Lee Teng-hui and the idea of "Taiwan"

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 190, 2007, Pages 375-393

  Jacobs, J Bruce ^a   Liu, I Hao Ben ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIZATION; NATION STATE; NATIONALISM; POLITICAL RELATIONS;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; TAIWAN;

EID: 34547770913     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: 14682648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0305741007001245     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Wakabayashi Masahiro, Jiang Jingguo yu Li Denghui (Chiang Ching-kiso and Lee Teng hui), trans. Lai Xiangyin (Taibei: Yuanliu, 1998), pp. 52-53
2. and Li Denghui, Taiwan de zhuzhang (Advocating for Taiwan) (Taibei: Yuanliu, 1999), p. 317.
3. Zhang Yanxian et al, Li Denghui xiansheng yu Taiwan minzhuhua (Mr Lee Teng-hui and Taiwan's Democratization) (Taibei: Yushan she, 2004), pp. 43, 100.
4. Kamisaka Huyuko, Hukou de zongtong. Li Denghui yu Zeng Wenhui (President in the Tiger's Lair: Lee Teng-h ui and Tseng Wen-hui), trans. Luo Wensen and Yang Mingzhu (Taibei: Xianjue, 2001), p. 68.
5. Li Denghui, Advocatingfor Taiwan, pp. 44-47.
6. For an English translation of this book, see Lee Teng-hui, The Road to Democracy. Taiwan's Pursuit of Identity (Tokyo and Kyoto: PHP Institute, 1999), pp. 31-35.
7. Yoshida Katsutsugu, Jiyu no nigai aji: Taiwan minshushugi to shimin no inishiatibu (The Bitter Taste of Freedom: Taiwan Democracy and Citizens' Initiatives) (Tokyo: Nihon Hyöronsha, 2005), p. 369. Yoshida (pp. 347-79) contains a May 2004 interview with Lee.
8. For a prize-winning biography of Hsieh Hsüeh-hung, see Chen Fangming, Xie Xuehongpingzhuan (A Critical Biography of Hsieh Hsüeh-hung) (Taibei: Qianwei, 1991).
9. Tongyi zhanxian gongzuo shouce (Handbook for United Front Work) (Nanjing: Nanjing daxue chubanshe, 1986), p. 272.
10. Yoshida, The Bitter Taste of Freedom, pp. 369-70.
11. An article in the Zhongshi dianzibao (China Times Interactive), 21 February 2006, draws attention to Yoshida's book, but goes well beyond the data presented to conclude Lee "continued to engage in anti-government underground activities"
12. see http://tw.news.yahoo.com/060221/19/2vfd3.html, accessed 21 March 2006.
13. Kamisaka, President in the Tiger's Lair, p. 63.
14. Ibid. p. 46.
15. Published as Teng-hui Lee, Intersectoral Capital Flows in the Economic Development of Taiwan, 1896-1960 (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1971).
16. There is very little published on this incident. The quotation is from Lee Teng-hui, The Road to Democracy, p. 51
17. Li Denghui, Advocating for Taiwan, p. 62 is a little less concrete.
18. See also Kamisaka, President in the Tiger's Lair, pp. 103-05
19. Li Denghui and Kobayashi Yoshinori, Li Denghui xuexiao de jiaohui (Teachings of the Lee Teng-hui School, trans. Yang Ziying (Taibei: Xianjue, 2001), p. 72
20. and Zhang Yanxian et al., Mr Lee Teng-hui, p. 101 for more details.
21. Kamisaka, President in the Tiger's Lair, p. 105 and Wakabayashi, Chiang Ching-kuo and Lee Teng-hui, p. 141.
22. Zhang Yanxian et al., Mr Lee Teng-hui, pp. 44, 101. Quotation on p. 44.
23. At this stage, Lee became an adviser to the JCRR, see Li Denghui, Advocating for Taiwan, p. 323. Chiang Kai-shek's appointment of, Chiang Ching-kuo as premier in 1972 clearly indicated the son would succeed his father.
24. For the context and analysis, see J. Bruce Jacobs, "Taiwan 1972: political season," Asian Survey, Vol 13, No. 1 (1973), pp. 102-12.
25. Zhang Yanxian et al., Mr Lee Teng-hui, pp. 44-45, 101.
26. Ibid. p. 102.
27. Li Denghui, Advocating for Taiwan, pp. 266-68
28. Lee Teng-hui, The Road to Democracy, pp. 195-97
29. Li Denghui and Kobayashi, Teachings of the Lee Teng-hui School, pp. 71-76.
30. Zhang Yanxian et al., Mr Lee Teng-hui, pp. 45, 102.
31. Only at this time did Lee resign his positions as part-time professor at National Taiwan University and as adviser to the JCRR Li Denghui, Advocating for Taiwan, p. 324. Some have suggested that Chiang Ching-kuo wished to appoint Lee as governor of Taiwan, but several people feared Lee would have difficulty dealing with the Taiwan Provincial Assembly, so Premier Sun Yun-hsülan suggested that Lee be appointed mayor of Taipei, where he could learn the work of an executive position.
32. Zhang Yanxian et al., Mr Lee Teng-hui, p. 45 and interviews.
33. Ibid. p. 102. This was at the major KMT meeting held following the Kaohsiung Incident of 10 December 1979.
34. Ibid. p. 45.
35. On the "half-mountain" Taiwanese, see J. Bruce Jacobs, "Taiwanese and the Chinese nationalists, 1937-1945: The origins of Taiwan's 'half-mountain people' (banshan ren)," Modern China, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1990), pp. 84-118.
36. See, for example, Xu Ce, "Li Denghui shi xia yi jie ftizongtong?" ("Is Lee Teng-hui the next vice-president?"), Qianjin zhoukan (Progress Weekly), No. 10 (4 June 1983), pp. 6-12.
37. Lee's account appears in Li Denghui, Jianzheng Taiwan: Jiang Jingguo zongtong yu wo (Witness for Taiwan: Presulent Chiang Ching-kuo and Me (Taibei: Yunchen, 2004), pp. 3-11. This book is a very important account of Lee's vice-presidential years. It includes the texts of his original notes for each of his 156 meetings with Chiang Ching-kuo throughout the three years and eight months of his vice-presidency as well as Lee's later comments and the notes of the editors.
38. These three large volumes of Lee's work, one volume of Chinese materials and two volumes of English materials, were published in January 1983 by his wife in honour of Lee's 60th birthday. The Chinese title of the set is Taiwan nongye jingji lunwen ji while the English title is Agriculture & Economic Development in Taiwan.
39. See Li Denghui, Witness for Taiwan, passim and Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo's Sow Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), p. 398.
40. During this period the weekly meeting of the Central Standing Committee scheduled for 20 January 1988 was cancelled. See Zou Jingwen, Li Denghui zhizheng gaobai shilu (Announcing a True Record of Lee Teng-hui's Time in Office) (Shuhn: Chengyang, 2001), pp. 62-66.
41. See also Li Denghui, Witness for Taiwan, p. 260
42. and Zhang Huiying, Li Denghui 1988-2000 zhizheng shiernian (Lee Teng-hul: 1988-2000 12 Years in Power) (Taibei: Tianxia yuanjian, 2000), pp. 42-45.
43. On the 13th KMT Congress, see the useful article, Jürgen Domes, "The 13th Party Congress of the Kuomintang: Towards political competition?" The China Quarterly, No. 118 (1989), pp. 345-59.
44. Jaushieh Joseph Wu, Taiwan's Democratization: Forces Behind the New Momentwn (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 44, 103.
45. On the history of Taiwan's diplomatic relations, see J. Bruce Jacobs, "One China, diplomatic isolation and a separate Taiwan," in Edward Friedman (ed), China's Rise, Taiwan's Dilemmas and International Peace (London: Routledge, 2006) pp. 85-109.
46. Li Denghui, Jingying da Taiwan (Managing a Great Taiwan) (Taibei: Yuanliu, 1995), p. 296.
47. Ibid. pp. 304-05.
48. Lee Teng-hui, Creating the Future: Towards a New Era for the Chinese People (Taipei: Government Information Office, 1992), p. 7.
49. The Chinese text of this speech appears in Li Denghui, Luoshi minzhu changzhi jiu'an (Implementing Democracy, Permanent Rule for Eternal Peace) (Taibei: Zhongyang wenwu, 1991), pp. 62-67. This latter book has several of Lee's speeches delivered in 1990.
50. Translation based on Chinese original, see ibid. p. 66.
51. See Lee Teng-hui, Creating the Future, p. 8 for the official English translation.
52. Li Yongzhi and Xue Huayuan, Taiwan lishi nianbiao, Vol, V (1989-1994) (Chronicle of Taiwan History, Vol. V (1989-1994)) (Taibei: Guojia zhengee yanjiu zhongxin, 1998), p. 96.
53. The guidelines were also approved by President Lee on 5 March 1992 and the Cabinet on 14 March 1992. The Chinese text can be found in Guojia tongyi gangling yu dalu zhengce (The National Unification Guidelines and Mainland Policy) (Taibei: Guoli bianyi guan, 1993), pp. 82-84.
54. An English translation appears in Republic of China Yearbook 1991-92 (Taipei: Kwang Hua, 1991), pp. 583-84.
55. The National Unification Guidelines, p. 83.
56. For the English text of die 1991 amendments, see Republic of China Yearbook 1991-92 (Taipei: Kwang Hua Publishing Company, 1991), pp. 580-81.
57. For English translation see ibid. pp. 583-84
58. original text in The National Unification Guidelines, p. 84.
59. See statement of President Lee Teng-hui, 30 April 1991, in Republic of China Yearbook 1991-92, pp. 584-85.
60. Ibid. p. 141.
61. Republic of China Yearbook 1995 (Taipei: Government Information Office, 1995), pp. 148-49.
62. J. Bruce Jacobs, "China's policies toward Taiwan," in C.L. Chiou and Leong H. Liew (eds), Uncertain Future: Taiwan-Hong Kong-China Relations after Hong Kong's return to Chinese Sovereignty (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000), pp. 96-97.
63. Chen Jie, Foreign Policy of the New Taiwan Pragmatic Diplomacy in Southeast Asia (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2002), p. 111.
64. Ibid. pp. 107-10.
65. For the full transcript, see Li zongtong Denghui xiansheng bashisan nian yanlun xuanji (A Selection of Speeches by President Lee Teng-hui in 1994) (Taibei: Xingzhengyuan xinwenju, 1995), pp. 322-49.
66. Ibid. pp. 335, 344.
67. Ibid. p. 344.
68. Ibid. p. 326.
69. For the original interview, which took place in Japanese, see Shiba Ryötarö, Taiwan kikö (A Taiwan Journey) (Tokyo: Asahi Shinbun, 1994), pp. 483-502.
70. We have used two different Chinese translations: Shiba Ryötarö, Taiwan jixing (A Taiwan Journey), trans. Li Jinsong (Taibei: Taiwan dongfan, 1996), pp. 519-39 and Li Denghui, Managing a Great Taiwan pp. 469-83.
71. This latter version, trans. Luo Yiwen, originally appeared in the Taiwan magazine, Heibai xinwen zhoukan (Black and White Newsweekly), No. 34 (29 May-4 June 1994).
72. The two different Chinese translations follow the Japanese text very closely. The date for the interview comes from the chronology in Zhang Yanxian et al., Mr Lee Teng-hui, p. 105.
73. Shiba, Taiwan kikö, p. 495
74. Shiba, Taiwan jixing, p. 531
75. Li Denghui, Managing a Great Taiwan, p. 477.
76. Shiba, Taiwan kiko, p. 495
77. Shiba, Taiwan fixing, p. 531
78. Li Denghui, Managing a Great Taiwan, p. 477.
79. Sometimes wailai zhengquan is translated as "alien regime"
80. Shiba, Taiwan kiko, p. 488
81. Shiba, Taiwan jixing, p. 524
82. Li Denghui, Managing a Great Taiwan, p. 471.
83. Shiba, Taiwan kiko, pp. 488, 502
84. Shiba, Taiwan jixing, pp. 524, 538
85. Li Denghui, Managing a Great Taiwan, pp. 471, 483.
86. Shiba, Taiwan kiko, pp. 493-94
87. Shiba, Taiwan fixing, pp. 529-31
88. Li Denghui, Managing a Great Taiwan, pp. 476-77.
89. Zhang Huiying, Lee Teng-hui: 1988-2000, p. 195.
90. Text in President Lee Teng-hui's Selected Addresses and Messages 1995 (Taipei: Government Information Office, 1996), pp. 21-28.
91. This speech, informally called "Lee's six points," responded indirectly to Jiang Zvmin's eight points delivered on Chinese New Year. 1995. For the full text of Jiang's speech, see Renmin ribao, 31 January 1995, pp. 1-2.
92. President Lee Teng-hui's Selected Addresses and Messages 1995, pp. 24-25.
93. For example, at a group interview with foreign scholars on 14 December 2004.
94. This draws on Jacobs, "China's policies toward Taiwan," p. 98.
95. An excellent analysis of this crisis from the perspective of the United States government may be found in Richard C. Bush, At Cross Purposes: U.S.-Taiwan Relations Since 1942 (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), pp. 225-30.
96. The full text appears in President Lee Teng-hui's Selected Addresses and Messages 1995, pp. 32-43.
97. Jacobs, "China's policies toward Taiwan," pp. 98-101.
98. Li Denghui, Advocating for Taiwan, p. 76.
99. Ibid. p. 77.
100. Lin Yaosong, Li Denghui yu Guomindang fenlie (Lee Teng-hui and the Kuomintang Split) (Taibei: Haixia xueshu, 2004), p. 7.
101. This statement is based on extensive internal polling by the Kuomintang throughout the presidential cam1aign provided to one of the authors.
102. Li zongtong Denghui xiansheng bashiwunian yanlun xuanji (A Selection of 1996 Speeches by Presuident Lee Teng-hui) (Taibei: Xinwenju, 1997), pp. 126-27.
103. Ibid. pp. 130-31.
104. Ibid. p. 131.
105. Ibid. p. 132.
106. Ibid. p. 133.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid. pp. 133-34.
110. Ibid. p. 134.
111. Zhang Huiying, Lee Teng-hui: 1988-2000, p. 221.
112. Lee Teng-bui, The Road to Democracy, p. 120.
113. Ibid. p. 121.
114. Ibid. p. 123.
115. Kamisaka, President in the Tiger's Lair, p. 252.
116. Lee Teng-hui, The Road to Democracy, pp. 191-92.
117. Li Denghui, Advocating for Taiwan, pp. 19, 34.
118. Ibid. pp. 62-63.
119. Ibid. p. 240.
120. "President Lee Tenghui interviewed by Deutsche Welle, July 9, 1999," Taipei Speaks Up: Special State-to-State Relationship, Republic of China's Policy Documents (Taipei: Mainland Affairs Council, Executive Yuan, 1999), pp. 1-8, quotation from pp. 1-2.
121. A Chinese version of the interview may be found in Huang Zhaoyuan (ed.), Liangguo lun yu Taiwan guojia dingivei (Two States Theory and Taiwan's National Status) (Taibei: Xuelin wenhua, 2000), pp. 535-38, quotation from p. 534.
122. Group interview with several foreign scholars. Lee made many of the same points in a book published just after the end of his presidency, Li Denghui and Nakajima, Mineo, Yazhou de Zhilüe (The Wisdom of Asia) trans. Luo Wensen and Yang Mingzhu (Taibei: Yuanliu, 2000), pp. 43-46.
123. The Chinese text used in Huang Zhaoyuan, Two States Theory, p. 533 is "panluan de yi sheng" or "one province in rebellion."
124. For example, Kamisaka, President in the Tiger's Lair, p. 285
125. and Li Denghui and Nakajima, The Wisdom of Asia, pp. 34-42.
126. In the latter book, published soon after his presidency ended, Li called for a "new republic" or a "second republic," ibid. p. 42.
127. Li Denghui, Cibei yu kuanrong: Kuayue xiwang de menkan (Mercy and Tolerance: Crossing the Threshold of Hope) (Taibei: Taiwan News, 2002), pp. 24-27, quotation from p. 26.
128. Ibid. p. 41.
129. Stephanie Low, "KMT breaks it off with Lee Teng-hui," Taipei Times 22 September 2001, p. 1.
130. Ziyou shibao (Liberty Times), 30 November 2001, p. 3.
131. Li Denghui, "Li qian zongtong xiansheng IaHn wuyiyi Taiwan zhengming yundong jianghuagao" ("Draft speech of former president Mr Lee Teng-hui to the May 11 movement for correcting Taiwan's name"), taken from http://www.advocates.org.tw. Note the original 11 May 2003 demonstration was postponed owing to the SARS epidemic.
132. Ibid.
133. Szu-yin Ho and I-chou Liu, "The Taiwanese/Chinese identity of the Taiwan people in the 1990s," in Wei-chin Lee and T.Y. Wang (eds), Sayonara to the Lee Teng-hui Era: Politics in Taiwan, 1988-2000 (Lanham: University Press of America, 2003), pp. 149-83.
134. Ibid, p. 155 (Table 6.2).
135. Bruce J. Dickson and Chien-min Chao (eds.), Assessing the Lee Teng-hui Legacy in Taiwan's Politics (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2002)
136. and Wei-chin Lee and T.Y. Wang (eds.), Sayonara to the Lee Teng-hui Era. Some of the chapters in each book also strongly support Lee.
137. A problematic, but still useful source is Ko-lin Chin, Heijin: Organized Crime, Business, and Politics in Taiwan (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2003).
138. Huang Tai-lin, "Chen pleads Taiwan's case with European officials," Taipei Times, 2 March 2005, p. 1.
139. After Ma Ying-jeou was indicted for corruption on 13 February 2007, he resigned a chairman of the KMT and announced he was running for president in the 2008 election.