Building China's telecommunications network: Industrial policy and the role of Chinese state-owned, foreign and private domestic enterprises

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 190, 2007, Pages 311-332

  Harwit, Eric ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INDUSTRIAL COMPETITION; INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE; INDUSTRIAL POLICY; JOINT VENTURE; MONOPOLY; TELECOMMUNICATION;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST;

EID: 34547746045     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: 14682648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S030574100700121X     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 18.
2. Ibid. p. 19.
3. A World Bank study has a similar definition of "industrial policy," calling it "government efforts to alter industrial structure to promote productivity-based growth." World Bank, The East Asian Miracle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 304.
4. For more detail on these and other elements of Johnson's industrial policy model, see Johnson, MITI, pp. 318-19, as well as his entire concluding chapter (pp. 305-24).
5. Ibid. pp. 276-78.
6. Ibid. p. 314.
7. Chalmers Johnson, "Political institutions and economic performance: The government-business relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan," in Frederic C. Deyo (ed.), The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987), pp. 136-64.
8. Johnson, MITI, p. 309.
9. Ibid. p. 310.
10. Kenneth Lieberthal and Nfichel Oksenberg, Policy Making in China (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).
11. Adam Segal, Digital Dragon: High-technology Enterprises in China (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
12. Thomas G. Moore, China in the World Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
13. Edward Steinfeld, Forging Reform in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
14. For discussions of the automobile industry, see my book China's Automobile Industry (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1095)
15. A good article on recent developments is Gregory Noble, John Ravenhill and Richard Doner, "Executioner or disciplinarian - WTO accession and the Chinese auto industry," in Business and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 2, article 1.
16. Dangdai Zhongguo de youdian shiye (Contemporary China's Post and Telecommunications Facilities) (Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo chubanshe, 1993), p. 13.
17. Detailed history of the MPT is available in Zhongguo youdian baike quanshu (Enyclopedia of China's Post and Telecommunications) (Beijing: Remnin youdian chubanshe, 1995); and in Contemporary China's Post and Telecommunications Facilities.
18. For more information on the various machine building ministries of the 1950s and 1960s, see Cheng Chu-Yuan, The Machine Building Industry in China (Chicago: Aline - Atherton, 1971).
19. Zhongguo jiaotong nianjian (China Communications Yearbook) (Beijing: Zhongguo, jiaotong nianjian she, 1986), p. 235.
20. Contemporary China's Post and Telecommunications Facilities, p. 471.
21. Ibid. p. 456.
22. Zhongguo tongii nianjian (China Statistical Yearbook) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1981), p. 291.
23. Encyclopedia of China's Post and Telecommunications, p. 485.
24. Ibid p. 483.
25. Interview with PTIC official in Beijing, 6 July 1995.
26. On profit retention, see Barry Naughton, Growing out of the Plan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 101-03.
27. Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 22 February 1982 report "China accelerates development of telecommunications."
28. Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 20 August 1994 report "Posts and telecommunications in China," and Tang Tinglong, "The development of the Shanghai local telephone service," China Telecommunications Construction, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1989), pp. 45-46.
29. Cheng Dongsheng and Liu Lili, Huawei zhenxiang (The Truth of Huawei (Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo chubanshe, 2004), p. 26.
30. Alex Tan, "The outlook for the future of China's CO switch market," Telecom Asia, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1996), p. 41.
31. Cheng and Liu, The Truth of Huawei, p. 31.
32. Margaret Pearson, Joint Ventures in the People's Republic of China (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
33. Zhou Huasheng and Maurice Kerkhofs, "System 12 technology transfer to the People's Republic of China," International Journal of Technology Managentent, Vol. 3, No. 1-2 (1988), p. 205.
34. From July 2002 interview with Alcatel Shanghai Bell in Shanghai.
35. Business China, Economist Intelligence Unit, 30 September 1996, p. 8.
36. Shen Xiaobai, The Chinese Road to High Technology (New York: St Martin's Press, 1999), p. 73.
37. Zhou and Kerkhofs, "System 12 technology transfer," pp. 206, 209.
38. Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 15 July 1991.
39. See, for example, Xinhua General Overseas News Service, reports on 25 April 1990, and 22 August 1991.
40. Beijng Review, 24-30 June 1996, p. 22.
41. South China Morning Post, 28 August 1997, p. 4.
42. South China Morning Post, 25 July 1993, p. 7
43. The Christian Science Monitor, 24 September 1991, p.9. NEC formed its first joint venture in 1990 in Tianjin.
44. Zhou and Kerkhofs, "System 12 technology transfer," p. 211.
45. Fan Xing, China Telecommunications: Constituencies and Challenges, Program on Information Resources Policy, Center for Information Policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 144.
46. South China Morning Post, 8 March 1994, business p. 4.
47. Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 22 August 1991.
48. Associated Press, "Shanghai firms lead China in profit," 29 July 1993.
49. Asia Pulse, 9 April 1999 report.
50. Business China, Economist Intelligence Unit, 30 September 1996, p. 8
51. This early history of Julong is derived from "The Great Dragon Group and the HJD-04: Domestic switching in the ascendant" in Telecom Asia Vol. 7, No. 1 (1996), pp. 42-45.
52. "The Great Dragon Group and the HJD-04," p. 44.
53. Xinhua News Agency, 21 September 1995 report.
54. Asia Pacific Telecoms Analyst, 25 September 1995 report.
55. Wu is quoted in the newspaper Jingi cankao bao (Economic Information News), 11 February 1999, cited in China Online report, 16 February 1999.
56. George J. Gilboy, "The myth behind China's miracle," Foreign Affairs, 1 July 2004, pp. 12-13.
57. From ZTE website, http://www.zte.com.cn/English/01about/index2jsp.
58. http://www.zte.com.cn/English/01about/index2.jsp.
59. From 23 July 2004 interview with ZTE official in Shenzhen, and Shenzhen Data Communications Bureau website, at http://www.shenzhenwindow.net/ topten/e-zte.htm.
60. Asia Pulse, 9 April 1999 report.
61. From 23 July 2004 interview with ZTE official in Shenzhen.
62. Ibid.
63. From Shenzhen Data Communications Bureau website, at http://www.shenzhenwindow.net/topten/e-zte.htm.
64. Financial Times, 5 November 1998, World Trade, p. 11.
65. Asia Pulse, 9 April 1999 report.
66. For detail on Ren's background, see Sun Li, "Huawei: Tulang xiang shizi de yanjiang" ("The evolution from a wolf to a lion", IT jingli shijie (CEO and CIO Information Times), No. 10 (20 May 2002), pp. 50-62
67. Cheng and Liu, The Truth of Huawei, p. 26.
68. Rupert Hoogewerf, "Where's Huawei," at http://www.forbes.com/global/2002/1111/056sidebar.html.
69. Cheng and Liu, The Truth of Huawei, pp. 26-27. The following discussion of Huawei's early history, unless otherwise noted, is derived from this source's chapter one.
70. Xinhua News Agency, 15 November 1994 report.
71. Financial Times, 11 January 2005, comment and analysis, p. 15.
72. Cheng and Liu, The Truth of Huawei, P. 30 (author's translation).
73. Wall Street Journal, 28 August 1997, p. A11.
74. Asia Pulse, 9 April 1999 report.
75. Sun Li, "Tbe evolution from a wolf to a lion," p. 55.
76. Cheng and Liu, The Truth of Huawei, pp. 105-06. The following paragraph is based on assertions in their work and in the above cited study by Sun U, The evolution from a wolf to a lion."
77. Sun Li, "The evolution from a wolf to a lion," p. 53
78. Cheng and Liu, The Truth of Huawei, pp. 105-06.
79. Sun Li, " The evolution from a wolf to a lion," pp. 53-54.
80. Based on interview with foreign telecommunications consultant in Beijing, July 2004, and with Huawei official in Shenzhen, July 2004.
81. Xinhua News Agency, 3 June 1998.
82. Xinhua General News Service, 19 May 2001.
83. From July, 2002 interview with Alcatel Shanghai Bell in Shanghai.
84. Ibid.
85. Xinhua Financial News, 15 January 2004 report, and Financial Times Information, SinoCast China IT Watch, 15 January 2004 report.
86. Financial Times Information, China Online, 16 December 1999 report.
87. South China Morning Post, 5 April 2003, Business Post, p. 2
88. Financial Times Information, Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, 24 January 2003 report.
89. From Huawei corporate publication, Your Profit, Our Goal, 2004, p. 10
90. AFX News Ltd, 9 June 2005 report.
91. Asia Pulse, 18 November 2004 report.
92. Ibid; and July 2004 interview with ZTE official in Shenzhen.
93. From http://www.chinanex.com/company/putian.htm.
94. Huang Yasheng, Selling China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
95. Quotation cited in The Economist, 5 March 2005, p. 9.