Kenya. J. Appl. Ecol. 26: 1005-1024.
6. Bierzychudek, P. 1982. Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs: a review. New Phytol. 90: 757-776. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb03285.x.
7. Biondini, M.E., Mielke, P.W., and Berry, K.J. 1988. Data-dependant permutation techniques for the analysis of ecological data. Vegetatio, 75: 161-168.
8. 2-controlled mechanism of woody plant invasion in grasslands and savannas. Glob. Change Biol. 6: 865-869. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00365.x.
9. Boyd, R. (Editor). 1999. Indians, fire and the land in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State Press, Corvallis, Ore.
10. Briggs, J.M., Hoch, G.A., and Johnson, L.C. 2002. Assessing the rate, mechanisms, and consequences of the conversion of tallgrass prairie to Juniperus virginiana forest. Ecosystems, 5: 578-586. doi:10.1007/s10021-002-0187-4.
11. Brunet, J., and von Oheimb, G. 1998. Migration of vascular plants to secondary woodlands in southern Sweden. J. Ecol. 86: 429-438.
12. Brunet, J., von Oheimb, G., and Diekmann, M. 2000. Factors influencing vegetation gradients across ancient-recent woodland borderlines in southern Sweden. J. Veg. Sci. 11: 514-524.
13. Burke, C.J. 1979. Historic fire in the central western Cascades, Oregon. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Geography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore.
14. Butaye, J., Jacquemyn, H., Honnay, O., and Hermy, M. 2002. The species pool concept applied to forests in a fragmented landscape: dispersal limitation versus habitat limitation. J. Veg. Sci. 13: 27-34. doi:10.1658/1100- 9233(2002)013[0027:TSPCAT]2.0.CO;2.
15. Cain, M.L., Damman, H., and Muir, A. 1998. Seed dispersal and the holocene migration of woodland herbs. Ecol. Monogr. 68: 325-347. doi:10.2307/2657242.
16. Callaway, R.M., Nadkarni, N.M., and Mahall, B.E. 1991. Facilitation and interference of Quercus douglasii on understory production in central California. Ecology, 72: 1484-1499. doi:10.2307/1941122.
17. Dunwiddie, P.W. 1977. Recent tree invasion of subalpine meadows in the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming. Arct. Alp. Res. 9: 393-399. doi:10.2307/1550531.
18. Ehrlen, J., and Eriksson, O. 2000. Dispersal limitation and patch occupancy in forest herbs. Ecology, 81: 1667-1674. doi:10.2307/177315.
19. Facelli, J.M., and Pickett, S.T.A. 1991. Indirect effects of litter on woody seedlings subject to herb competition. Oikos, 62: 129-138. doi:10.2307/3545257.
20. Franklin, J.F., and Dyrness, C.T. 1988. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Ore.
21. Franklin, J.F., and Halpern, C.B. 1999. Pacific northwest forests. In North American terrestrial vegetation. 2nd ed. Edited by M. G. Barbour and W.D. Billings. Cambridge University Press, New York. pp. 123-159.
22. Frazer, G.W., Canham, C.D., and Lertzman, K.P. 1999. Gap light analyzer (GLA), version 2.0: imaging software to extract canopy structure and gap light transmission indices from true-colour fisheye photographs, users manual and program documentation. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., and the Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, N.Y.
23. Griffiths, R., Madritch, M., and Swanson, A. 2005. Conifer invasion of forest meadows transforms soil characteristics in the Pacific Northwest. For. Ecol. Manag. 208: 347-358. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.015.
24. Hadley, K.S. 1999. Forest history and meadow invasion at the Rigdon Meadows Archaeological site, western Cascades, Oregon. Phys. Geogr. 20: 116-133.
25. Haeussler, S., Coates, D., and Mather, J. 1990. Autecology of common plants in British Columbia: a literature review. FRDA Rep. 158. Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre and British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, Victoria, B.C.
26. Halpern, C.B. 1989. Early successional patterns of forest species: interactions of life history traits and disturbance. Ecology, 70: 704-720. doi:10.2307/1940221.
27. Halpern, C.B., Smith, B.G., and Franklin, J.F. 1984. Composition, structure, and distribution of the ecosystems of the Three Sisters Biosphere Reserve/Wilderness Area. Final report to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. PNW Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, Ore.
28. Haugo, R.D. 2006. Vegetation responses to conifer encroachment in a dry, montane meadow: a chronosequence approach. M.Sc. thesis, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
29. Heisler, J.L., Briggs, J.M., Knapp, A.K., Blair, J.M., and Seery, A. 2004. Direct and indirect effects of fire on shrub density and aboveground productivity in a mesic grassland. Ecology, 85: 2245-2257.
30. Hemstrom, M.A., Logan, S.E., and Pavlat, W. 1987. Plant association and management guide, Willamette National Forest. U.S. For. Serv. PNW Region R6-Ecol 257-B-86.
31. Hitchcock, C.L., and Cronquist, A. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
32. Hitchcock, C.L., Cronquist, A., Ownbey, M., and Thompson, J.W. 1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Vols. 1-5. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Wash.
33. Hobbs, R.J., and Mooney, H.A. 1986. Community changes following shrub invasion of grassland. Oecologia, 70: 508-513. doi:10.1007/BF00379896.
34. Jackson, R.B., Banner, J.L., Jobbágy, E.G., Pockman, W.T., and Wall, D.H. 2002. Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands. Nature (Lond.), 418: 623-626. doi:10.1038/nature00910.
35. Johnson, R.R. 1985. Historical records inventory for the Willamette National Forest: forest grazing permits. Forest Service Warehouse, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Willamette National Forest, Eugene, Ore.
36. Kruskal, J.B. 1964. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method. Psychometrika, 29: 115-129. doi:10.1007/BF02289694.
37. Lang, N.L. 2006. The soil seed bank of an Oregon montane meadow: consequences of conifer encroachment and implications for restoration. M.Sc. thesis, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
38. Lang, N.L., and Halpern, C.B. 2007. The soil seed bank of a montane meadow: consequences of conifer encroachment and implications for restoration. Can. J. Bot. In press.
39. Laycock, W.A. 1991. Stable states and thresholds of range condition on North-American rangelands - a viewpoint. J. Range Manag. 44: 427-433.
40. Lett, M.S., and Knapp, A.K. 2003. Consequences of shrub expansion in mesic grassland: resource alterations and graminoid responses. J. Veg. Sci. 14: 487-496. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2003)014[0487:COSEIM]2.0.CO;2.
41. Lett, M.S., and Knapp, A.K. 2005. Woody plant encroachment and removal in mesic grassland: production and composition responses of herbaceous vegetation. Am. Midl. Nat. 153: 217-231. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2005)153[0217:WPEARI] 2.0.CO;2.
42. Lezberg, A.L., Antos, J.A., and Halpern, C.B. 1999. Belowground traits of herbaceous species in young coniferous forests of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Can. J. Bot. 77: 936-943. doi:10.1139/cjb-77-7-936.
43. Li, X.D., and Wilson, S.D. 1998. Facilitation among woody plants establishing in an old field. Ecology, 79: 2694-2705. doi:10.2307/176510.
44. Matlack, G.R. 1994. Plant species migration in a mixed-history forest landscape in eastern North America. Ecology, 75: 1491-1502. doi:10.2307/1937472.
45. McCune, B., and Grace, J.B. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Ore.
46. McCune, B., and Mefford, M.J. 1999. PC-ORD. Version 4.0. Multivariate analysis of ecological data. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Ore.
47. Miller, E.A., and Halpern, C.B. 1998. Effects of environment and grazing disturbance on tree establishment in meadows of the central Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 265-282. doi:10.2307/3237126.
48. Minore, D. 1979. Comparative autecological characteristics of northwestern tree species, a literature review. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR 87.
49. Moore, M.M., and Huffman, D.W. 2004. Tree encroachment on meadows of the North Rim, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. USA. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 36: 474-483. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2004)036[0474:TEOMOT]2.0.CO;2.
50. Neter, J., Wasserman, W., and Kutner, M.H. 1996. Applied linear regression models. 3rd ed. R.D. Irwin, Homewood, Ill.
51. Rakestraw, L., and Rakestraw, M. 1991. History of the Willamette National Forest. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Willamette National Forest, Eugene, Ore.
52. Rochefort, R.M., and Peterson, D.L. 1996. Temporal and spatial distribution of trees in subalpine meadows of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA. Arct. Alp. Res. 28: 52-59. doi:10.2307/1552085.
53. Rochefort, R.M., Little, R.L., Woodward, A., and Peterson, D.L. 1994. Changes in subalpine tree distribution in western North America: a review of climatic and other causal factors. Holocene, 4: 89-100.
54. Scholes, R.J., and Archer, S.R. 1997. Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28: 517-544. doi:10.1146/annurev. ecolsys.28.1.517.
55. Shannon, C.E., and Weaver, W. 1949. The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Ill.
56. Siemann, E., and Rogers, W.E. 2003. Changes in light and nitrogen availability under pioneer trees may indirectly facilitate tree invasions of grasslands. J. Ecol. 91: 923-931. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00822.x.
57. Smith, T.M., Shugart, H.H., and Woodward, F.I. (Editors). 1987. Plant functional types. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
58. SPSS. 2004. SPSS for Windows. Version 13.0. SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill.
59. Stokes, M.A., and Smiley, T.L. 1968. An introduction to tree ring dating. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.
60. Sturm, M., Schimel, J., Michaelson, G., Welker, J.M., Oberbauer, S.F., Liston, G.E., Fahnestock, J., and Romanovsky, V.E. 2005. Winter biological processes could help convert arctic tundra to shrubland. Bioscience, 55: 17-26. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0017:WBPCHC]2.0.CO;2.
61. Tappeiner, J.C., II, and Alaback, P.B. 1989. Early establishment and vegetative growth of understory species in the western hemlock - Sitka spruce forests of southeast Alaska. Can. J. Bot. 67: 318-326.
62. Taylor, A.H. 1995. Forest expansion and climate-change in the mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) Zone, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, USA. Arct. Alp. Res. 27: 207-216. doi:10.2307/1551951.
63. Taylor, A.H., and Skinner, C.N. 2003. Spatial patterns and controls on historical fire regimes and forest structure in the Klamath Mountains. Ecol. Appl. 13: 704-719.
64. Teensma, P.D.A. 1987. Fire history and fire regimes of the central western Cascades of Oregon. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore.
65. Vale, T.R. 1981. Tree invasion of montane meadows in Oregon. Am. Midl. Nat. 105: 61-125. doi:10.2307/2425010.
66. Van Auken, O.W. 2000. Shrub invasions of North American semi-arid grasslands. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31: 197-215. doi:10.1146/annurev. ecolsys.31.1.197.
67. Verheyen, K., and Hermy, M. 2004. Recruitment and growth of herb-layer species with different colonizing capacities in ancient and recent forests. J. Veg. Sci. 15: 125-134. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2004)015[0125:RAGOHS]2.0. CO;2.
68. Verheyen, K., Guntenspergen, G.R., Biesbrouck, B., and Hermy, M. 2003. An integrated analysis of the effects of past land use on forest herb colonization at the landscape scale. J. Ecol. 91: 731-742. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745. 2003.00807.x.
69. Ward, J.J. 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 58: 236-244. doi:10.2307/2282967.
70. Weisberg, P.J., and Swanson, F.J. 2003. Regional synchroneity in fire regimes of western Oregon and Washington, USA. For. Ecol. Manag. 172: 17-28. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00805-2.
71. Wishart, D. 1969. An algorithm for hierarchical classifications. Biometrics, 25: 165-170. doi:10.2307/2528688.
72. Woodward, A., Schreiner, E.G., and Silsbee, D.G. 1995. Climate, geography, and tree establishment in subalpine meadows of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA. Arct. Alp. Res. 27: 217-225. doi:10.2307/1551952.
73. Zar, J.H. 1999. Biostatistical analysis. 4th ed. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.