-
1
-
-
34547796119
-
-
The PCC was responsible for further violence in July and August 2006. A similar attack on police installations was ordered by imprisoned leaders of the Comando Vermelho criminal network in Rio de Janeiro in late December 2006, aimed at intimidating the incoming state government.
-
The PCC was responsible for further violence in July and August 2006. A similar attack on police installations was ordered by imprisoned leaders of the Comando Vermelho criminal network in Rio de Janeiro in late December 2006, aimed at intimidating the incoming state government.
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
0242495236
-
Latin American Class Structures: Their Composition and Change during the Neoliberal Era
-
esp, pp
-
Alejandro Portes and Kelly Hoffman, 'Latin American Class Structures: Their Composition and Change during the Neoliberal Era', Latin American Research Review, vol. 38, no. 1 (2003), pp. 41-82, esp, pp. 66-70
-
(2003)
Latin American Research Review
, vol.38
, Issue.1
-
-
Portes, A.1
Hoffman, K.2
-
3
-
-
27944443720
-
The Free-Market City: Latin American Urbanization in the Years of the Neoliberal Experiment
-
esp. pp. 67-76
-
Alejandro Portes and Bryan R. Roberts, 'The Free-Market City: Latin American Urbanization in the Years of the Neoliberal Experiment', Studies in Comparative International Development, vol. 40, no. 1 (2005), pp. 43-82. esp. pp. 67-76.
-
(2005)
Studies in Comparative International Development
, vol.40
, Issue.1
, pp. 43-82
-
-
Portes, A.1
Roberts, B.R.2
-
5
-
-
34547732148
-
-
See also Pablo Fajnzylber, Daniel Lederman and Norman Loayza eds, Bogotá and Washington D.C, esp. chapter one
-
See also Pablo Fajnzylber, Daniel Lederman and Norman Loayza (eds.), Crimen y violencia en América Latina (Bogotá and Washington D.C., 2001), esp. chapter one.
-
(2001)
Crimen y violencia en América Latina
-
-
-
7
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34547813878
-
-
Although the Brazilian business sector is alarmed by these costs, the legacy of corporatism has prevented it from pressurising the federal government with a united front. That said, business associations in both Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo have supported local initiatives to reduce crime and violence, supporting the work of Viva Rio and the Instituto São Paulo Contra a Violência. See Paulo Mesquita 'Public-Private Partnerships for Police Reform in Brazil, in John Bailey and Lucía Dammert (eds, Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas Pittsburgh PA, 2006, pp. 44-57
-
Although the Brazilian business sector is alarmed by these costs, the legacy of corporatism has prevented it from pressurising the federal government with a united front. That said, business associations in both Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo have supported local initiatives to reduce crime and violence, supporting the work of Viva Rio and the Instituto São Paulo Contra a Violência. See Paulo Mesquita 'Public-Private Partnerships for Police Reform in Brazil', in John Bailey and Lucía Dammert (eds.), Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas (Pittsburgh PA, 2006), pp. 44-57.
-
-
-
-
8
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-
34547741306
-
-
This commentary focuses on criminal justice institutions, rather than on the etiology of crime and violence per se, on which there is a distinct, and growing, literature
-
This commentary focuses on criminal justice institutions, rather than on the etiology of crime and violence per se, on which there is a distinct, and growing, literature.
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-
-
-
9
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85014300832
-
-
Brazil pioneered women's police stations; over 300 of these are now in operation and the model has been copied in Peru, Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, Nicaragua and Ecuador. See Cecilia MacDowell Santos, Women's Police Stations: Gender Violence and Justice in São Paulo, Brazil (Basingstoke, 2005). It was also the first to set up independent police ombudsman's offices (ouvidorias).
-
Brazil pioneered women's police stations; over 300 of these are now in operation and the model has been copied in Peru, Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, Nicaragua and Ecuador. See Cecilia MacDowell Santos, Women's Police Stations: Gender Violence and Justice in São Paulo, Brazil (Basingstoke, 2005). It was also the first to set up independent police ombudsman's offices (ouvidorias).
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-
-
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12
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30444450084
-
International Assistance to Latin American Justice Programs: Towards an Agenda for Reforming the Reformers
-
Erik Jensen and Thomas Heller eds, Stanford
-
Linn Hammergren, 'International Assistance to Latin American Justice Programs: Towards an Agenda for Reforming the Reformers', in Erik Jensen and Thomas Heller (eds.), Beyond Common Knowledge: Empirical Approaches to the Rule of Law (Stanford, 2002), pp. 290-335.
-
(2002)
Beyond Common Knowledge: Empirical Approaches to the Rule of Law
, pp. 290-335
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-
Hammergren, L.1
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13
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-
32644462713
-
From Law and Development to Rule of Law: New and Old Issues in Justice Reform in Latin America
-
Pilar Domingo and Rachel Sieder eds, London
-
Luis Salas, 'From Law and Development to Rule of Law: New and Old Issues in Justice Reform in Latin America', in Pilar Domingo and Rachel Sieder (eds.), Rule of Law in Latin America: The International Promotion of Judicial Reform (London, 2001), pp. 17-46.
-
(2001)
Rule of Law in Latin America: The International Promotion of Judicial Reform
, pp. 17-46
-
-
Salas, L.1
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14
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-
34547738734
-
-
Available literature is by journalists: Carlos Amorim, CV, PCC: A irmandade do crime (São Paulo, 2003)
-
Available literature is by journalists: Carlos Amorim, CV, PCC: A irmandade do crime (São Paulo, 2003)
-
-
-
-
16
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-
34547819460
-
-
Percival de Souza, O sindicato do crime: PCC e outros grupos (São Paulo, 2006). In addition the progressive magazine Caros Amigos had been conducting a long piece of investigative journalism, which it rushed onto the newsstands when the riot broke out ( Edição Extra, 10 (28), May 2006). It sold out in days.
-
Percival de Souza, O sindicato do crime: PCC e outros grupos (São Paulo, 2006). In addition the progressive magazine Caros Amigos had been conducting a long piece of investigative journalism, which it rushed onto the newsstands when the riot broke out ( Edição Extra, 10 (28), May 2006). It sold out in days.
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-
-
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17
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34547821142
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It began in 1993, inside the Casa de Custódia in Taubaté, São Paulo, as an inmates' union to demand better conditions of detention following the Carandiru massacre.
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It began in 1993, inside the Casa de Custódia in Taubaté, São Paulo, as an inmates' union to demand better conditions of detention following the Carandiru massacre.
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-
-
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18
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34547744102
-
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Personal communication from a human rights team from Brazil, USA and UK investigating the PCC episode.
-
Personal communication from a human rights team from Brazil, USA and UK investigating the PCC episode.
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-
-
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19
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34547778663
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-
Estimates of membership ranged from eight to 80 per cent of prisoners in São Paulo state.
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Estimates of membership ranged from eight to 80 per cent of prisoners in São Paulo state.
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-
-
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20
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34547790501
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-
On the neglect of Latin America's judiciary branch see Jorge Correa Sutil, 'Judicial Reforms in Latin America: Good News for the Underprivileged?' in Juan E. Méndez, Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro and Guillermo O'Donnell (eds.) (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America (South Bend, 1999), pp. 255-77.
-
On the neglect of Latin America's judiciary branch see Jorge Correa Sutil, 'Judicial Reforms in Latin America: Good News for the Underprivileged?' in Juan E. Méndez, Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro and Guillermo O'Donnell (eds.) (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America (South Bend, 1999), pp. 255-77.
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-
-
-
22
-
-
84985331656
-
Dialogue with Dictators: Judicial resistance to Authoritarianism in Brazil and Argentina
-
Mark Osiel, 'Dialogue with Dictators: Judicial resistance to Authoritarianism in Brazil and Argentina', Law and Social Inquiry, vol. 20, no. 2 (1995), pp. 481-560.
-
(1995)
Law and Social Inquiry
, vol.20
, Issue.2
, pp. 481-560
-
-
Osiel, M.1
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26
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34547780922
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Justice Reform in Latin America
-
Inter-American Development Bank, 2/03 Washington D.C
-
Inter-American Development Bank, Justice Reform in Latin America: The Role of the Inter-American Development Bank Report WP 2/03 (Washington D.C., 2003).
-
(2003)
The Role of the Inter-American Development Bank Report WP
-
-
-
29
-
-
0034047816
-
Fragile Democracy: The Militarization of Public Security in Brazil
-
Jorge Zaverucha, 'Fragile Democracy: The Militarization of Public Security in Brazil', Latin American Perspectives, vol. 27, no. 3 (2000), pp. 8-31
-
(2000)
Latin American Perspectives
, vol.27
, Issue.3
, pp. 8-31
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-
Zaverucha, J.1
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30
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-
84937329859
-
New Patterns of Militarized Violence and Coercion in the Americas
-
Anthony W. Pereira and Diane E Davis, 'New Patterns of Militarized Violence and Coercion in the Americas', Latin American Perspectives vol. 27, no. 2 (2000), pp. 3-17.
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(2000)
Latin American Perspectives
, vol.27
, Issue.2
, pp. 3-17
-
-
Pereira, A.W.1
Davis, D.E.2
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31
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0347595426
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Democratisation, War, and State-building: Constructing the Rule of Law in El Salvador
-
Charles Call, 'Democratisation, War, and State-building: Constructing the Rule of Law in El Salvador', Journal of Latin American Studies vol. 35, no. 4 (2003), pp. 827-62
-
(2003)
Journal of Latin American Studies
, vol.35
, Issue.4
, pp. 827-862
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-
Call, C.1
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33
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0035655980
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Police Reform and the Peace Process in Guatemala: The Fifth Promotion of the National Civilian Police
-
Marie-Louise Glebbeek, 'Police Reform and the Peace Process in Guatemala: The Fifth Promotion of the National Civilian Police', Bulletin of Latin American Research, vol. 20, no. 4 (2001), pp. 409-30
-
(2001)
Bulletin of Latin American Research
, vol.20
, Issue.4
, pp. 409-430
-
-
Glebbeek, M.1
-
34
-
-
0010816688
-
International Tutelage and Domestic Political Will: Building a New Civilian Police Force in El Salvador
-
Otwin Marenin ed, New York
-
William Stanley, 'International Tutelage and Domestic Political Will: Building a New Civilian Police Force in El Salvador' in Otwin Marenin (ed.), Policing Change, Changing Police: International Perspectives (New York, 1996), pp. 37-77
-
(1996)
Policing Change, Changing Police: International Perspectives
, pp. 37-77
-
-
Stanley, W.1
-
35
-
-
3843116603
-
Building New Police Forces in El Salvador and Guatemala: Learning and Counter-learning
-
and, eds, London
-
'Building New Police Forces in El Salvador and Guatemala: Learning and Counter-learning', in Tor Tanke Holm and Espen Barth Eide (eds.), Peacebuilding and Police Reform (London, 2000), pp. 113-34.
-
(2000)
Peacebuilding and Police Reform
, pp. 113-134
-
-
-
36
-
-
85047694569
-
Police reform in Peru
-
Gino Costa and Rachel Neild, 'Police reform in Peru', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, vol. 38, no. 2 (2005), pp. 216-29.
-
(2005)
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology
, vol.38
, Issue.2
, pp. 216-229
-
-
Costa, G.1
Neild, R.2
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38
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34547760532
-
-
The pioneering study of military police killings of civilians in São Paulo from 1970-1992 was Caco Barcellos, Rota 66: A historia da polícia que mata (São Paulo, 1992).
-
The pioneering study of military police killings of civilians in São Paulo from 1970-1992 was Caco Barcellos, Rota 66: A historia da polícia que mata (São Paulo, 1992).
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-
-
-
39
-
-
34547745649
-
-
Via painstaking analysis of court and hospital records of civilians, Barcellos revealed that 65 per cent of those killed in police 'shoot-outs' had no prior criminal record, a methodology later reproduced in Rio de Janeiro - see Ignacio Cano, Letalidade da ação policial no Rio de Janeiro: A atuação da justiça militar (Rio de Janeiro, 1999). Similar documentation was produced by the human rights groups-turned-think-tank Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS) in Argentina, led by Gustavo Palmieri, and Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo (CED) in Chile. According to data available from the police ombudsman's offices in both cities.
-
Via painstaking analysis of court and hospital records of civilians, Barcellos revealed that 65 per cent of those killed in police 'shoot-outs' had no prior criminal record, a methodology later reproduced in Rio de Janeiro - see Ignacio Cano, Letalidade da ação policial no Rio de Janeiro: A atuação da justiça militar (Rio de Janeiro, 1999). Similar documentation was produced by the human rights groups-turned-think-tank Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS) in Argentina, led by Gustavo Palmieri, and Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo (CED) in Chile. According to data available from the police ombudsman's offices in both cities.
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-
-
-
41
-
-
0242370112
-
Informal Institutions and the Rule of Law: The Judicial Response to State Killings in Buenos Aires and São Paulo in the 1990s
-
Daniel Brinks, 'Informal Institutions and the Rule of Law: The Judicial Response to State Killings in Buenos Aires and São Paulo in the 1990s', Comparative Politics, vol. 36, no. 1 (2003), pp. 1-19
-
(2003)
Comparative Politics
, vol.36
, Issue.1
, pp. 1-19
-
-
Brinks, D.1
-
43
-
-
0030404374
-
Cocaine and Parallel Politics in the Brazilian Urban Periphery: Constraints on Local-level Democratization
-
A key early study is Elizabeth Leeds
-
A key early study is Elizabeth Leeds, 'Cocaine and Parallel Politics in the Brazilian Urban Periphery: Constraints on Local-level Democratization', Latin American Research Review, vol. 31, no. 3 (1996), pp. 47-85.
-
(1996)
Latin American Research Review
, vol.31
, Issue.3
, pp. 47-85
-
-
-
45
-
-
34547817356
-
-
Laura Kalmanowiecki, 'Police, Politics and Repression in Modern Argentina', in Carlos A. Aguirre and Robert Buffington (eds.), Reconstructing Criminality in Latin America (Wilmington Del., 2000), pp. 195-217
-
Laura Kalmanowiecki, 'Police, Politics and Repression in Modern Argentina', in Carlos A. Aguirre and Robert Buffington (eds.), Reconstructing Criminality in Latin America (Wilmington Del., 2000), pp. 195-217
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
34547731651
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The Remilitarization of Internal Security in Argentina
-
Stanley ed, Wiesbaden
-
Ruth Stanley, 'The Remilitarization of Internal Security in Argentina', in Stanley (ed.), Gewalt und Konflikt in einer Globalisierten Welt (Wiesbaden, 2001), pp. 125-50
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(2001)
Gewalt und Konflikt in einer Globalisierten Welt
, pp. 125-150
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-
Stanley, R.1
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48
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85108741641
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Diane Davis has suggested that politics, not drugs, has shaped the recent police reform agenda in Mexico: 'Undermining the Rule of Law: Democratization and the Dark Side of Police Reform in Mexico
-
However, Diane Davis has suggested that politics, not drugs, has shaped the recent police reform agenda in Mexico: 'Undermining the Rule of Law: Democratization and the Dark Side of Police Reform in Mexico', Latin American Politics and Society, vol. 48, no. 1 (2006), pp. 55-86.
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(2006)
Latin American Politics and Society
, vol.48
, Issue.1
, pp. 55-86
-
-
However1
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50
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-
34547741779
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-
The University of Utrecht's School of Human Rights has a developing research group on policing and human rights in Latin America, with some focus on the region's smaller and less 'problematic' police forces.
-
The University of Utrecht's School of Human Rights has a developing research group on policing and human rights in Latin America, with some focus on the region's smaller and less 'problematic' police forces.
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-
-
-
51
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34547755256
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-
The Carabineros are estimated to have committed round one third of the regime's gross human rights violations. See Claudio Fuentes, Contesting the Iron Fist: Advocacy Networks and Police Violence in Democratic Argentina and Chile (New York, 2004), also research by Lucía Dammert at FLACSO and Hugo Frühling at the Centro de Estudios de Seguridad Ciudadano (CESC) at the Universidad de Chile.
-
The Carabineros are estimated to have committed round one third of the regime's gross human rights violations. See Claudio Fuentes, Contesting the Iron Fist: Advocacy Networks and Police Violence in Democratic Argentina and Chile (New York, 2004), also research by Lucía Dammert at FLACSO and Hugo Frühling at the Centro de Estudios de Seguridad Ciudadano (CESC) at the Universidad de Chile.
-
-
-
-
52
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34547812839
-
Democratisation, War, and State-building' and Popkin
-
See, on El Salvador
-
See Call, 'Democratisation, War, and State-building' and Popkin, Peace without Justice on El Salvador
-
Peace without Justice
-
-
Call1
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53
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85050709516
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Two Steps Forward, One and a Half Steps Back: Police Reform in Peru 2001-2004
-
Gino Costa, 'Two Steps Forward, One and a Half Steps Back: Police Reform in Peru 2001-2004', Civil Wars, vol. 8, no. 2 (2006), pp. 215-30.
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(2006)
Civil Wars
, vol.8
, Issue.2
, pp. 215-230
-
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Costa, G.1
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54
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34547788439
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Colombia has three metropolitan police forces, in Medellín, Bogotá and Calí
-
Colombia has three metropolitan police forces, in Medellín, Bogotá and Calí.
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-
-
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55
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34547780215
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-
An exception is Christopher Birkbeck and Luis Gerardo Gabaldon's work on police use of force and penal policy carried out at the Universidad de los Andes
-
An exception is Christopher Birkbeck and Luis Gerardo Gabaldon's work on police use of force and penal policy carried out at the Universidad de los Andes.
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56
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4444259973
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The Cinderella of Government: Judicial Reform in Latin America
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Luz Estella Nagle, 'The Cinderella of Government: Judicial Reform in Latin America', California Western International Law Journal, vol. 30, no. 2 (2000), pp. 345-80.
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(2000)
California Western International Law Journal
, vol.30
, Issue.2
, pp. 345-380
-
-
Estella Nagle, L.1
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57
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34547734692
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This article does not address the question of the prosecution service, which is a key institution and interface between the police and courts. The literature on this body is relatively sophisticated in Brazil, given the institution's acquisition of greatly enhanced powers and autonomy in the 1988 Constitution. However, the Ministério Público is far more zealous in its pursuit of misdemeanours by public officials and institutions than it is in pursuing criminal justice system reform because its intermediary role and autonomy bring it into competition with the other criminal justice institutions with regard to both policy debates and power over criminal justice data and alleged offenders
-
This article does not address the question of the prosecution service, which is a key institution and interface between the police and courts. The literature on this body is relatively sophisticated in Brazil, given the institution's acquisition of greatly enhanced powers and autonomy in the 1988 Constitution. However, the Ministério Público is far more zealous in its pursuit of misdemeanours by public officials and institutions than it is in pursuing criminal justice system reform because its intermediary role and autonomy bring it into competition with the other criminal justice institutions with regard to both policy debates and power over criminal justice data and alleged offenders.
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-
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58
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0346264698
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Prisons and Politics in Contemporary Latin America
-
Assisted by the Ford Foundation, Ungar has tried to bring together a regional epistemic/policy community
-
Mark Ungar, 'Prisons and Politics in Contemporary Latin America', Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 4 (2003), pp. 909-34. Assisted by the Ford Foundation, Ungar has tried to bring together a regional epistemic/policy community.
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(2003)
Human Rights Quarterly
, vol.25
, Issue.4
, pp. 909-934
-
-
Ungar, M.1
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60
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34547729416
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Human Rights Watch, Behind Bars in Brazil (New York, 1998). Amnesty International remains ambivalent about researching and campaigning on prisons qua system, rather than individual prisoners' rights.
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Human Rights Watch, Behind Bars in Brazil (New York, 1998). Amnesty International remains ambivalent about researching and campaigning on prisons qua system, rather than individual prisoners' rights.
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61
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34547762960
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Rapporteur [on Torture] Sir Nigel Rodley submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/3 Addendum. Visit to Brazil
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See, for example, United Nations, 30 March, Geneva, United Nations Human Rights Commission
-
See, for example, United Nations, Report of the Special Rapporteur [on Torture] Sir Nigel Rodley submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/3 Addendum. Visit to Brazil, 30 March 2001. Geneva, United Nations Human Rights Commission.
-
(2001)
Report of the Special
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-
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64
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34547815339
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Also Cláudio Fragoso, Yolanda Catão and Elisabeth Sussekind, Os direitos do preso (Rio de Janeiro, 1980): Sussekind was appointed National Secretary of Justice under President Cardoso.
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Also Cláudio Fragoso, Yolanda Catão and Elisabeth Sussekind, Os direitos do preso (Rio de Janeiro, 1980): Sussekind was appointed National Secretary of Justice under President Cardoso.
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65
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34547799893
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-
Rio de Janeiro, an ethnography of social order in the São Paulo House of Detention Carandiru
-
José Ricardo Ramalho, O mundo do crime: A ordem pelo avesso (Rio de Janeiro, 1979), an ethnography of social order in the São Paulo House of Detention (Carandiru).
-
(1979)
O mundo do crime: A ordem pelo avesso
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-
Ricardo Ramalho, J.1
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66
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34547800943
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-
Leeds, 'Cocaine and Parallel Politics'.
-
Leeds, 'Cocaine and Parallel Politics'.
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-
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69
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34547734071
-
-
A similar vein of historical legal sociology has produced a number of important studies on the history of the police and of the legal profession. See Ricardo Salvatore, Carlos Aguirre and Gil Joseph (eds, Crime and Punishment in Latin America: Law and Society since Late Colonial Times Durham and London, 2001
-
A similar vein of historical legal sociology has produced a number of important studies on the history of the police and of the legal profession. See Ricardo Salvatore, Carlos Aguirre and Gil Joseph (eds.), Crime and Punishment in Latin America: Law and Society since Late Colonial Times (Durham and London, 2001)
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71
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34547776006
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Sérgio Adorno, Os aprendizes do poder: O bacharelismo liberal na política brasileira (Rio de Janeiro, 1988) on Brazil's law academies; work by Laura Kalmanowiecki on the Argentina police; Marcos Luiz Bretas, Ordem na cidade: O exercício cotidiano da autoridade policial no Rio de Janeiro: 1907-1930 (Rio de Janeiro, 1997)
-
Sérgio Adorno, Os aprendizes do poder: O bacharelismo liberal na política brasileira (Rio de Janeiro, 1988) on Brazil's law academies; work by Laura Kalmanowiecki on the Argentina police; Marcos Luiz Bretas, Ordem na cidade: O exercício cotidiano da autoridade policial no Rio de Janeiro: 1907-1930 (Rio de Janeiro, 1997)
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74
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0039516284
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Lyman L. Johnson ed, Albuquerque, One such group would be the Instituto Carioca de Criminologia, founded by Nilo Batista, a criminal lawyer and former head of public security of Rio de Janeiro under Governor Brizola, 94
-
Lyman L. Johnson (ed.), The Problem of Order in Changing Societies: Essays on Crime and Policing in Argentina and Uruguay (Albuquerque, 1990). One such group would be the Instituto Carioca de Criminologia, founded by Nilo Batista, a criminal lawyer and former head of public security of Rio de Janeiro under Governor Brizola (1991-94).
-
(1990)
The Problem of Order in Changing Societies: Essays on Crime and Policing in Argentina and Uruguay
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-
75
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34547772370
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-
In 2002 some 4,400 prisoners escaped from Brazil's jails, and more than 230 riots broke out. (Julita Lemgruber, 'The Brazilian prison system: A brief diagnosis', unpublished ms., 2005).
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In 2002 some 4,400 prisoners escaped from Brazil's jails, and more than 230 riots broke out. (Julita Lemgruber, 'The Brazilian prison system: A brief diagnosis', unpublished ms., 2005).
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77
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director, Brazil
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Hector Babenco (director) Carandiru (Brazil, 2003).
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(2003)
Carandiru
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Babenco, H.1
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78
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34547777624
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Colonel Ubiratan Guimarães was convicted of the deaths of 102 inmates in 2002, receiving a symbolic prison sentence of 632 years. The São Paulo appeal court overturned the conviction in 2006.
-
Colonel Ubiratan Guimarães was convicted of the deaths of 102 inmates in 2002, receiving a symbolic prison sentence of 632 years. The São Paulo appeal court overturned the conviction in 2006.
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79
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33747602210
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Living in the Shadow of Death: Gangs, Violence and Social Order in Nicaragua 1996-2002
-
Dennis Rodgers, 'Living in the Shadow of Death: Gangs, Violence and Social Order in Nicaragua 1996-2002', Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 38, no. 2 (2006), pp. 267-92.
-
(2006)
Journal of Latin American Studies
, vol.38
, Issue.2
, pp. 267-292
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-
Rodgers, D.1
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80
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34547804980
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-
The National Penitentiary Department holds no national data on deaths in custody as states do not collect or supply it. Only reform-minded prison departments, such as the São Paulo one under Dr. Nagashi Furukawa, collated, analysed and published mortality figures, which can indicate the degree of state negligence with regard to detainees' personal safety or health
-
The National Penitentiary Department holds no national data on deaths in custody as states do not collect or supply it. Only reform-minded prison departments, such as the São Paulo one under Dr. Nagashi Furukawa, collated, analysed and published mortality figures, which can indicate the degree of state negligence with regard to detainees' personal safety or health.
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81
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34547777056
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Victimisation surveys in Brazil have been conducted at a city level, over different time periods and with different methodologies, rendering them of limited use
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Victimisation surveys in Brazil have been conducted at a city level, over different time periods and with different methodologies, rendering them of limited use.
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82
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34547748108
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The other two are inflation and unemployment, according to various surveys by Latin Barometer
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The other two are inflation and unemployment, according to various surveys by Latin Barometer.
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83
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34547725399
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For example, the March 2004 kidnapping and murder of a young middle-class student, Axel Blumberg, in Buenos Aires. His death brought an unprecedented 350,000 people into the streets to protest against crime and insecurity.
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For example, the March 2004 kidnapping and murder of a young middle-class student, Axel Blumberg, in Buenos Aires. His death brought an unprecedented 350,000 people into the streets to protest against crime and insecurity.
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84
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34547741778
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A previous Datafolha survey, in March 2004, showed 11 per cent of respondents mainly worried about 'violence/safety' against 49 per cent concerned with unemployment.
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A previous Datafolha survey, in March 2004, showed 11 per cent of respondents mainly worried about 'violence/safety' against 49 per cent concerned with unemployment.
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-
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85
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-
0037263363
-
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Lucía Dammert and Mary Fran T. Malone, 'Fear of Crime or Fear of Life? Public Insecurities in Chile', Bulletin of Latin American Research, 22, no. 1 (2003), pp. 79-101.
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Lucía Dammert and Mary Fran T. Malone, 'Fear of Crime or Fear of Life? Public Insecurities in Chile', Bulletin of Latin American Research, vol. 22, no. 1 (2003), pp. 79-101.
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86
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34547798210
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Teresa P. R. Caldeira, City of Walls: Crime Segregation and Citizenship in São Paulo (Berkeley, 2000).
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Teresa P. R. Caldeira, City of Walls: Crime Segregation and Citizenship in São Paulo (Berkeley, 2000).
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-
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89
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33845700138
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Attitudes Toward the Right to Kill in Latin American Culture
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Roberto Briceño-León, Alberto Camardiel and Olga Avila, 'Attitudes Toward the Right to Kill in Latin American Culture', Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, vol. 22, no. 4 (2006), pp. 303-23.
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(2006)
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
, vol.22
, Issue.4
, pp. 303-323
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-
Briceño-León, R.1
Camardiel, A.2
Avila, O.3
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91
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34547811748
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There is some local literature, largely from the legal perspective of judicial reform, on decarceration strategies such as non-custodial sentences and restorative justice, as well as diversion of conflicts to mediation arenas. See, for example, São Paulo
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There is some local literature, largely from the legal perspective of judicial reform, on decarceration strategies such as non-custodial sentences and restorative justice, as well as diversion of conflicts to mediation arenas. See, for example, Rodrigo Ghiringhelli de Azevedo, Informalização da justiça e controle social: Implantação dos juizados especiais criminais em Porto Alegre (São Paulo, 2000)
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(2000)
Informalização da justiça e controle social: Implantação dos juizados especiais criminais em Porto Alegre
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Ghiringhelli de Azevedo, R.1
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93
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34547785777
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César Caldeira, 'A política do cárcere duro: Bangu 1', São Paulo em Perspectiva, 18, no. 1 (2004), pp. 87-102. The 'super-max' model is based on physical containment of prisoners in isolation cells and remote management of the environment. However, this did not prevent the PCC leaders from corrupting guards. The alternative is a UK-style 'dynamic security' approach, based on intelligence-gathering, and on careful training and support of prison guards who work in close contact with the prisoners.
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César Caldeira, 'A política do cárcere duro: Bangu 1', São Paulo em Perspectiva, vol. 18, no. 1 (2004), pp. 87-102. The 'super-max' model is based on physical containment of prisoners in isolation cells and remote management of the environment. However, this did not prevent the PCC leaders from corrupting guards. The alternative is a UK-style 'dynamic security' approach, based on intelligence-gathering, and on careful training and support of prison guards who work in close contact with the prisoners.
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-
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94
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34547801450
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The first pilot study is Fiona Macaulay, 'The Resocialization Centres in the State of São Paulo: State and Society in a New Paradigm of Offender Reintegration and Prison Administration' in Maria Palma Wolff and Salo de Carvalho (eds.), Sistemas punitivos na América Latina: perspectiva transdisciplinar (Madrid and Rio de Janeiro, forthcoming).
-
The first pilot study is Fiona Macaulay, 'The Resocialization Centres in the State of São Paulo: State and Society in a New Paradigm of Offender Reintegration and Prison Administration' in Maria Palma Wolff and Salo de Carvalho (eds.), Sistemas punitivos na América Latina: perspectiva transdisciplinar (Madrid and Rio de Janeiro, forthcoming).
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95
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34547807894
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Former New York Police Commissioner William Bratton was hired as a consultant in Mexico City, state of Ceará to apply his zero tolerance 'formula' to crime in those locations, with mixed results
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Former New York Police Commissioner William Bratton was hired as a consultant in Mexico City, Caracas and the Brazilian state of Ceará to apply his zero tolerance 'formula' to crime in those locations, with mixed results.
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Caracas and the Brazilian
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96
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34547771329
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In the mid 1990s, Governor Marcello Alencar instituted a highly controversial system of salary rises and prizes for police officers who shot dead suspects 'in the line of duty
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In the mid 1990s, Governor Marcello Alencar instituted a highly controversial system of salary rises and prizes for police officers who shot dead suspects 'in the line of duty'.
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97
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34547744611
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Chile might be a case in point
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Chile might be a case in point.
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98
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34547764000
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Private Conflicts, Public Powers: Domestic Violence Inside and Outside the Courts in Latin America
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Alan Angell, Line Schjolden and Rachel Sieder eds, London
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Fiona Macaulay, 'Private Conflicts, Public Powers: Domestic Violence Inside and Outside the Courts in Latin America', in Alan Angell, Line Schjolden and Rachel Sieder (eds.), The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America (London, 2005).
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(2005)
The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America
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Macaulay, F.1
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99
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34547756621
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Rio is also the former political and intellectual capital, a tourist hub, and, despite its reputation for crime, a rather more congenial research site than smoggy, landlocked São Paulo
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Rio is also the former political and intellectual capital, a tourist hub, and - despite its reputation for crime - a rather more congenial research site than smoggy, landlocked São Paulo.
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100
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0034798784
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Violence in Rio de Janeiro: Styles of Leisure, Drug Use, and Trafficking
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Alba Zaluar, an anthropologist and long-time observer of patterns of youth violence and drug trafficking in the slums, argues for such exceptionality: See
-
Alba Zaluar, an anthropologist and long-time observer of patterns of youth violence and drug trafficking in the slums, argues for such exceptionality: See Alba Zaluar, 'Violence in Rio de Janeiro: Styles of Leisure, Drug Use, and Trafficking', International Social Science Journal, vol. 53, issue 169 (2001), pp. 369-78.
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(2001)
International Social Science Journal
, vol.53
, Issue.169
, pp. 369-378
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Zaluar, A.1
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102
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34547795976
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Lucía Dammert and Gustavo Paulsen eds, Santiago
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Lucía Dammert and Gustavo Paulsen (eds.), Ciudad y seguridad en América Latina (Santiago, 2005)
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(2005)
Ciudad y seguridad en América Latina
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-
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103
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36549001861
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Allison Rowland 'Local responses to public insecurity in Mexico, John Bailey and Lucía Dammert, Pittsburgh
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Allison Rowland 'Local responses to public insecurity in Mexico', in John Bailey and Lucía Dammert Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas (Pittsburgh, 2005)
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(2005)
Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas
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-
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105
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84937382789
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Explaining Crime in Buenos Aires: The Roles of Inequality, Unemployment, and Structural Change', and Laura Tedesco, 'A Comprehensive Perspective on Crime and Democratic Governability. A Response to David Hojman
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See, for example
-
See, for example, David Hojman, 'Explaining Crime in Buenos Aires: The Roles of Inequality, Unemployment, and Structural Change', and Laura Tedesco, 'A Comprehensive Perspective on Crime and Democratic Governability. A Response to David Hojman', Bulletin of Latin American Research, vol. 21, no. 1 (2001), pp. 121-32.
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(2001)
Bulletin of Latin American Research
, vol.21
, Issue.1
, pp. 121-132
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Hojman, D.1
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106
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34548169148
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Justice-Sector and Human Rights Reform in Cardoso's Brazil
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forthcoming
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Fiona Macaulay, 'Justice-Sector and Human Rights Reform in Cardoso's Brazil', Latin American Perspectives, vol. 34, no. 5 (forthcoming).
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Latin American Perspectives
, vol.34
, Issue.5
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Macaulay, F.1
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107
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0030509474
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The Limits of the Sovereign State
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David Garland, 'The Limits of the Sovereign State', British Journal of Criminology, vol. 36, no. 4 (1996), pp. 445-71.
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(1996)
British Journal of Criminology
, vol.36
, Issue.4
, pp. 445-471
-
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Garland, D.1
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108
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0000503725
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Volatile and Contradictory Punishment
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Pat O'Malley, 'Volatile and Contradictory Punishment', Theoretical Criminology, vol. 3, no. 2 (1999), pp. 175-96.
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(1999)
Theoretical Criminology
, vol.3
, Issue.2
, pp. 175-196
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O'Malley, P.1
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109
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4043130542
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Towards a Dictatorship of the Poor? Notes on the penalization of poverty in Brazil
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For such a fallacious analogy see
-
For such a fallacious analogy see Loíc Wacquant, 'Towards a Dictatorship of the Poor? Notes on the penalization of poverty in Brazil', Punishment and Society, vol. 5, no. 2 (2003), pp. 197-206.
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(2003)
Punishment and Society
, vol.5
, Issue.2
, pp. 197-206
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Wacquant, L.1
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110
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27144555011
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Converging on the Poles: Contemporary Punishment and Democracy in Hemispheric Perspective
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also sees similarities between US and Latin American penal regimes
-
Angelina Snodgrass Godoy, 'Converging on the Poles: Contemporary Punishment and Democracy in Hemispheric Perspective', Law and Social Inquiry, vol. 30, no. 3 (2005), pp. 515-48, also sees similarities between US and Latin American penal regimes.
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(2005)
Law and Social Inquiry
, vol.30
, Issue.3
, pp. 515-548
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Snodgrass Godoy, A.1
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111
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34547753723
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Garland, 'The Limits of the Sovereign State'.
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Garland, 'The Limits of the Sovereign State'.
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-
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112
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34547729417
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A talented group from Brazil's policy community, with both academic and policy experience and led by Luis Eduardo Soares, set about implementing criminal reforms based on a 120 page diagnosis they had written for a think-tank close to Lula. However, after 18 months they were forced out by the withdrawal of the Minister of Justice's support for their work.
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A talented group from Brazil's policy community, with both academic and policy experience and led by Luis Eduardo Soares, set about implementing criminal reforms based on a 120 page diagnosis they had written for a think-tank close to Lula. However, after 18 months they were forced out by the withdrawal of the Minister of Justice's support for their work.
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113
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34547784211
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The Maras and National Security in Central America
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Thomas C. Bruneau 'The Maras and National Security in Central America', Strategic Insights, vol. 4, no. 5 (2005).
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(2005)
Strategic Insights
, vol.4
, Issue.5
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Bruneau, T.C.1
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117
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0034091740
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The Military-Police Nexus - Legacies of Authoritarianism: Brazilian Torturers' and Murderers' Reformulation of Memory
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Martha K. Huggins, 'The Military-Police Nexus - Legacies of Authoritarianism: Brazilian Torturers' and Murderers' Reformulation of Memory', Latin American Perspectives, vol. 27, no. 2 (2000), pp. 57-78.
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(2000)
Latin American Perspectives
, vol.27
, Issue.2
, pp. 57-78
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-
Huggins, M.K.1
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120
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34547741305
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Huggins' work on death squads shows how state-sponsored extra-legal units quickly take on a life and purposes of their own. See 'Modernity and Devolution: The Making of Death Squads in Modern Brazil', in Bruce Campbell and Arthur Brenner (eds.), Death Squads in Global Perspective: Murder With Deniability (Basingstoke, 2000), pp. 203-28.
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Huggins' work on death squads shows how state-sponsored extra-legal units quickly take on a life and purposes of their own. See 'Modernity and Devolution: The Making of Death Squads in Modern Brazil', in Bruce Campbell and Arthur Brenner (eds.), Death Squads in Global Perspective: Murder With Deniability (Basingstoke, 2000), pp. 203-28.
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-
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121
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34547809619
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Luis Jorge Werneck Vianna et al., Corpo e Alma da Magistratura Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro, 1997). The Brazilian and Chilean judiciaries finally accepted external oversight after a number of corruption scandals affecting senior judges undermined their claims to self-government. The Lula administration also used the findings of the UN Special Rapporteur on Judicial Independence to secure the reform.
-
Luis Jorge Werneck Vianna et al., Corpo e Alma da Magistratura Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro, 1997). The Brazilian and Chilean judiciaries finally accepted external oversight after a number of corruption scandals affecting senior judges undermined their claims to self-government. The Lula administration also used the findings of the UN Special Rapporteur on Judicial Independence to secure the reform.
-
-
-
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122
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34547797657
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Human rights training for criminal justice professionals was taken up enthusiastically by the Cardoso government. However, internal evaluations for Amnesty International and for the International Committee of the Red Cross showed clearly that, when disconnected from professional practice, such training was not merely ineffective but actually counter-productive. On the important issue of professionalization of police see Hugo Frühling, Joseph Tulchin and Heather Golding (eds, Crime and Violence in Latin America:CItizen Security, Democracy and the State Baltimore, 2003
-
Human rights training for criminal justice professionals was taken up enthusiastically by the Cardoso government. However, internal evaluations for Amnesty International and for the International Committee of the Red Cross showed clearly that, when disconnected from professional practice, such training was not merely ineffective but actually counter-productive. On the important issue of professionalization of police see Hugo Frühling, Joseph Tulchin and Heather Golding (eds.), Crime and Violence in Latin America:CItizen Security, Democracy and the State (Baltimore, 2003).
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-
-
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123
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34547777057
-
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UK police officers sent on a bilateral mission to train Brazilian counterparts revealed the degree to which police bond over the apparent common professional challenges without fully appreciating the huge differences in institutional cultures and histories: Centre for Brazilian Studies, Police Reform in Brazil: Diagnoses and Policy Proposals, Conference report 23, 2002
-
UK police officers sent on a bilateral mission to train Brazilian counterparts revealed the degree to which police bond over the apparent common professional challenges without fully appreciating the huge differences in institutional cultures and histories: Centre for Brazilian Studies, Police Reform in Brazil: Diagnoses and Policy Proposals, Conference report 23, 2002.
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-
-
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124
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34547745648
-
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There is no published study of their work, only internal evaluations
-
There is no published study of their work, only internal evaluations.
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-
-
-
125
-
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34547785776
-
-
This group includes political scientist Renato Lima in SEADE (the São Paulo state government's data analysis quango, and sociologists Claudio Beato, who works with the Belo Horizonte Military Police from his university research centre, Centro de Estudos em Criminalidade e Segurança Pública CRISP, in the Federal University of Minas Gerais, and Túlio Kahn in the research department of the Public Security Secretariat in São Paulo. Beato and Kahn have pioneered the use of Geographic Information Systems to use computerized analysis of crime 'hot spots' to enable the more rational intelligence-led allocation of policing resources
-
This group includes political scientist Renato Lima in SEADE (the São Paulo state government's data analysis quango), and sociologists Claudio Beato, who works with the Belo Horizonte Military Police from his university research centre, Centro de Estudos em Criminalidade e Segurança Pública (CRISP), in the Federal University of Minas Gerais, and Túlio Kahn in the research department of the Public Security Secretariat in São Paulo. Beato and Kahn have pioneered the use of Geographic Information Systems to use computerized analysis of crime 'hot spots' to enable the more rational intelligence-led allocation of policing resources.
-
-
-
-
126
-
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34547807893
-
-
Meu casaco de general: Quinhentos dias no front de segurança pública no Rio de Janeiro (São Paulo, 2000). Soares is an anthropologist who worked for a major think-tank in Rio de Janeiro, ISER, on violence issues before being appointed under-secretary for public security first in Rio de Janeiro and then in the national government. He was forced to resign from both posts due to a withdrawal of political support for his team's reform projects
-
See Luis Eduardo Soares, Meu casaco de general: Quinhentos dias no front de segurança pública no Rio de Janeiro (São Paulo, 2000). Soares is an anthropologist who worked for a major think-tank in Rio de Janeiro, ISER, on violence issues before being appointed under-secretary for public security first in Rio de Janeiro and then in the national government. He was forced to resign from both posts due to a withdrawal of political support for his team's reform projects.
-
-
-
Eduardo Soares, L.1
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127
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36549071706
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Sustaining Reform: Democratic Policing in Central America
-
Washington Office on Latin America, October
-
Washington Office on Latin America, 'Sustaining Reform: Democratic Policing in Central America', Citizen Security Monitor, October 2002
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(2002)
Citizen Security Monitor
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-
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128
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12144272766
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Democratic Police Reform in War-Torn Societies
-
Rachel Neild, 'Democratic Police Reform in War-Torn Societies', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 1, no. 1 (2001), pp. 21-43.
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(2001)
Conflict, Security and Development
, vol.1
, Issue.1
, pp. 21-43
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Neild, R.1
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129
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34547814414
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'What works' became the new orthodoxy of the 1990s in Western crime control circles.
-
'What works' became the new orthodoxy of the 1990s in Western crime control circles.
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-
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131
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34547748630
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For example, the Centro de Estudos de Segurança e Cidadania in the Candido Mendes University in Rio de Janeiro, CRISP in Minas Gerais, federal and state universities in Rio de Janeiro and human rights centres in others, such as the Pontificial Catholic Universities
-
For example, the Centro de Estudos de Segurança e Cidadania in the Candido Mendes University in Rio de Janeiro, CRISP in Minas Gerais, federal and state universities in Rio de Janeiro and human rights centres in others, such as the Pontificial Catholic Universities.
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133
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34547746528
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accessed at
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The research reports may be accessed at http://www.mj.gov.br/Senasp/ pesquisas_aplicadas/anpocs/concurso.htm
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The research reports may be
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