The assessment of newborn iron stores at birth: A review of the literature and standards for ferritin concentrations

Neonatology

Volumn 92, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 73-82

  Siddappa, Ashajyothi M ^a,b   Rao, Raghavendra ^b   Long, Jeffrey D ^c   Widness, John A ^d   Georgieff, Michael K ^b,e  

^a HENNEPIN COUNTY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^e D 136 Mayo Building ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Diabetic mother, infant; Ferritin; Iron; Iron deficiency

Indexed keywords

FERRITIN;

CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA COLLECTION METHOD; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; FETUS; FETUS RISK; GESTATIONAL AGE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON METABOLISM DISORDER; IRON OVERLOAD; IRON STORAGE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MATERNAL DIABETES MELLITUS; MATERNAL SMOKING; NERVOUS SYSTEM MALFORMATION; NEWBORN; NEWBORN PERIOD; PREGNANCY; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFERENCE VALUE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TERM BIRTH; UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD;

BODY BURDEN; FEMALE; FERRITINS; FETAL BLOOD; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEMOGLOBINS; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; IRON; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS; REFERENCE VALUES;

EID: 34547753552     PISSN: 16617800     EISSN: 16617819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000100805     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Dallman PR: Biochemical basis for the manifestations of iron deficiency. Ann Rev Nutr 1986;6:13-40.
2. Youdim MBH, Yehuda S: The neurochemical basis of cognitive deficits induced by brain iron deficiency: involvement of dopamine-opiate system. Cell Mol Biol 2000;46:491-500.
3. Connor JR, Menzies SL: Altered cellular distribution of iron in the central nervous system of myelin deficient rats. Neuroscience 1990;34:265-271.
4. Yu GSM, Steinkirchner TM, Rao GA, Larkin EC: Effect of prenatal iron deficiency on myelination in rat pups. Am J Pathol 1986;125:620-624.
5. deUngria M, Rao R, Wobken JD, Luciana M, Georgieff MK: Perinatal iron deficiency decreases cytochrome c oxidase activity in selective regions of the brain. Pediatr Res 2000;48:169-176.
6. Petry CD, Eaton MA, Mills MM, Johnson DE, Georgieff MK: Iron deficiency of liver, heart, and brain in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 1992;121:109-114.
7. Georgieff MK, Landon MB, Mills MM, Hedlund BE, Faassen AE, Schmidt RL, Ophoven JJ, Widness JA: Abnormal iron distribution in infants of diabetic mothers: spectrum and maternal antecedents. J Pediatr 1990;117:455-461.
8. Chockalingam UM, Murphy E, Ophoven JC, Weisdorf SA, Georgieff MK: Cord transferrin and ferritin values in newborn infants at risk for prenatal uteroplacental insufficiency and chronic hypoxia. J Pediatr 1987;111:283-286.
9. Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Hagen J, Mollen E, Wolf AW: Poorer behavioral and developmental outcome more than 10 years after treatment for iron deficiency in infancy. Pediatrics 2000;105:e51
10. Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C: A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr 2001;131:649S-668S.
11. Fleming RE: Cord serum ferritin levels, fetal iron status, and neurodevelopmental outcomes: correlations and confounding variables. J Pediatr 2002;140:145-148.
12. Tamura T, Goldenberg R, Hou J, Johnston K, Cliver SP, Ramsey SL, Nelson K: Cord serum ferritin concentrations and mental and psychomotor development of children at five years of age. J Pediatr 2002;140:165-170.
13. Siddappa AM, Georgieff MK, Wewerka S, Worwa C, Nelson CA, deRegnier R-A: Auditory recognition memory in iron-deficient infants of diabetic mothers. Pediatr Res 2004;55:1034-1041.
14. Armony-Sivan R, Eidelman AI, Lanir A, Sredni D, Yehuda S: Iron status and neurobehavioral development of premature infants. J Perinatol 2004;24:757-762.
15. Beard J, deRegnier RA, Shaw M, Rao R, Georgieff M: Diagnosis of iron deficiency in infancy. Lab Med 2007;38:103-108.
16. Lott DG, Zimmerman MB, Labbe RF, Kling PJ, et al: Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin is elevated with prematurity and fetal hypoxemia. Pediatrics 2005;116:414-422.
17. Juul.SE, Zerzan JC, Strandiord TP, Woodrum DE: Zinc protoporphyrin/heme as an indicator of iron status in nicu patients. J Pediatr 2003;142:273-278.
18. Siimes MA, Addiego JE, Dallman PR: Ferritin in serum: diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron overload in infants and children. Blood 1974;43:581-590.
19. Rios E, Lipschitz DA, Cook JD, Smith NJ: Relationship of maternal and infant iron stores as assessed by determination of plasma ferritin. Pediatrics 1975;55:694.
20. Lipschitz DA, Cook JD, Finch CA: A clinical evaluation of serum ferritin as an index of iron stores. N Engl J Med 1974;290:1213-1216.
21. Walters GO, Miller FM, Worwood M: Serum ferritin concentration and iron stores in normal subjects. J Clin Pathol 1973;26:770-772.
22. Cook JD: Clinical evaluation of iron deficiency. Semin Hematol 1982;19:6-18.
23. MacPhail AP, Charlton RW, Bothwell TH, Torrance JD: The relationship between maternal and infant iron status. Scand J Hematol 1980;25:141-150.
24. Baynes RD: Assessment of iron status. Clin Chem 1996;29:209-215.
25. Cook JD, Skikne BS: Iron deficiency: definition and diagnosis. J Intern Med 1989;226:349-355.
26. Bothwell TH: Iron requirements during pregnancy and strategies to meet them. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:257S-264S.
27. Oski FA: Iron deficiency in infancy and childhood. New Engl J Med 1993;329:190-193.
28. Widdowsen EM, Sray CM: Chemical development in utero. Arch Dis Child 1951;26:205-214.
29. Siimes ASI, Siimes MA: Changes in the concentration of ferritin in the serum during fetal life in singletons and twins. Early Hum Dev 1986;13:47-52.
30. Messer RD, Russo AM, McWhirter WR, Spragemeyer D, Halliday JW: Serum ferritin in term and preterm infants. Aust Paediatr J 1980;16:185-188.
31. Jansson L, Holmberg L, Ekman R: Variation of serum ferritin in low birth weight infants with maternal ferritin, birth weight and gestational age. Acta Haematol 1979;62:273-277.
32. Sweet DG, Tubman TRJ, Lappin TRJ, Halliday HL: Study of maternal influences on fetal iron status at term using cord blood transferrin receptors. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001;84:F40-F43.
33. Carpani G, Marini F, Buscaglia M, Sinigaglia E, Moroni G: Red cell and plasma ferritin in normal fetuses at different ages of gestation. Eur J Haematol 1992;49:260-262.
34. Haga P: Plasma ferritin concentrations in preterm infants in cord blood and during the early anemia of prematurity. Acta Pediatr Scand 1980;69:637-641.
35. Hussain MAM, Gaafar TH, Laulight M, Hoffbrand AV: Relation of maternal and cord blood ferritin. Arch Dis Child 1977;52:782-784.
36. Lao TT, Loong EPL, Chin RKH, Lam CWK, Lam YM: Relationship between newborn and maternal iron status and hematological indices. Biol Neonate 1991;60:303-307.
37. Kelly AM, MacDonald DJ, Mc Dougall AN: Observations on maternal and fetal ferritin concentrations at term. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978;85:338-343.
38. Agarwal RMD, Tripathi AM, Agarwal KN: Cord blood hemoglobin, iron and ferritin status in maternal anemia. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983;72:545-548.
39. Erdem A, Erdem M, Arslan M, Yazici G, Eskandari R, Himmetoglu O: The effect of maternal anemia and iron deficiency on fetal erythropoiesis: comparison between serum erythropoietin, hemoglobin and ferritin levels in mothers and newborns. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;11:329-332.
40. Ziaei S, Hatefnia E, Togeh GH: Iron status in newborns born to iron-deficient mothers. Iran J Med Sci 2002;28:62-64.
41. Puolakka J, Janne O, Vihko R: Evaluation by serum ferritin assay of the influence of maternal iron stores on the iron status of newborns and infants. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1980;95:53-56.
42. Ilyes I, Jezerniczky J, Kovacs J, Dvoracsek E, Csorba S: Relationship of maternal and newborn serum ferritin concentrations measured by immunoradiometry. Acta Paediatr Hung 1985;26:317-321.
43. Fenton V, Cavill I, Fisher J: Iron stores in pregnancy. Br J Haematol 1977;37:145-149.
44. O'Brien KO, Zavaleta N, Abrams SA, Caufield LE: Maternal iron status influences iron transfer to the fetus during the third trimester of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:924-930.
45. Georgieff MK, Petry CD, Wobken JD: Liver and brain iron deficiency in newborn infants with bilateral renal agenesis (Potter's syndrome). Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1996;16:509-519.
46. Georgieff MK, Landon MB, Mills MM, Hedlund BE, Faassen AE, Schmidt RL, Ophoven JJ, Widness JA: Abnormal iron distribution in infants of diabetic mothers: spectrum and maternal antecedents. J Pediatr 1990;117:455-461.
47. Sweet DG, Savage GA, Tubman R, Lappin TRJ, Halliday HL: Cord blood transferrin receptors to assess fetal iron status. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001;85:F46-F48.
48. Georgieff MK, Widness JA, Mills MM, Stonestreet BS: The effect of prolonged intrauterine hyperinsulinemia on iron utilization in fetal sheep. Pediatr Res 1989;26:467-469.
49. Widness JA, Susa JB, Garcia JF, Singer DB, Seghal P, Oh W, Schwartz R, Schwartz HC: Increased erythropoiesis and elevated erythropoietin in infants born to diabetic mothers and in hyperinsulinemic rhesus fetuses. J Clin Invest 1981;67:637-642.
50. Murata K, Toyoda N, Ichio T, Ida M, Sugiyama Y: Cord transferrin and ferritin values for erythropoiesis in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Endocrinol Jpn 1989;36:827-832.
51. Philipps AF, Porte PJ, Strabinsky S, Rosenkranz TS, Raye JR: Effects of chronic fetal hyperglycemia upon oxygen consumption in the ovine uterus and conceptus. J Clin Invest 1984;74:279-286.
52. Milley JR, Papacostas JS, Tabata BK: Effect of insulin on uptake of metabolic substrates by the sheep fetus. Am J Physiol 1986;251:E349-E56.
53. Georgieff MK, Petry CD, Mills MM, McKay H, Wobken JD: Increased N-glycosylation and reduced transferrin-binding capacity of transferrin receptor isolated from placentae of diabetic women. Placenta 1997;18:563-568.
54. Meberg A, Haga P, Sande H, Foss OP: Smoking during pregnancy - hematological observations in the newborn. Acta Pediatric Scand 1979;68:731-734.
55. Gruslin A, Perkins SL, Manchanda R, Fleming N, Clinch JJ: Maternal smoking and fetal erythropoietin. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:561-564.
56. Morton RE, Nysenbaum A, Price K: Iron status in the first year of life. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998;1:707-712.
57. Halliday HL, Lappin TRJ, McClure G: Iron status of the preterm infant during the first year of life. Biol Neonate 1984;45:228-235.
58. Emery D, Barry D: Comparison of Maori and non-Maori maternal and fetal iron parameters. N Z Med J 2004;117:909-913.
59. Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Garcia T: Changes in iron status during pregnancy in Peruvian women receiving prenatal iron and folic acid supplements with or without zinc. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:956-961.
60. Celada A, Busset R, Gutierrez J, Herreros V: Maternal and cord blood ferritin. Helv Paediatr Acta 1982;37:239-244.
61. Nemet K, Andrassy K, Bognar K, Czappan P, Stuber A, Simonovits I: Relationship between maternal and infant iron stores. 1. Fullterm infants. Haematologia (Budap) 1986;19:197-205.
62. Milman N, Agger AO, Nielsen OJ: Iron status markers and serum erythropoietin in 120 mothers and newborn infants. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994;73:200-204.
63. Gaspar MJ, Ortega MR, Moreiras O: Relationship between iron status in pregnant women and their newborn babies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72:534-537.
64. Wallenburg HCS, Van Eijk: Effect of oral iron supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and fetal iron status. J Perinat Med 1984;12:7-12.
65. Singla PN, Tyagi M, Shankar R, Dash D, Kumar A: Fetal iron status in maternal anemia. Acta Pediatr 1996;85:1327-1330.
66. Kurtoglu S, Atabek ME, Gunes T, Akcakus M, Keskin M, Kocaoglu C: Relationship between cord blood levels of IGF-I and ferritin in healthy term neonates. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17:737-742.
67. Tamura T, Hou J, Goldenberg RL, Johnston KE, Cliver SP: Gender difference in cord serum ferritin concentrations. Biol Neonate 1999;75:343-349.
68. Stacy DL, Han P: Serum ferritin measurements and the degree of agreement using four techniques. Am J Clin Pathol 1992;98:511-515.
69. Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS: Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, ed 3. Mahwah, Erlbaum, 2003, pp 303-320.
70. Georgieff MK, Wewerka SW, Nelson CA, deRegnier R-A: Iron status at 9 months of infants with low iron stores at birth. J Pediatr 2002;141:405-409.
71. Kilbride J, Baker TG, Parapia LA, et al: Anaemia during pregnancy as a risk factor for iron-deficiency anaemia in infancy: a case-control study in Jordan. Int J Epidemiol 1999;28:461-468.
72. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition: Nutritional needs of the preterm infants; in Kleinman RE (ed): Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, ed 5. Chapel Hill, NC American Academy of Pediatrics, 2004, pp 23-54.
73. Georgieff MK: Iron; in Hay WH Jr, Thureen P (eds): Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism, ed 2. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp 291-298.
74. Cooke RW, Drury JA, Yoxall CW, James C: Blood transfusion and chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr 1997;156:47-50.
75. Inder TE, Clemett RS, Austin NC, Graham P, Darlow BA: High iron status in very low birth weight infants is associated with an increased risk of retinopathy of prematurity. J Pediatr 1997;131:541-544.
76. Saarinen UM, Siimes MA: Iron absorption from breast milk, Cow's milk and iron- supplemented formula: an opportunistic use of changes in total body iron determined by hemoglobin, ferritin and body weight in 132 infants. Pediatr Res 1979;13:143-147.
77. Calvo EB, Galindo AC, Aspres NB: Iron status in exclusively breast fed infants. Pediatrics 1992;90:375-379.
78. Griffin IJ, Reid MM, McCormick KP, Cooke RJ: Zinc protoporphyrin/haem ratio and plasma ferritin in preterm infants . Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002;87:F49-F51.
79. Lundstrom U, Siimes MA, Dallman PR: At what age does iron supplementation become necessary in low-birth-weight infants? J Pediatr 1977;91:878-883.