Techniques for collecting, handling, preparing, storing and examining small molluscan specimens

Molluscan Research

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-50

  Geiger, Daniel L ^a   Marshall, Bruce A ^b   Ponder, Winston F ^c   Sasaki, Takenori ^d   Warén, Anders ^e  

^a SANTA BARBARA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

^b MUSEUM OF NEW ZEALAND TE PAPA TONGAREWA   (New Zealand)

^c AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^e SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Byne's disease; Collection; Methodology; Museology; Preservation; Radula; Review; SEM; Shell; Storage

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; MOLLUSCA;

EID: 34547821518     PISSN: 13235818     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Amira 3.1. TGS, San Diego, USA.
2. Anonymous (2006a) Museum collection management terms and invertebrate specimen processing procedures: methods of fixation and preservation. http://www.nmnh.si.edu/iz/usap/usapspec.html [accessed May, 10, 2006].
3. Anonymous (2006b) Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan- 2-ol. Summary of data reported and evaluation. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 88, 16 pp. [available from monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol88/volume88.pdf, accessed 4/2007].
4. Barbero, R. S. & Toffoletto, D. (1996) Dissolution of calcareous Foraminfera in microfossil slides. Micropaleontology 42, 412-414.
5. Birch, W. R. (2000) Coatings: an introduction to the cleaning procedures. http://www.solgel.com/articles/June00/Birch/cleaning.htm [accessed March 5, 2006].
6. Boase, N.A. & Waller, R.R. (1994) The effect of propylene glycol on ethanol concentrations determined by density measurements. Collection Forum 10, 41-49.
7. Bouchet, P., Lozouet, P. Maestrati, P. & Heros, V. (2002) Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site. Biological Journal of the Llnnean Society 75, 421-436.
8. Boyle, R. (1666) A way of preserving birds taken out of the eggs, and other small foetuses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 12, 199-201.
9. Bradner, H. & Kay, E.A. (1995) Techniques for preparing and photographing Cypraea radulae. The Festivus 27, 96-103.
10. Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. (2003) Invertebrates, Second Edition. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
11. Byne, L.St.G (1899a-b) The corrosion of shells in cabinets. Journal of Conchology 9, 172-178, 253-4.
12. Callomon, P. (2000) 'Byne's Disease': identification and treatment strategies. Venus 59, 62-63.
13. Callomon, P. (2003) Byne's Disease - questions and answers. American Conchologist 30, 10-11.
14. Carter, J. (1997) An investigation of pH changes in a selection of formaldehyde buffering agents used on a fish parasitology research collection. Collection Forum 13, 1-10.
15. Carter, J. (2002) DNA preservation in fluid preserved collections. SPNHC Newsletter March 2002, 14-15.
16. Clapp, A.F. (1987) Curatorial Care of Works of Art on Paper. Lyons Press, New York. 191 pp.
17. Clark, K. B. (1998) MOLLUSCA listserver Sept. 24, 1998.
18. Coovert, G.A. & Coovert, H.K. (1987) Preparation of marginellid radulae. Marginella Marginalia 2, 20-27.
19. Davies, A. & Fennessy, P. (2001) Digital Imaging for Photographers, 4th Edition. Focal Press. 167 pp.
20. Davies, F.R.E. (1988) Still more on Byne's disease. Shells and Sea Life 20(6), 13.
21. Davies, T. (1987) Fighting Byne's disease. Conchologists of America Bulletin 15, 15.
22. De Prins, R. (2005) Deterioration of shell collections. Causes, consequence and treatment. Gloria Maris 43(5-6), 1-75.
23. Dudich, E. & Kesselyák, A. (ca. 1925-41) Die Anwendung des Urethans in der Konservierungstechnik. Aus deutschen Museen 69-71.
24. Geiger, D.L. (1999). Description of Haliotis fatui new species (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) form the tropical western Pacific. The Nautilus 113, 73-77.
25. Geiger, D.L. (2004) Warning! Micromount clay is NOT suitable for usage in shell collections! Club Conchylia Informationen 35, 110-111.
26. Geiger, D. L. (2006a) Schaufelbaggern für Grosse: Mit dem Petite-Ponar Greiffer in Neu Britannien unterwegs. Club Conchylia Mitteilungen 5, 31-33.
27. Geiger, D. L. (2006b). Applied photography in systematic malacology. In: The Mollusks, A Guide to their Study, Collection, and l'reservation. C.F. Sturm, T.A. Pearce and A. Valdés (eds.). Universal Publishers, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 23-100.
28. Glauert, A.M. & Lewis, P.R. (1998) Biological Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
29. Gohar, H.A.F. (1937) The preservation of contractile marine animals in expanded condition. Journal of the Marine Biological Association 22, 295-299.
30. Goldstein, J.I., Newbury, D.E., Echlin, P., Joy, D.C., Roming Jr., A. D., Lyman, C.E., Fiori, C. & Lifshin, E. (1992) Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis. A Text for Biologists, Material Scientists, and Geologists. Plenum Press, New York. 820 pp.
31. Grosjean, D. & Fung, K. (1984) Hydrocarbons and carbonyls in Los Angeles air. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 34, 537-543.
32. Habe T. and S. Kosuge (1967). The Standard Book of Japanese Shells in Color. Hoikusha, Osaka (In Japanese).
33. Hagadorn, J.W., Xiao, S., Donoghue, P.C.J., Bengtson, S., Gostling, N.J., Pawlowska, M., Raff, E.C., Raff, R.R., Turner, R.F., Chongyu, Y., Zhou, C., Yuan, X., McFeely, M.B., Stampanoni, M. & Nealson, K.H. (2006) Cellular and subcellular structure of Neoproterozoic animal embryos. Science 314, 291-294.
34. Hasegawa, K. (2004) Swimming behaviour of scissurellids (Gastropoda: Scissurellidae) and its taxonomic significance. In: Molluscan Megadiverslty: Sea, Land and Freshwater. World Congress of Malacology Perth, Western Australia 11-16 July 2004. F. E. Wells (ed.). Western Australian Museum, Perth, p. 62.
35. Hatchfield, P. & Carpenter, J. (1985) Formaldehyde: How Great a Danger to Museum Collections? Center for Conservation and Technical Studies; Harvard University Art Museum, Cambridge, MASS.
36. Hauser, C.L., Steiner, A., Holstein, J. & Scoble, M.J. (eds.) (2005) Digital Imaging of Biological Type Specimens. Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart,
37. Hemleben, C., Spindler, M. & Anderson, O.R. (1988) Modern Planktonic Foraminifera. Springer, New York.
38. Hertz, C.M. (1990) What is Byne's disease? The Festivus 22, 10-11.
39. Hickman, C.S. (1977) Integration of electron scan and light imagery in study of molluscan radulae. The Veliger 20, 1-8.
40. Hickman, C.S. & Porter, S.S. (2007). Nocturnal swimming, aggregation at light traps, and mass spawning of scissurellid gastropods (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). Invertebrate Biology, 126, 10-17.
41. Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y (2001) Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell Bearing Mollusca of Japan. Type Figures. Elle Scientific Publications, Osaka, Japan.
42. Holznagel, W.E. (1998) A nondestructive method for cleaning gastropod radulae from frozen, alcohol-fixed, or dried material. American Malacological Bulletin 14, 181-183.
43. Horie, C.V. (1989) Conservation of Natural History Specimens SpiritCollections. University of Manchester, Manchester..
44. Hubel, D. H. (1957) Tungsten microelectrodes. Science 135, 549.
45. Jones, E.M. & Owen, R.D. (1987) Fluid preservation of specimens. In: Genoways, H.H., Jones, C. & Rossolimo, O.L. (Eds.) Mammal Collection Management. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, pp. 51-64.
46. Kamath, Y.K., Hornby, S.B. & Weigmann, H.D. (1985) Irreversible chemisorption of formaldehyde on cotton cellulose. Textile Research Journal 55, 663-666.
47. Kenyon, A.F. (1909) On the deterioration of shells in cabinets. Journal of Conchology 12, 266-268.
48. Kilburn, R.N. (1996) Notes on the benthic stations sampled by the Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition (1898-1899) in Southern African waters. South African Journal of Marine Sciences 17, 325-328.
49. Kolff, W.J. (1988) More on Byne's disease. Shells and Sea Life 20(5), 19.
50. Kristensen, R.M. & Funch, P. (2000) Micrognathozoa: A new class with complicated jaws like those of Rotifera and Gnathostomulida. Journal of Morphology 246, 1-49 .
51. Kurtz, I. (2005) Kleine Schnecken und Muscheln - einen Blick wert. Club Conchylia Informationen 37, 35-39.
52. Lamy, E. (1933) Sur la corrosion des coquilles dans les collections. Journal de Conchyliologie, Paris 77, 481-482.
53. Levi, H.W. (1966) The care of alcoholic collections of small invertebrates. Systematic Zoology 15, 183-188.
54. Lide, D.R. (1997) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York.
55. Lincoln, J.R. & Sheals, J.G (1979) Invertebrate Animals, Collection & Preservation. BM(NH) & Cambridge University Press; Cambridge,.
56. Lindberg, D.R. (1977) Artefacts incurred by treatment of acmaeid radulae with alkalines. The Veliger 19, 453-454.
57. nd. ed. Butterworths, London.
58. McKay, C.R. & Hartzband, D.J. (1970) Propylene phenoxetol: narcotic agent for unsorted benthic invertebrates. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 89, 53-54.
59. McLean, J. H. (1984). The world of marine micromollusks. Terra 22, 26-30.
60. Margulis, D. (2005) Photoshop Lab Color: The Canyon Conundrum and Other Adventures in the Most Powerful Colorspace. Peachpit Press, Berkeley.
61. Mikkelsen, P. (1985) A rapid method for slide mounting of minute radulae with a bibliography of radula mounting techniques. Nautilus 99, 62-65 (includes extensive bibliography).
62. Moretzsohn, F. (2004) Method for mounting radulae for SEM using an adhesive tape desiccation chamber. American Malacological Bulletin 19, 145-146.
63. Nicholls, J.R. (1934) Deterioration of shells when stored in oak cabinets. Journal of the Society Chemical Industry 53, 1077-1078.
64. Nockert, M. & Wadsten, T. (1978) Storage of archaeological textile finds in sealed boxes. Studies in Conservation 23, 38-41.
65. Padfield, T., Erhardt, D. & Hopwood, W. (1982) Trouble in store. Science and Technology in the Service of Conservation, Preprints of the 9th International IIC Congress, Washington D.C. IIC, London, pp. 24-27.
66. Pearse, A.G.E. (1960) Histochemistry, Theoretical and Applied. J. & A. Churchill, Ltd, London.
67. Pinto de Oliveira, M. & de Cassia da Silveira e Sa, R. (1996) Contribution to shell collection preservation from Byne's disease or efflorescence. Publlcacoes Ocasionais Conquiliologistas do Brasil 13, 1-3.
68. th Ed. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London.
69. Pritchard, M.H. & G.O.W. Kruse (1982) The Collection and Preservation of Animal Parasites. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln & London.
70. Quay, W.B. (1974) Bird and mammal specimens in fluid - objectives and methods. Curator 17, 91-104.
71. Reimer, L. (1998) Scanning Electron Microscopy, Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis. Springer, Berlin.
72. Risso-Dominguez, C.J. (1961) The use of alkylene polyamines to isolate radulae I. Relations between effectiveness and chemical structure. Stain Technology 36, 151-157.
73. nd edition, (M. K. Jacobsen, ed.). x American Malacological Union, pp. 10-11.
74. th Ed. Leibniz Verlag, München.
75. th Ed. Urban & Schwartzenberg Verlag, München.
76. Sasaki, T. (1998) Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the Recent Archaeogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda). The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 38, 1-224.
77. Schroll, F. (1968) Souvenirs aus dem Meer. Sammeln Praparieren und Konservieren von Meerestieren. Kosmos, Stuttgart.
78. Sedgewick, J. & Sedgewick, G. (2002) Quick Photoshop for Research: A Guide to Digital Imaging for Photoshop 4X, 5X, 6X, 7X. Plenum Press.
79. Simmons, J.E. (1991) Conservation problems of fluid-preserved specimens. In: Cato, P.S. & Jones, C. (eds.) Natural History Museums: Directions for Growth. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, pp 69-89.
80. Smaldon, G. & Lee, E.W. (1979) A synopsis of methods for the narcotisation of marine invertebrates. Royal Scottish Museum, Information Series Natural History 6, 1-96. (Describes methods from literature, taxon by taxon. Numerous further references)
81. Stamol, V. (1998) The main collection of Recent molluscs in the Croatian Natural History Museum. Natura Croatica 7, 159-167.
82. Steedman, H.F. (Ed.) (1976) Zooplankton Fixation and Preservation. The UNESCO Press. 350 pp.
83. Steinmann, W., Ebeling, R. & Goepel, U. (1975) Die Konservierung medizinischer und zoologischer Praparate in Phenoxetol. Der Praparator 21, 8-11.
84. Steitz, E. & Stengel, G. (1984) Die Stämme und Klassen des Tierreichs. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany.
85. Strasoldo, M. (1991) Anatomie und Ontogenie von Scissurella jucunda (Smith, 1890) und Anatomie von Anatoma sp. Dissertation University of Vienna, Austria, Vienna. 145 pp, 37 pls.
86. Tennent, M. & Baird, T. (1985) The deterioration of Mollusca collections. Identification of shell efflorescence. Studies in Conservation 30, 75-83.
87. Turner, S. (1998) The Book of Fine Paper. Thames & Hudson, London.
88. nd. http://www.sciencenews.org/
89. Tullberg, T. (1891) Über Konservierung von Evertebraten in ausgedehntem Zustand. Privately published, Stockholm.
90. Ueshima, R. (2002) Simple methods for DNA preservation in molluscan specimens. Venus 61, 91-94.
91. th Ed. National Distilleries and Chemical Corporation. Replaced by Equistar's "Ethyl alcohol handbook". Available at: http://www.lyondell.com/ Lyondell/Products/ByMarket/AdhesivesAndSealants/Solvents/Ethanol/ TechnicalInformation/index.htm [accessed 10/IV/2007]
92. Wagstaffe, R. & Fidler, J.H. (1955) The Preservation of Natural History Specimens. Vol. 1. Invertebrates. H.F. & G. Witherby, London.
93. Waller, R. & Strang, T.J.K. (1996) Physical chemical properties of preservative solutions. -1. Ethanol - water solutions. Collection Forum 12, 70-82.
94. Warén, A. (1990). Ontogenetic changes in the trochoidean (Archaeogastropoda) radula, with some phylogenetic interpretations. Zoologica Scripta 19, 179-187.
95. Zala, K., Pentcheff, N.D. & Wetzer, R. (2005) Laser-printed labels in wet collections: will they hold up? Collection Forum 19, 49-56.