Snow tracking: A relevant method for estimating otter Lutra lutra populations

Wildlife Biology

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 208-218

  Sulkava, Risto ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^b NONE   (Finland)

Author keywords

Census; Lutra lutra; Monitoring; Otter; Population; Reproduction; Snow tracks

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; CARNIVORA; LUTRA LUTRA; LUTRINAE;

EID: 34547802273     PISSN: 09096396     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[208:STARMF]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Anonymous 1994: Seminar on the conservation of European otter (Lutra lutra). - Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats. Report, T-PVS(94)11. Council of Europe, Strasbourg 1994, 231 pp.
2. Arden-Clarke, C.H.G. 1986: Population density, home range size and spatial organisation of the cape clawless otter, Aonyx capensis, in a marine habitat. - Journal of Zoology (London) 109: 201-211.
3. Aronson, Å. 1995: Metodbeskrivning for inventering av utter (Lutra lutra) vintertid på snö. Erfarenheter från undersökningar i delar av Norbottens län (1992-1994). (In Swedish with an English summary: Snow tracking method for otter studies). - Report, Naturskyddsföreningen, Sverige 1995, 19 pp.
4. Brzezinski, M., Romanowski, J., Cygan, J.P. & Pabin, B. 1996: Otter Lutra lutra distribution in Poland. - Acta Theriologica 41: 113-126.
5. Conroy, J.W.H. & French, D.D. 1987: The use of spraints to monitor populations of otters (Lutra lutra L.). - Symposium Zoological Society London 58: 247-262.
6. Conroy, J.W.H. & French, D.D. 1991: Seasonal patterns in the sprainting behaviour of otters (Lutra lutra L.) in Shetland. - In: Reuther, C. & Röchert, R. (Eds.); Proceedings of the Vth international otter colloquium, Hankensbuttel 1989. - Habitat 6: 159-166.
7. Crabtree, R.L., Burton, F.G., Garland, T.R., Cataldo, D.A. & Rickhard, W.H. 1989: Slow-release radio-isotope implants as individual markers for carnivores. - Journal of Wildlife Management 53: 949-954.
8. Cronström, U. 1989: Utterinventering i Österbottens kustområde 1987-1988. - Report, Natur och Miljö r.f., 19 pp. (In Swedish).
9. Delibes, M. (Ed.) 1990: La nutria (Lutra lutra) en Espana. - ICONA, Madrid, 198 pp. (In Spanish).
10. Dulfer, R. & Roche, K. (Eds.) 1998: First phase report of the Trebon otter project - Scientific background and recommendations for conservation and management planning. - Nature and Environment, no. 93, Council of Europe, 142 pp.
11. Erlinge, S. 1967: Home range of the otter Lutra lutra L. in Southern Sweden. - Oikos 18: 186-209.
12. Erlinge, S. 1968: Territoriality of the otter Lutra lutra L. - Oikos 19: 81-98.
13. Finnish Meteorology Institute 1997: Säätilastot. - Finnish Meteorology Institute 1998. (In Finnish), 40 pp.
14. Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. & Mason, C. (Eds.) 1990: Otters; an action plan for their conservation. - IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group, Gland, 126 pp.
15. Green, J., Green, R. & Jefferies, D.J. 1984: A radio-tracking survey of otters Lutra lutra on a Perthshire river system. - Lutra 27: 85-145.
16. Hertweck, K., Klenke, R. & Henle, K. 2002: Estimating the density of otter Lutra lutra populations using individual analyses of tracks. - In: Dulfer, R., Conroy, J., Nel, J. & Gutleb, A.C. (Eds.); Otter conservation - An example for a sustainable use of wetlands. Proceedings of the VIIth International otter colloquium, Trebon 1998. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 19: 118-122.
17. Humphrey, S.R. & Zinn, T.L. 1982: Seasonal habitat use by river otters and Everglades mink in Florida. - Journal of Wildlife Management 46: 375-381.
18. IUCN 2000: Surveying and monitoring distribution and population trends of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) - Guidelines and evaluation of the standard method for surveys as recommended by the European section of the IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group. - Habitat 12, Aktion Fischotterschutz e.v., 148 pp.
19. Jansman, A.H., Chanin, P. & Dallas, J.F. 2001: Monitoring otter populations by DNA typing of spraints. - IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 18: 12-17.
20. Jenkins, D. & Burrows, G.G. 1980: Ecology of otters in Northern Scotland. III. The use of faeces as indicators of otter (Lutra lutra) density and distribution. - Journal of Animal Ecology 49: 755-774.
21. Kadlecik, J. & Urban, P. 2002: Slovakian project on otters: a basis for an action plan for the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Slovakia. - In: Dulfer, R., Conroy, J., Nel, J. & Gutleb, A.C. (Eds.); Otter conservation - An example for a sustainable use of wetlands. Proceedings of the VIIth International otter colloquium, Trebon 1998. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 19: pp. 157-159.
22. Kauhala, K. 1996: Distributional history of the American mink (Mustela vison) in Finland with special reference to the trends in otter (Lutra lutra) populations. - Annates Zoologici Fennici 33: 283-291.
23. Kemenes, I. 1991: Otter distribution, status and conservation problems in Hungary. - IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 6: 20-23.
24. Kjellander, P.O.O. & Mortensen, P.J. 1985: Vinterinventering av utter i delar av Ljusnans och Dalalvens avrinningsområden mars 1985. - Report. Svenska Jägareförbundet. Uppsala, 8 pp. (In Swedish).
25. Klenke, R. 1996: Ergebnisse der Erfassung von Fisotternachweisen von 1993 bis 1995. - In: Artenschutzprogramm Fischotter in Sachsen. Materialen zu Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege 1996. Freistaat Sachsen, Landesamt fur Umvelt und Geologie, pp. 12-17. (In German).
26. Klenke, R. 2002: Habitat suitability and apparent density of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Saxony (Germany). - In: Dulfer, R., Conroy, J., Nel, J. & Gutleb, A.C. (Eds.); Otter conservation - An example for a sustainable use of wetlands. Proceedings of the VIIth International otter colloquium, Trebon 1998. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 19: 167-171.
27. 65Zn to label faeces. - Wildlife Society Bulletin 11: 375-377.
28. Kranz, A. & Knollseisen, M. 1998: How many otters live "here"? - A discussion about counting otters. - BOKU-Reports on Wildlife Research & Game Management 14: 120-125.
29. Kranz, A., Toman, A., Knollseisen, M. & Prasek, V. 2002: Fish ponds in Central Europe - A rich but risky habitat for otters. - In: Dulfer, R., Conroy, J., Nel, J. & Gutleb, A.C. (Eds.); Otter conservation - An example for a sustainable use of wetlands. Proceedings of the Vllth International otter colloquium, Trebon 1998. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 19: 181-186.
30. Kruuk, H. 1995: Wild otters, predation and populations. - Oxford University Press 1995, 290 pp.
31. Kruuk, H. & Conroy, J.W.H. 1987: Surveying otter Lutra lutra populations: a discussion of Problems with spraints. - Biological Conservation 42: 179-183.
32. 65Zn for estimating populations of carnivores. - Oikos 34: 206-208.
33. Kruuk, H., Moorhouse, A., Conroy, J.W.H., Durbin, L. & Frears, S. 1989: An estimate of numbers and habitat preferences of otters Lutra lutra in Shetland, UK. - Biological Conservation 49: 241-254.
34. Linhard, S.B. & Knowlton, F.F. 1975: Determining the relative abundance of coyotes by scent station lines. - Wildlife Society Bulletin 3: 119-124.
35. Lode, T. 1993: The decline of otter Lutra lutra populations in the region of the Pays de Loire, western France. - Biological Conservation 63: 9-13.
36. Macdonald, S.M. & Mason, C.F. 1982a: Otters in Greece. - Oryx 16: 240-244.
37. Macdonald, S.M. & Mason, C.F. 1982b: The otter Lutra lutra in central Portugal. - Biological Conservation 22: 207-215.
38. Macdonald, S.M. & C.F. Mason. 1987: Seasonal marking in an otter population. - Acta Theriologica 32: 449-462.
39. Macdonald, S.M. & Mason, C.F. 1994: Status and conservation needs of the otter (Lutra lutra) in Western Palearctic. - Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats. Nature and environment, No. 67. Council of Europe press, 54 pp.
40. Mason, C.F. & Macdonald, S.M. 1986: Otters: Ecology and conservation. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 236 pp.
41. Mason, C.F. & Macdonald, S.M. 1987: The use of sprints for surveying otter Lutra lutra populations: an evaluation. - Biological Conservation 41: 167-177.
42. Mason, C.F. & Macdonald, S.M. 1991: Assessment of otter (Lutra lutra) survey methods using spraints. - In: Reuther, C. & Rochert, R. (Eds.); Proceedings of the Vth international otter colloquium, Hankensbuttel 1989. Habitat 6: 167-170.
43. Melquist, W.E. & Hornocker, M.G. 1983: Ecology of river otters in west central Idaho. - Wildlife Monography 83: 1-60.
44. Rassi, P., Kaipainen, H., Mannerkoski, I. & Ståhls, G. (Eds.) 1992: Report on the monitoring of threatened animals and plants in Finland. Committee report 1991:30. - Ministry of Environment, Helsinki, 328 pp. (In Finnish with an English summary).
45. Reid, D.G., Bayer, M.D., Code, T.E. & McLean, B. 1987: A possible method for estimating river otter, Lutra canadensis, populations using snow tracks. - Canadian Field-Naturalist 101: 576-580.
46. Romanowski, J. & Brezezinski, M. 1997: How standard is the standard technique of the otter survey? - IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 14: 57-61.
47. Romanowski, J., Brzezinski, M. & Cycan, P. 1996: Notes on the technique of the otter field survey. - Acta Theriologica 41: 199-204.
48. Rowe-Rowe, D.T. 1992: Survey of South African otters in a freshwater habitat, using sign. - South African Journal of Wildlife Research 22: 49-55.
49. Ruiz-Olmo, J. 1993: Visual census of eurasian otter (Lutra lutra): A new method. - In: Reuther, C. & Rowe-Rowe, D. (Eds.); Proceedings of the Vlth International Otter Colloquium, Pietermaritzburg 1993. Habitat 11: 125-130.
50. Sidorovich, V.E. 1991: Structure, reproductive status and dynamics of the otter population in Byelorussia. - Acta Theriologica 36: 153-161.
51. Sidorovich, V.E. 1997: Mustelids in Belarus - Evolutionary ecology, demography and interspecific relationships. - Zolotoy uley publisher, Minsk, 263 pp.
52. Sidorovich, V.E., Jȩdrezejewska, B. & Jȩdrezejewski, W. 1996: Winter distribution and abundance of mustelids and beavers in the river valleys of Bialowieza Primeval Forest. - Acta Theriologica 41: 155-170.
53. Sidorovich, V.E. & Lauzhel, G.O. 1992: Numbers of otters and approach to population estimation in Byelorussia. - IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 7: 13-16.
54. Simek, L. 1996: Numbers, density and structure of the Trebon otter population. - Vydra Bulletin 7: 28-31.
55. Simek, L. 1997: First estimate of numbers of the otter in the Trebon Biosphere reserve. - In: Toman, A. & Hlavac, V. (Eds.); Proceedings of the 14th Mustelin colloquium, the Czech Republic 1995, Praha, 1997, pp. 81-87.
56. Simek, L. & Springer, Z. 1998: Population dynamics (otter). - In: Dulfer, R. & Roche, K. (Eds.); First phase report of the Trebon otter project. Nature and Environment No. 93, Council of Europe Publishing, pp. 21-30.
57. Skaren, U. & Kumpulainen, J. 1986: Recovery of the otter Lutra lutra (L.,1758) population in North Savo, Central Finland, with an analysis of environmental factors. - Lutra 29: 117-140.
58. Skaren, U. & Jäderholm, K. 1987: Otter (Lutra lutra) count in Central Finland in 1986-1987. - Memoranda Society Fauna Flora Fennica 63: 101-104.
59. Stjernberg, T. & Vaisanen, R.A. 1998: Lutra lutra. - In: Kotiranta, H., Uotila, P., Sulkava, S. &Peltonen, S-L. (Eds.); Red data book of East Fennoscandia. Ministry of Environment, Finnish Environment Institute & Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, pp. 189-190.
60. Storrank, B., Sulkava, R. & Liukko, U-M. 2002: Testing a method to monitor the otter (Lutra lutra) population in Finland - a pilot study based on snow tracking. - In: Dulfer, R., Conroy, J., Nel, J. & Gutleb, A.C. (Eds.); Otter conservation - An example for a sustainable use of wetlands. Proceedings of the Vllth International otter colloquium, Trebon 1998. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 19: 346-350.
61. Sulkava, R. 1993: Status and ecology of the otter (Lutra lutra L.) in central Finland in 1985-1993 and an evaluation of survey methods. - M.Sc. thesis, University of Joensuu 1993, 85 pp. (In Finnish).
62. Sulkava, R. 1995: Saukon talvi-inventointi. Suunnitelma talvi-inventointien käyttämiseksi Suomen saukkokannan seurannassa. (In Finnish with an English summary: Snow tracking in the monitoring of otter Lutra lutra populations in Finland). - Report, Finnish Environment Institute, 37 pp.
63. Sulkava, R. 1996: Diet of otters (lutra lutra) in central Finland. - Acta Theriologica 41: 395-408.
64. Sulkava, R. & Liukko, U-M. 1999: Valtakunnallinen saukkokannan lumijälkiseuranta. (In Finnish with an English summary: The population size and monitoring of otters in Finland). - In: Liukko, U-M. (Ed.); Saukkokannan tila ja seuranta Suomessa. Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Suomen Ympäristö, Luonto ja Luonnonvarat 353: 7-77.
65. Sulkava, R. & Storrank, B. 1993: Hur väl återspeglar barmarksinventeringar ett områdes verkliga utterstam? - Erfarenheter från Kumo älvs kallflöden 1990-91. (In Swedish with an English summary: The use of spraints in evaluating the status of an otter (Lutra lutra) population - surveys on River Kokemäenjoki, Central Finland, from 1990 to 1991). - Memoranda Society Fauna Flora Fennica 69: 65-76.
66. Sulkava, P. & Sulkava, R. 1989: Saukon esiintymisestä ja elintavoista Suomessa. (In Finnish with an English summary: Distribution and ecology of otters (Lutra lutra) in central Finland). - Luonnon Tutkija 93: 124-129.
67. Testa, J.W., Holleman, D.F., Bowyer, R.T. & Faro, J.B. 1994: Estimating populations of marine river otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, using radiotracer implants. - Journal of Mammalogy 75: 1021-1032.
68. Udevitz, M.S., Bodkin, J.L. & Costa, D.P. 1995: Detection of sea otters in boat-based surveys of Prince William Sound, Alaska. - Marine Mammal Science 11: 59-71.