The banking and cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells

Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 293-304

  Hunt, Charles J ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STANDARDS AND CONTROL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cell line; Cryopreservation; Embryonic stem cells; Human; Vitrification

Indexed keywords

CRYOPROTECTIVE AGENT;

BLOOD BANK; BLOOD STORAGE; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CELL CULTURE; CELL ISOLATION; CELL LINE; CELL VIABILITY; CRYOPRESERVATION; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; FREEZING; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NONHUMAN; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; UNITED KINGDOM; VITRIFICATION;

EID: 34547726159     PISSN: 16603796     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000104458     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Evans MJ, Kaufman M: Establishment in culture of pluripotent cells from mouse embryos. Nature 1981;292:154-156.
2. Bongso A, Fong C-Y, Ng SC, Ratnam S: Isolation and culture of inner mass cells from human blastocysts. Hum Reprod 1994;9:2110-2117.
3. Thomson J, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro, SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergeil JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM: Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 1998;282:1145-1147.
4. Reubinoff BE, Pera MF, Fong C-Y, Trounson A, Bongso A: Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocyts: somatic differentiation in vitro. Nature Biotechnology 2000;18:399-404.
5. Thompson H: Bioprocessing of embryonic stem cells for drug discovery. Trends Biotechnol DOI: 10.1016/.tibtech.2007.03.003.
6. Lerou PH, Daley GQ: Therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells. Blood Rev 2005;19:321-331.
7. Cohen S, Leshanski L, Itskovitz-Eldor J: Tissue engineering using human embryonic stem cells. Methods Enzymol 2006;420:303-315.
8. Strulovici Y, Leopold PL, O'Connor TP, Pergolizzi RG, Crystal RG: Human embryonic stem cells and gene therapy. Mol Therapy DOI:10.1038/mt.sj.6300125.
9. Zhang S-C, Li X-J, Johnson MA, Pankratz MT: Human embryonic stem cells for brain repair. Phil Trans R Soc B DOI:10.1098/rstb.2006.2014.
10. Fukuda H,Takahashi J: Embryonic stem cells as a cell source for treating Parkinson's disease. Exp Opin Biol Ther 2005;5:1273-1280.
11. Heit JJ, Kim SK: Embryonic stem cells and islet replacement in diabetes mellitus. Ped Diabetes 2004;5:5-15.
12. Caspi O, Gepstein L: Regenerating the heart using human embryonic stem cells - from cell to bedside. IMAJ 2006;8:208-214.
13. Bhatia M: Hematopoiesis from human embryonic stem cells. Annals N Y Acad Sci DOI: 10.1196/-annals.1392.007.
14. Smith AG: Embryo-derived stem cells: of mice and men. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2001;17:435-462.
15. Henderson JK, Draper JS, Baille HS, Fishel S, Thompson JA, Moore H, Andrews PW: Preimplantation human embryos and embryonic stem cells show comparable expression of stage-specific embryonic antigens. Stem Cells 2002;20:329-337.
16. Hoffman LM, Carpenter MK: Characterisation and culture of human embryonic stem cells. Nature Biotechnol 2005;23:699-708.
17. Cowan CC, Klimanskaya I, McMahon J, Atienza J, Witmyer J, Zucker JP, Wang S, Morton CC, McMahon AP, Powers D, Melton DA: Derivation of embryonic stem-cell lines from human blastocysts. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1353-1356.
18. Pickering SJ, Braude PR, Patel M, Burns CJ, Trussler J, Bolton V, Minger S: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis as a novel source of embryos for stem cell research. Reprod Biomed Online 2003;7:353-364.
19. Strelchenko N, Verlinsky O, Kukharenko V, Verlinsky Y: Morula-derived human embryonic stem cells. Reprod Biomed Online 2004;9:623-629.
20. Zhang X, Stojkovic P, Przyborski S, Cooke M, Armstrong L, Lako M, Stojkovic M: Derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines from developing and arrested embryos. Stem Cells 2006;24:2669-2676.
21. Klimanskaya I, Chung Y, Becker S, Lu SJ, Lanza R: Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres. Nature 2006;444:481-485.
22. Bongso A, Tan S: Human blastocyst culture and derivation of embryonic stem cell lines. Stem Cell Rev 2005;1:87-98.
23. Healy L, Hunt C, Young L, Stacey G: The UK Stem Cell Bank: its role as a public research resource centre providing access to well-characterised seed stocks of human stem cell lines. Adv Drug Del Rev 2007;57:1981-1988.
24. House of Lords Stem Cell Research Select Committee: Stem cell research - report. 2002. www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld200102/ ldselect/ldstem/83/8301.htm.
25. Medical Research Council: Code of practice for the use of human stem cell lines. 2006. www.mrc.ac.uk/Utilities/Documentrecord/index.htm?d = MRC003132.
26. Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA): Rules and Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors 2007. London, Pharmaceutical Press, 2007.
27. EU Directive 2004/23/EC: On setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ site/en/oj/2004/l_102/l_10220040407 en00480058.pdf.
28. EU Directive 2006/17/EC: Implementing Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and the Council as regards certain technical requirements for the donation, procurement, and testing of human tissues and cells. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_038/ l_03820060209en00400052.pdf.
29. EU Directive 2006/86/EC: Implementing Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and the Council as regards traceability requirements, notification of serious adverse reactions and events and certain technical requirements for the coding, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/ 2006/l_294/l_29420061025en00320050.pdf.
30. Guhr A, Kurtz A, Freidgen K, Loser P: Current state of human embryonic stem cell research: an overview of cell lines and their use in experimental work. Stem Cells 2006;24:2187-2191.
31. The Steering Committee for The International Stem Cell Initiative: The International Stem Cell Initiative: towards benchmarks for human embryonic stem cell research. Nature Biotech 2005;23:795-797.
32. Taylor CT, Bolton EM, Pocock S, Sharples LD, Pedersen RA, Bradley A: Banking on human embryonic stem cells: estimating the number of donor cell lines needed for HLA matching. Lancet 2005;366:2019-2025.
33. Stojkovic M, Lako M, Strachen T, Murdoch A: Derivation, growth and applications of human embryonic stem cells. Reproduction 2005;128:259-267.
34. Drexler HG, Uphoff CC: Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures. Incidence, sources, effects, detection, elimination, prevention. Cytotechnology 2002;39:75-90.
35. MacLeod RA, Dirks WG, Matsuo Y, Kaufman M, Milch H, Drexler HG: Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source. Int J Cancer 1999;83:555-563.
36. Stacey G: Fundamental issues for cell-line banks in biotechnology and regulatory affairs; in Fuller BJ, Lane N, Benson EE (eds): Life in the Frozen State. London, CRC Press, 2004, pp 437-452.
37. Sandra C, Balls M, Bowe G, Davies J, Gstraunthaler G, Hartung T, Hay R, Merten OW, Price A, Schechtman L, Stacey G, Stokes W, Patlewicz G: Guidance on good cell culture practice. a report of the second ECVAM task force on good cell culture practice. Altern Lab Anim 2005;33:261-287.
38. Lee JB, Song JM, Lee JE, Park JH, Kim SJ, Kang SM, Kwon JN, Kim MK, Roh SI, Yoon HS: Available human feeder cells for the maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. Reproduction 2004;128:727-735.
39. Pera MF, Laslett A, Hawes SM, Tellis I, Koh K, Nguyen L: Isolation and characterisation of human ES cells; in Notarianni E, Evans MJ (eds): Embryonic Stem Cells. A Practical Approach, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp 238-259.
40. Amit M, Itskovitz-Elder J: Feeder-free culture of human embryonic stem cells. Methods Enzymol 2006;420:37-49.
41. Pittenger MF, Mbalaviele G, Black M, Mosca JD and Marshak DR: Mesenchymal stem cells; in Koeller MR, Palssen BO, Masters JRW (eds): Human Cell Culture. Vol V. Primary Mesenchymal Cells. London, Kluwer, 2001, pp 189-207.
42. Sarugaser R, Lickorish D, Baksh D, Hosseini MM, Davies JE: Human umbilical cord perivascular (HUCPV) cells: a source of mesenchymal progenitors. Stem Cells 2005;23:220-229.
43. Brook FA: Procedures for deriving ES cell lines from the mouse; in Notarianni E, Evans MJ (eds): Embryonic Stem Cells. A Practical Approach. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp 7-40.
44. Suemori H, Sasai Y, Umenda K, Nakatsuji N: ES cell lines from the cynomologus monkey (Macaca Fasicularis); in Notarianni E, Evans MJ (ed): Embryonic Stem Cells. A Practical Approach. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp 294-319.
45. Amit M, Carpenter MK, Inokuma MS, Chiu CP, Harris CP, Waknitz MA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Thomon JA: Clonally derived human embryonic stem cell lines maintain pluripotancy and proliferative potential for prolonged periods of culture. Dev Biol 2000;227:271-278.
46. Udy GB, Evans MJ: Microplate DNA preparation, PCR screening and cell freezing for gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Biotechniques 1994;17:887-894.
47. Robertson EJ: Embryo derived cell lines, in Robertson EJ (ed): Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach. Oxford, IRL Press, 1987, pp 71-112.
48. Ure JM, Fiering S, Smith AG: A rapid and efficient method for freezing and recovering clones of embryonic stem cells. Trends Genet 1992;8:6.
49. Heng BC, Kuleshova LL, Bested SM, Liu H, Cao T: The cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2005;41:97-104.
50. Reubinoff BE, Pera MF, Vajta G, Trounson AO: Effective cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells by the open pulled straw vitrification method. Human Reprod 2001;16:2187-2194.
51. Zhou CQ, Mai QY, Li T, Zhaung GJ: Cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells by vitrification. Chin Med J (Engl) 2004;117:1050-1055.
52. Ha YS, Jee BC, Suh CS, Kim HS, Oh SY, Kim AH, Moon SY: Cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells without the use of a programmable freezer. Human Reprod 2005;20:1779-1785.
53. Richards M, Fong CY, Tan S, Chan WK, Bongso A: An efficient and safe xeno-free cryopreservation method for the storage of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2004;22:779-789.
54. Simon AM, Goodenough DA: Diverse functions of vertebrate gap junctions. Trends Cell Biol 1998;8:477-483.
55. De Maio A, Vega VL, Contreras JE: Gap junctions, homeostasis and injury. J Cell Physiol 2002;191:269-282.
56. Sathananthan H, Pera M, Trounson A: The fine structure of human embryonic stem cells. Reprod. Biomed Online 2002;4:56-61.
57. Wong, RCB, Pebay A, Nguyen LTV, Koh KLL, Pera MF: Presence of functional gap junctions in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2004;22:883-889.
58. Oyamada Y, Komatsu K, Kimura H, Mori M, Oyamanda M: Differential regulation of gap junction protein (connexin) genes during cardiomyocytes differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1996;229:318-326.
59. Baharvand H, Matthaei KI: The ultrastructure of mouse embryonic stem cells. Reprod Biomed Online 2003;7:330-335.
60. Acker JP, Larese A, Yang H, Petrenko A, McGann LE: Intracellular ice formation is affected by cell interactions. Cryobiology 1999;38:363-371.
61. Berger WK, Uhrik B: Freeze-induced shrinkage of individual cells and cell-to-cell propagation of intracellular ice in chains from salivary glands. Experientia 1996;15:843-850.
62. Acker JP, Elliot JAW, McGann LE: Intracellular ice propagation: experimental evidence for ice growth through membrane pores. Biophys J 2001;81:1389-1397.
63. Irimia D, Karlsson JO: Kinetics and mechanisms of intracellular ice propagation in a micropatterned tissue construct. Biophysics J 2002;82:1858-1868.
64. Toner M, Cravalho EG, Karel M: Thermodynamics and kinetics of intracellular ice formation during freezing of biological cells. J Appl Phys 1990;67:1582-1593.
65. Acker JP, McGann LE: The role of cell-cell contact on intracellular ice formation. Cryo Lett 1998;19:367-374.
66. Ji L, de Pablo J, Palacek SP: Cryopreservation of adherent human embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004;88:299-312.
67. Heng BC, Ye CP, Lui H, Toh WS, Rufaihah AJ, Bay BH, Ge Z, Ouyang HW, Lee EH, Cao T: Loss of viability during freeze-thaw of intact and adherent human embryonic stem cells with conventional slow-cooling protocols is predominantly due to apoptosis rather than cellular necrosis. J Biomed Sci 2006;13:433-435.
68. Heng BC, Ye CP, Lui H, Toh WS, Rufaihah AJ, Cao T: Kinetics of cell death of frozen-thawed human embryonic stem cell colonies is reversibly slowed down by exposure to low temperatures. Zygote 2006;14:341-348.
69. Ware CB, Nelson AM, Blau CA: Controlled-rate freezing of human ES cells. Biotechniques 2005;38:879-883.
70. Yang PF, Hua TC, Wu J, Chang ZH, Tsung HC, Cao YL: Cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells: a protocol by programmed cooling. Cryo Lett 2006;27:361-368.
71. Pegg DE, Diaper MP: Freezing versus vitrification: basic principles; in Smit Sibinga CT, Das PC, Meryman HT (eds): Cryopreservation and Low Temperature Biology in Blood Transfusion. Vol 24. Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1990, pp 55-69.
72. Taylor MJ, Song YC, Brockbank KGM: Vitrification in tissue preservation: new developments; in Fuller BJ, Lane N, Benson EE (eds): Life in the Frozen State. London, CRC Press, 2004, pp 603-641.
73. Vajta G, Nagy ZP: Are programmable freezers still needed in the embryo laboratory? Review on vitrification: Reprod Biomed Online 2006;12:779-796.
74. Vajta G, Holm P, Kuwayama M, Booth PJ, Jacobsen H, Greve T, Callensen H: Open pulled straw (OPS) vitrification: a new way to reduce cryoinjuries of bovine ova and embryos. Mol Rep Dev 1999;51:53-58.
75. Hunt CJ, Timmons PM: Cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cell lines; in Day JG, Stacey G (eds): Cryopreservation and Freeze Drying Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol 368. Totowa, Humana Press, 2007, pp 261-270.
76. Adler S, Pellizzer C, Paparella M, Hartung T, Bremer S: The effects of solvents on embryonic stem cell differentiation. Toxicol In Vitro 2006;20:265-271.
77. Vajta G, Booth PJ, Holm P, Greve T, Callesen H: Successful vitrification of early stage bovine in vitro produced embryos with the open pulled straw (OPS) method. Cryo Lett 1997;18:191-195.
78. Steyaert SR, Leroux-Rouls GG, Dhont M: Infections in IVF: review and guidelines. Human Reprod Update 2000;6:432-441.
79. Tomlinson M, Sakkas D: Is a review of standard procedures for cryopreservation needed? Safe and effective cryopreservation - should sperm banks and fertility centres move toward storage in nitrogen vapour? Human Reprod 2000;15:2460-2463.
80. Hawkins AE, Zuckerman MA, Briggs M, Gilson RJ, Goldstone AH, Brink NS, Tedder RS: Hepatitis B transmission nucleotide sequence analysis: linking an outbreak of acute hepatitis B to contamination of a cryopreservation tank. J Virol Methods 1996;60:81-88.
81. Mazzilli F, Delfino M, Imbrogno N, Elia J, Dondero F: Survival of micro-organisms in cryostorage of human sperm. Cell Tissue Banking 2006;7:75-79.
82. Tedder RS, Zuckerman MA, Goldstone AH, Hawkins AE, Fieldin A, Briggs EM, Irwin D, Blair S, Gorman AM, Patterson KG, Linch DC, Hepenstall J, Brink NS: Hepatitis B transmission from contaminated cryopreservation tank. Lancet 1995;346:137-140.
83. NHS Executive: Guidance Notes on the Processing, Storage, and Issue of Bone Marrow and Blood Stem Cells. London, Department of Health, 1997.
84. Rowley SD, Byrne DV: Low-temperature storage of bone marrow in nitrogen vapour-phase refrigerators: decreased temperature gradients with an aluminium racking system. Transfusion 1992;32:750-754.
85. Hunt CJ, Pegg DE: Improved temperature stability in gas phase nitrogen refrigerators: the use of a copper heat shunt. Cryobiology 1996;33:544-551.
86. Heng BC, Bested SM, Chan SW, Cao T: A proposed design for the cryopreservation of intact and adherent human embryonic stem cell colonies. In Vitro Cell Biol Dev - Animal 2005;41:77-79.
87. Kuleshova LL, Shaw JM, Trounson AO: Studies on replacing most of the cryoprotectant by polymers for embryo cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2001;43:21-31.
88. Wu CF, Tsung HC, Zhang WJ, Lu JH, Tang ZY, Kuang YP, Jin W, Cui L, Liu W, Cao YL: Improved cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells with trehalose. Reprod BioMed Online 2005;11:733-739.
89. Kim SJ, Park JH, Lee JE, Kim JM, Lee JB, Moon SY, Roh SI, Kim CG, Yoon HS: Effects of type IV collagen and laminin on the cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2004;22:950-961.
90. Armitage WJ: Osmotic stress as a factor in the detrimental effect of glycerol on human platelets. Cryobiology 1986;23:116-125.
91. Hunt CJ, Pegg DE, Armitage SE: Optimising cryopreservation protocols for haematopoietic cells: a methodological approach for umbilical cord blood. Cryo Lett 2006;27:73-85.
92. Wood EJ, Liu J, Derrow CW, Smith FO, Williams DA, Critser JK: Osmometric and permeability characteristics of human placental/umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells and their application to cryopreservation. J Haematother Stem Cell Res 2000;9:161-173.
93. Pegg DE: The development of cryopreservation methods for cord blood stem cells. Br Blood Trans Soc Newslett 1996;44.
94. Pegg DE: Viability assays for preserved cells tissues and organs. Cryobiology 1989;26:212-231.
95. Hunt CJ, Armitage SE, Pegg DE: Cryopreservation of umbilical cord blood: 2. Tolerance of CD34+ cells to multimolar dimethyl sulphoxide and the effect of cooling rate on the recovery after freezing and thawing. Cryobiology 2003;46:76-87.
96. Katkov II, Kim MS, Bajpai R, Altman YS, Mercola M, Loring JF, Terskikh AV, Snyder EY, Levine F: Cryopreservation by slow cooling with DMSO diminished production of Oct-4 pluripotency marker in human embryonic stem cells. Cryobiology 2006;53:194-205.
97. Oh SKW, Choo ABH: Human embryonic stem cells: Technological challenges towards therapy. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006;33:489-495.
98. Skottman H, Dilber MS, Hovatta O: The derivation of clinical-grade human embryonic stem cell lines. FEBS Lett 2006;580:2875-2878.