Omega-3 fatty acids and athletics

Current Sports Medicine Reports

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 230-236

  Simopoulos, Artemis P ^a  

^a Center for Nutrition Genetics & Health   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID;

ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BLEEDING TIME; BLOOD VISCOSITY; DIET; EXERCISE; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; HYPOLIPEMIA; REVIEW; TRAINING; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASOSPASM;

DIET; EXERCISE; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-6; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; SPORTS;

EID: 34547819913     PISSN: 1537890X     EISSN: 15378918     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11932-007-0037-4     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Simopoulos AP: Genetic variation and dietary response: nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics. Asian Pacific J Clin Nutr 2002, 11(S6):S117-S128.
2. Simopoulos AP: Genetics - implications for nutrition. Forum Nutr 2003, 56:226-229.
3. •• Simopoulos AP, Ordovas JM: Nutrigenetics and nutrige- nomics. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. Basel: Karger; 2004. The most up-to-date book on the role of gene and nutrient interactions and their association with chronic diseases.
4. de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, et al.: Mediterranean α-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994, 343:1454-1459.
5. Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, et al.: Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction. Time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 2002, 105:1897-1903
6. •• Iso H, Kobayashi K, Ishihara J, et al.: Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese. The Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I. Circulation 2006, 113:195-202. Large prospective study showing that even in the Japanese population, which already has a high fish intake, a higher intake of fish lowered the risks for CHD even further.
7. Simopoulos AP: Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70(3 Suppl):560S-569S.
8. Hibbeln JR, Davis JM, Steer C, et al.: Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. Lancet 2007, 369:578-585.
9. Simopoulos AP, Robinson J: The Omega Diet. The Lifesaving Nutritional Program Based on the Diet of the Island of Crete. New York: HarperCollins, 1999.
10. Simopoulos AP: Genetic variation and evolutionary aspects of diet. In Antioxidants in Nutrition and Health. Edited by Papas A. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1999:65-88.
11. Simopoulos AP: The role of fatty acids in gene expression: health implications. Ann Nutr Metab 1996, 40:303-311.
12. Eaton SB, Konner M: Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 1985, 312:283-289.
13. Simopoulos AP: Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr 1991, 54:438-463.
14. Weber PC, Fischer S, von Schacky C, et al.: Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoid formation in man. In Health Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods. Edited by Simopoulos AP, Kifer RR, Martin RE. Orlando: Academic Press; 1986:49-60.
15. Lewis RA, Lee TH, Austen KF: Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the generation of products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. In Health Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods. Edited by Simopoulos AP, Kifer RR, Martin RE. Orlando: Academic Press; 1986:227-238.
16. Brox JH, Killie JE, Osterud B, et al.: Effects of cod liver oil on platelets and coagulation in familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa). Acta Med Scand 1983, 213:137-144.
17. Joist JH, Baker RK, Schonfeld G: Increased in vivo and in vitro platelet function in type II- and type IV-hyperlipoproteinemia. Thromb Res 1979, 15:95-108.
18. Raheja BS, Sadikot SM, Phatak RB, Rao MB: Significance of the n-6/n-3 ratio for insulin action in diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993, 683:258-271.
19. Graber R, Sumida C, Nunez EA: Fatty acids and cell signal transduction. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal 1994, 9:91-116.
20. Clarke SD, Jump DB: Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription. Annu Rev Nutr 1994, 14:83-98.
21. Simopoulos AP: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness. Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 49(Suppl):909- 1124.
22. Simopoulos AP, Pavlou KN: Volume I. Nutrition and fitness for athletes. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol 71. Basel: Karger; 1993.
23. Simopoulos AP: Volume II. Nutrition and fitness in health and disease. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol 72. Basel: Karger; 1993.
24. Simopoulos AP: Volume I. Nutrition and fitness: evolutionary aspects, children's health, policies and programs. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol 81. Basel: Karger; 1997.
25. Simopoulos AP, Pavlou KN: Volume II. Nutrition and fitness: metabolic and behavioral aspects in health and disease. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol 82. Basel: Karger; 1997.
26. Simopoulos AP, Pavlou KN: Volume 1. Nutrition and fitness: diet, genes, physical activity and health. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol 89. Basel: Karger; 2001.
27. Simopoulos AP, Pavlou KN: Volume 2. Nutrition and fitness: metabolic studies in health and disease. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol 89. Basel:, Karger; 2001.
28. Simopoulos AP: Volume I. Nutrition and fitness: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol 94. Basel: Karger; 2005.
29. Simopoulos AP: Volume II. Nutrition and fitness: mental health, aging, and the implementation of a health diet and physical activity lifestyle. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol 95. Basel: Karger; 2005.
30. Peoples GE, McLennan PL, Howe PRC, Groeller H: Fish oil reduces apparent myocardial oxygen consumption in trained cyclists but does not change time to fatigue. Presented at the Fourth International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness. Athens: May 25-29, 2000.
31. Hwalla N, Sibai MA, Adra N: Adolescent obesity and physical activity. World Rev Nutr Diet 2005, 94:42-50.
32. Karlsson J: Exercise, muscle metabolism and the antioxidant defense. World Rev Nutr Diet 1997, 82:81-100.
33. Goransson U, Karlson J, Ronneberg R, et al.: The "Are" sport nutratherapy program: the rationale for food supplements in sports medicine. World Rev Nutr Diet 1997, 82:101-121.
34. McMurchie EJ, Margetts BM, Beilin LJ, et al.: Dietary-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of human cheek cell phospholipids: correlation with changes in the dietary polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 39:975-980.
35. Storlien LH, Baur LA, Kriketos AD, et al.: Dietary fats and insulin action. Diabetologia 1996, 39:621-631.
36. Borkman M, Storlien LH, Pan DA, et al.: The relation between insulin sensitivity and the fatty-acid composition of skeletal-muscle phospholipids. New Engl J Med 1993, 328:238-244.
37. Andersson A, Sjödin A, Olsson R, Vessby B: Effects of physical exercise on phospholipid fatty acid composition in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1998, 274: E432-E438.
38. Helge JW, Wu BJ, Willer M, et al.: Training affects muscle phospholipid fatty acid composition in humans. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:670-677.
39. Dela F, Mikines KJ, Sonne B, Galbo H: Effect of training on interaction between insulin and exercise in human muscle. J Appl Physiol 1994, 76:2386-2393.
40. Koivisto VA, Yki-Järvinen H, DeFronzo RA: Physical training and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Metab Rev 1986, 1:445-481.
41. Mikines K, Sonne B, Farrell P, et al.: Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1988, 254:E248-E259.
42. Morgan TE, Short FA, Cobb LA: Effect of long-term exercise on skeletal muscle lipid composition. Am J Physiol 1969, 216:82-88.
43. Gorski J, Zendzian-Piotrowska M, de Jong YF, et al.: Effect of endurance training on the phospholipid content of skeletal muscle in the rat. Eur J Appl Physiol 1999, 79:421-425.
44. Gudbjarnason S: Dynamics of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in phospholipids of heart muscle. J Int Med 1989, 225(Suppl 1):117-128.
45. Kiens B, Essen-Gustavsson B, Christensen NJ, Saltin B: Skeletal muscle substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in man: effect of endurance training. J Physiol (Lond) 1993, 469:459-478.
46. •• Walser B, Giordano RM, Stebbins CL: Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augments brachial artery dilation and blood flow during forearm contraction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006, 97:347-354. This is the first study to demonstrate that EPA and DHA increase brachial artery blood flow during rhythmic exercise and that this increase is, in part, associated with concomitant increases in arterial diameter.
47. McFadden ER, Lenner KAM, Strohl KP: Postexertional airway rewarming and thermally induced asthma. J Clin Invest 1986, 78:18-25.
48. Anderson SD, Schoeffel RE, Black JL, Daviskas E: Airway cooling in the stimulus to exercise-induced asthma: a reevaluation. Eur J Respir Dis 1985, 67:20-30.
49. Davis MS, Freed AN: Repetitive hyperpnoea causes peripheral airway obstruction and eosinophilia. Eur Respir J 1999, 14:57-62.
50. Sue-Chu M, Karjalainen EM, Laitinen A, et al.: Placebo-controlled study of inhaled budesonide on indices of airway inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchial biopsies in cross-country skiers. Respiration (Herrlisheim) 2000, 67:417-425.
51. Mickleborough TD, Murray RL, Ionescu AA, Lindley MR: Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 168:1181-1189.