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1
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34547792773
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Ethnic cleansing affected not only the Jews and other undesirables during the Third Reich and Second World War, but also ethnic Germans after the war was over. Estimates suggest that hundreds of thousands died and millions of lives were disrupted in the population transfers that followed the Second World War.
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Ethnic cleansing affected not only the Jews and other "undesirables" during the Third Reich and Second World War, but also ethnic Germans after the war was over. Estimates suggest that hundreds of thousands died and millions of lives were disrupted in the population transfers that followed the Second World War.
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2
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84923624346
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Here I disagree with Fukuyama. As Mansfield and Snyder point out, there are more than just East Asian cases in the category of relatively successful late-twentieth-century transitions; to attribute the East Asian successes to cultural factors such as Confucianism seems misguided. As many have argued, South Korea's strong state is as much a product of Japanese occupation as it is of indigenous development see most recently Atul Kohli, State Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery [New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004, In any case, the political and economic disaster of North Korea would seem to balance out the purported positive impact of culture in South Korea. Similarly, China's strong political institutions were built up via the tragedy of the Maoist era, bringing into question not only the impact of culture but also the price in turmoil and lost lives that China has had to pay for its current economi
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Here I disagree with Fukuyama. As Mansfield and Snyder point out, there are more than just East Asian cases in the category of relatively successful late-twentieth-century transitions; to attribute the East Asian successes to cultural factors such as Confucianism seems misguided. As many have argued, South Korea's strong state is as much a product of Japanese occupation as it is of indigenous development (see most recently Atul Kohli, State Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery [New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004]). In any case, the political and economic disaster of North Korea would seem to balance out the purported "positive" impact of culture in South Korea. Similarly, China's "strong" political institutions were built up via the tragedy of the Maoist era, bringing into question not only the impact of culture but also the price in turmoil and lost lives that China has had to pay for its current economic success and relative political stability.
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3
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84858102103
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A similar argument can be made about successful late-twentieth-century transitions as well. For example, South Korea suffered about a million deaths (85 percent of them civilian) in the Korean War, which among other things was a civil war fought over regime type. But that conflict, together with the legacy of earlier democratic experiments plus postwar agrarian reform, helped to eliminate the remnants of the country's ancien régime and lay the basis for the wealthy and successful democracy that today flourishes on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. And to understand Chile's contemporary democratic success one must consider not only the many advances that the country made during the pre-Pinochet period, but also the willingness to compromise which has now been absorbed as a key lesson learned from the painful conflict and violence that marked the Allende-Pinochet era
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A similar argument can be made about successful late-twentieth-century transitions as well. For example, South Korea suffered about a million deaths (85 percent of them civilian) in the Korean War, which among other things was a civil war fought over regime type. But that conflict, together with the legacy of earlier democratic experiments plus postwar agrarian reform, helped to eliminate the remnants of the country's ancien régime and lay the basis for the wealthy and successful democracy that today flourishes on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. And to understand Chile's contemporary democratic success one must consider not only the many advances that the country made during the pre-Pinochet period, but also the willingness to compromise which has now been absorbed as a key "lesson learned" from the painful conflict and violence that marked the Allende-Pinochet era.
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4
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34547763134
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Fukuyama is correct to note that there are important differences between Europe's state-building experience and that of countries in the contemporary era. Most importantly, Europe's process took hundreds of years, and although borders were influenced by international agreements and outside actors, there was nothing analogous to today's international community working to disallow violent change. As authors like Jeffrey Herbst, Robert H. Jackson, and Carl G. Rosberg, and others have pointed out, keeping in place borders that domestic states cannot defend may ultimately slow down rather than speed up political and economic development. See Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000);
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Fukuyama is correct to note that there are important differences between Europe's state-building experience and that of countries in the contemporary era. Most importantly, Europe's process took hundreds of years, and although borders were influenced by international agreements and outside actors, there was nothing analogous to today's "international community" working to disallow violent change. As authors like Jeffrey Herbst, Robert H. Jackson, and Carl G. Rosberg, and others have pointed out, keeping in place borders that domestic states cannot defend may ultimately slow down rather than speed up political and economic development. See Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000);
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5
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0022837651
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Sovereignty and Underdevelopment: Juridical Statehood in the African Crisis
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March
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and Robert H. Jackson and Carl G. Rosberg, "Sovereignty and Underdevelopment: Juridical Statehood in the African Crisis," Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (March 1986): 1-31.
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(1986)
Journal of Modern African Studies
, vol.24
, pp. 1-31
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Jackson, R.H.1
Rosberg, C.G.2
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