Predictors of death from severe pneumonia among children 2-59 months old hospitalized in Bohol, Philippines: Implications for referral criteria at a first-level health facility

Tropical Medicine and International Health

Volumn 12, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 962-971

  Lupisan, S P ^a   Ruutu, P ^b   Erma Abucejo Ladesma, P ^c   Quiambao, B P ^a   Gozum, L ^a   Sombrero, L T ^a   Romano, V ^d   Herva, E ^b   Riley, I ^e   Simoes, E A F ^f,g   Mäkelä, Helen ⁱ   Nissinen, Antti ⁱ   Esparar, Grace ^a   Girasol, Ma Felnore ^h   Williams, Gail ^e  

^a RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL MEDICINE   (Philippines)

^b NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^c Governor Celestino Gallares Memorial Hospital   (Philippines)

^d UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA   (Philippines)

^e UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^g CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^h Gallares Hospital Bohol

ⁱ University of Queensland ^*

Author keywords

Philippines; Predictors of death; Prospective study; Severe pneumonia

Indexed keywords

CHILD HEALTH; HEALTH SERVICES; NUTRITIONAL DISORDER; PNEUMONIA; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RURAL AREA;

ARTICLE; BLOOD CULTURE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; FATALITY; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INFANT; LABORATORY TEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENINGITIS; PATHOGENESIS; PNEUMONIA; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RISK FACTOR; RURAL AREA; TERTIARY HEALTH CARE; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; PHILIPPINES; PNEUMONIA; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL RATE;

ASIA; BOHOL [(ISL) VISAYAS]; EURASIA; PHILIPPINES; SOUTHEAST ASIA; VISAYAS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 34547837467     PISSN: 13602276     EISSN: 13653156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01872.x     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Agrawal PB, Shendumikar N Shastri NJ (1995) Host factors and pneumonia in hospitalized children. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 93, 271 272.
2. Banajeh SM (1998) Outcome for children <5 hospitalized with severe acute lower respiratory tract infections in Yemen: a 5 year experience. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 44, 343 346.
3. Berman S (1991) Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children of developing countries. Reviews of Infectious Diseases Suppl. 6 454 462.
4. Cherian T, John TJ, Simoes EAF, John M, Steinhoff MC John M (1988) Evaluation of simple clinical signs for the diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract infections. Lancet 2, 125 128.
5. Cherian T, Mulholland EK, Carlin JB et al. (2005) Standardized interpretation of paediatric chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumonia in epidemiological studies. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, 353 359. Epub 24 June 2005.
6. Child and Adolescent Health and Development (2005) Integrated management of childhood illness. http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/integr.htm.
7. Dayrit ESN (1999) A national program for control of acute respiratory tract infections: the Philippine experience. Clinical Infectious Diseases 28, 195 199.
8. Deb SK (1998) Acute respiratory disease survey in Tripura in case of children below 5 years of age. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 96, 111 116.
9. Demers AM, Morency P, Mberyo-Yaah F, Jaffar S, Blais C, Somse P, Bobossi G Pepin J (2000) Risk factors for mortality among children hospitalized because of acute respiratory infection in Bangui, Central African Republic. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 19, 424 432.
10. Dibley MJ, Goldsby JB, Staehling NW Trowbridge FL (1987) Development of normalized curves for international growth reference: historical and technical considerations. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 736 748.
11. Douglas RM (1991) ARI in children in the developing world. Seminars in Respiratory Infections 6, 217 224.
12. al Fadil SM, Alrahman SH, Cousens S et al. (2003) Integrated management of childhood illnesses strategy: compliance with referral and follow-up recommendations in Gezira State, Sudan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81, 708 716.
13. Gove S (1997) Integrated management of childhood illness by outpatient health workers: technical basis and overview. The WHO Working Group on Guidelines for Integrated Management of the Sick Child. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 75, 7 24.
14. Handayani T, Mujiani, Hull V Rhode JE (1983) Child mortality in a rural Javanese village: a prospective study. International Journal of Epidemiology 12, 88 92.
15. Hazir T, Qasi S, Nisar YB et al. (2004) Assessment and management of children aged 1-59 months presenting with wheeze, fast breathing, and/or lower chest indrawing; results of a multicentre descriptive study in Pakistan. Archives of Disease in Childhood 89, 1049 1054.
16. Herva E, Sombrero L, Lupisan SP, Arcay J Ruutu P (1999) Establishing a laboratory for surveillance of invasive bacterial infections in a tertiary care government hospital in a rural province in the Philippines. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 6, 1035 1040.
17. Huffman SL Martin L (1994) Child nutrition, birth spacing and child mortality. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 709, 236 248.
18. Klugman KP Madhi SA (2004) Oral antibiotics for the treatment of severe pneumonia in children. Lancet 364, 1104 1105.
19. Kohli KL Al-Omaim M (1983) Infant and child mortality in Kuwait. Journal of Biosocial Science 15, 339 348.
20. Lupisan S, Herva E, Sombrero L et al. (2000) Invasive bacterial infections of children in a rural province in the Central Philippines. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62, 341 346.
21. Mulholland EK, Simoes EA, Costales MO, McGrath EJ, Manalac EM Gove S (1992) Standardized diagnosis of pneumonia in developing countries. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 11, 77 81.
22. Peterson S, Nsungwa-Sabiiti J, Were W et al. (2004) Coping with paediatric referral - Ugandan parents' experience. Lancet 363, 1955 6.
23. Pio A (2003) Standard case management of pneumonia in children in developing countries: the cornerstone of the acute respiratory infection programme. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81, 298 300.
24. Rasmussen Z, Pio A Enarson P (2000) Case management of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: recent relevant research and current initiatives. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 4, 807 826.
25. Sazawal S Black RE (2003) Pneumonia case management trials group: effect of pneumonia case management on mortality in neonates, infants, and preschool children - a meta-analysis of community-based trials. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 3, 547 56.
26. Sehgal V, Sethi GR, Sachev HP Satyanarayana L (1997) Predictors of mortality in subjects hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections. Indian Pediatrics 34, 213 219.
27. Shann F, Hart K Thomas D (1984) Acute lower respiratory tract infections in children: possible criteria for selection of patients for antibiotic therapy and hospital admission. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 62, 749 753.
28. Shann F, Barker J Poore P (1989) Clinical signs that predict death in children with severe pneumonia. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 8, 852 858.
29. Simoes EA McGrath EJ (1992) Recognition of pneumonia by primary health care workers in Swaziland with a simple clinical algorithm. Lancet 340, 1502 1503.
30. Simoes EA, Desta T, Tessema T, Gerbresellasie T, Dagnew M Gove S (1997) Performance of health workers after training in integrated management of childhood illness in Gondar, Ethiopia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 75, 43 53.
31. Simoes EA, Peterson S, Gamatie Y et al. (2003) Management of severely ill children at first level health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa when referral is difficult. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81, 522 531.
32. Simoes EA, Cherian T, Chow J, Shahid-Salles SA, Laxminarayan R John T (2006) Acute respiratory diseases in children. In : Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries eds. DT Jamison, JG Breman, AR Measham, G Alleyne, M Claeson, DB Evans, P Jha, A Mills P Musgrove). New York : The World Bank and Oxford University Press.
33. Suwanjutha S, Ruangkanchnasetr S, Chantarojanasiri T Hotrakitya S (1994) Risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of pneumonia in Thai children under 5 years. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 25, 60 66.
34. Tupasi TE, Velmonte MA, Abraham L et al. (1988) Determinants of morbidity and mortality due to acute respiratory infections: implications for intervention. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 157, 615 623.
35. Tupasi TE, Lucero MG, Magdangal DM et al. (1990a) Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children from Alabang, Metro Manila. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 12 (Suppl. 8 S929 S939.
36. Tupasi TE, Mangubat NV, Sunico ES et al. (1990b) Malnutrition and acute respiratory tract infections in Filipino children. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 12, S1047 S1054.
37. Victora CG, Fuchs SC, Flores JA, Fonseca W Kirkwood B (1994) Risk factors for pneumonia among children in a Brazilian metropolitan area. Pediatrics 93, 977 985.
38. Victora CG, Kirkwood BR, Ashworth A et al. (1999) Potential interventions for prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: improving nutrition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, 309 320.
39. West TE, Goetghebuer T, Milligan P, Mulholland EK Weber MW (1999) Long term morbidity and mortality following hypoxemic lower respiratory tract infection in Gambian children. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77, 144 148.
40. WHO Division of Child Health and Development & WHO Regional Office for Africa (1997) Integrated management of childhood illness: field test of the WHO/UNICEF training course in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 75, 55 64.
41. Williams BG, Gouws E, Boschi-Pinto C, Bryce J Dye C (2002) Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2, 25 32.
42. World Health Organization (1990) Programme for the control of acute respiratory infections: acute respiratory infections in children: case management in small hospitals in developing countries. Geneva : WHO/ARI/90.5.
43. World Health Organization (1999) Health Situation in the South-East Asia Region (1994-1997). SEA/HS/209. New Delhi : World Health Organization.
44. World Health Organization (2000) IMCI model handbook. WHO/FCH/CAH/00.12. Geneva.
45. World Health Organization (2002) Evidence base for the management of pneumonia. WHO/FCH/CAH/02.23. WHO, Sweden.
46. World Health Organization (2004) Consultative meeting to review evidence and research priorities in the management of acute respiratory infections (ARI). WHO/FCH/CAH/03.9. WHO, Geneva.
47. Yobo EA, Chisaka N, Hassan M et al. (2004) Oral amoxicillin versus injectable penicillin for severe pneumonia in children aged 3-59 months: a randomized multicentre equivalency study. Lancet 364, 1141 1148.