Another instance where privatization trumped liberalization: The politics of telecommunications reform in South Africa-A ten-year retrospective

Telecommunications Policy

Volumn 31, Issue 8-9, 2007, Pages 445-462

  Horwitz, Robert B ^a   Currie, Willie ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Association for Progressive Communications   (United States)

Author keywords

African National Congress; Black Economic Empowerment; Liberalization; Privatization; Regulation; South Africa; Telecommunications

Indexed keywords

COSTS; PRIVATIZATION; REGULATORY COMPLIANCE; TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS;

BLACK ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT; LIBERALIZATION;

TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES;

EID: 34547686495     PISSN: 03085961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2007.05.008     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. ANC (1996). The state and social transformation: An ANC discussion document. URL 〈http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/policy/s&st.html〉.
2. Barnes A. Owning Russia: The struggle over factories, farms, and power (2006), Cornell University Press, Ithaca
3. Business Day (2000). Telecoms body says the minister acted illegally and that its regulations still stand, June 8. URL 〈http://www.businessday.co.za/Articles/TarkArticle.aspx?ID=276155〉.
4. Business Day (2001). Nonstop flip-flops, October 22.
5. Business Day (2004). Telkom proves empowerment is cash in hand, March 6.
6. Cohen T. Rethinking (reluctant) capture: South African telecommunications and the impact of regulation. Journal of African Law 47 (2003) 65-87
7. Competition Commission (2004). Competition Commission refers Telkom complaint to tribunal (Media Release February 24). URL 〈http://www.compcom.co.za/resources/Media%20Releases/Media%20Releases%202004/Jan/Med%20Rel6%20of%20%2024Feb%202004.asp〉.
8. Dawes, N. (2004). Telkom: How Andile Ngcaba served himself. Mail & Guardian, November 14. URL 〈http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/insight/insight__national&articleid=141775〉.
9. Department of Communications (2000a). Interconnection guidelines issued by the authority in terms of section 43 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Government Gazette, Vol. 417, No. 20993, March 15. Notice 1259 of 2000. URL 〈http://www.polity.org.za/html/govdocs/notices/2000/not1259.html〉.
10. Department of Communications (2000b). Facilities leasing guidelines issued by the authority in terms of section 44 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Notice 1260 of 2000. Government Gazette 21108 GN R1680. URL 〈http://www.polity.org.za/html/govdocs/notices/2000/not1260.html〉.
11. Department of Communications (2002). Regulations: Manner of determining fees and charges for telecommunications services in the public switched telecommunications services (PSTS) sector. Government Gazette 23986, Notice No. R 1333, October 24. URL 〈http://www.icasa.org.za/SearchResults.aspx?Page=91&Criteria=Manner%20of%20Determining%20Fees%20and%20Charges%20for%20Telecommunications%20Services%20in%20the%20Public%20Switched%20Telecommunications%20Services%20(PSTS)%20Sector〉.
12. Efficient Research (2004). An international comparison of South African telecommunications costs and the possible effect of telecommunications on economic performance and a report on Telkom's financial statements and comparisons with selected local and international companies. URL 〈http://www.hellkom.co.za/〉.
13. Finnie G., Lewis C., Lonergan D., Mendler C., and Northfield D. South African communications, 2002-2008: Market review and analysis (2003), Yankee Group, Pretoria
14. Gelb, S. (1998). The politics of macroeconomic reform in South Africa. Paper presented to the conference on democracy and the political economy of reform. Cape Town, January 16-18.
15. Gillwald A. Good intentions, poor outcomes: Telecommunications reform in South Africa. Telecommunications Policy 29 (2003) 469-491
16. Gillwald, A., & Esselaar, S. (2004). South African ICT sector performance review. URL 〈http://link.wits.ac.za/research/research.html〉.
17. Gillwald, A., & Kane, S. (2003). South African telecommunications sector performance review. URL 〈http://link.wits.ac.za/research/research.html〉.
18. Gumede W.M. Thabo Mbeki and the battle for the soul of the ANC (2005), Zebra Press, Cape Town
19. Gush, H, & Ginsberg, J. (2003). South Africa raises $500 min in Telkom IPO, March 4. URL 〈http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~igiddy/cases/telkomsa.htm〉.
20. Hellcom URL 〈http://www.hellcom.co.za〉.
21. Hirsch A. Season of hope: Economic reform under Mandela and Mbeki (2005), University of KwaZulu-Natal Press and IDRC, South Africa and Canada
22. Hodge J. Telecommunications prices in South Africa: An international peer group comparison (2005), South Africa Foundation, Johannesburg
23. Hodge J. Reforming telecommunications in South Africa: Twelve steps for lowering costs and improving access (2005), South Africa Foundation, Johannesburg
24. Horwitz R.B. Communication and democratic reform in South Africa (2001), Cambridge University Press, New York
25. ICASA (2001). Findings and conclusions on the s27 enquiry whether a virtual private network (VPN) constitutes a managed data network (MDNS) or not. URL 〈http://www.icasa.org.za/SearchResults.aspx?Page=91&Criteria=VPN〉.
26. ICT Empowerment Charter Working Group (2005). ICT empowerment charter-final version. URL 〈http://www.ictcharter.org.za/draft.htm〉.
27. Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (2006). 2006 economic transformation audit: Money and morality. URL 〈http://www.polity.org.za/pol/home/?show=95682〉; 〈http://www.transformationaudit.org.za/〉.
28. ISPA (n.d.). URL 〈http://www.ispa.org.za/news/press060606-02.shtml〉.
29. ITU (2005). Mobile cellular subscribers per 100 people pdf fFiles for 2001-2004. URL 〈http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/〉.
30. Janisch, H.N., & Kotlowitz, D.M. (1998). African renaissance, market romance: Post-apartheid privatisation and liberalisation in South African broadcasting and telecommunications. Columbia Institute of Tele-Information. URL 〈http://www.vii.org/papers/romance.htm〉.
31. Lewis C. Negotiating the net: The internet in South Africa (1990-2003). Information Technologies and International Development 2 (2005) 1-28
32. Makhaya G., and Roberts S. Telecommunications in developing countries: Reflections from the South African experience. Telecommunications Policy 27 (2003) 41-59
33. Mandela: The Authorised Portrait (2006), Hodder Moa and Blackwell, London
34. Mbeki, T. (2005). State of the nation. URL 〈http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2005/05021110501001.htm〉.
35. Melody, W.H. (2002). Assessing Telkom's 2003 price increase proposal: Price cap regulation as a test of progress in South African telecom reform, and e-economy development. Link Centre policy research paper, 2. URL 〈http://link.wits.ac.za/research/wm20021130.htm〉.
36. Melody, W.H., Currie, W., & Kane, S. (2003). Preparing South Africa for information society 'e-services': The significance of the VANS sector. The Southern African Journal of Information and Communication, 4. URL 〈http://link.wits.ac.za/journal/journal4.html〉.
37. Minister of Communications. License issued to Telkom SA Ltd to provide public telecommunications services under s36 of the Telecommunications Act, 1996. GN 768/1997 Government Gazette 17984 (1997), Author, Pretoria
38. Minister of Communications (1997b). Ministerial determination on fees and charges for telecommunication services. Government Gazette 17984, Notice 772 of 1997, May 7.
39. Minister of Communications (2001). Telecommunications Act-policy directions, July 26. URL 〈http://www.polity.org.za/html/govdocs/policy/telecomms.html〉.
40. Mokaba, P. (1997). On leadership. Discussion paper in preparation for the ANC's 50th National Conference.
41. Mouffe C. The democratic paradox (2000), Verso, London
42. MyADSL (2006). Telkom's monopoly costs SA economy R50-billion. URL 〈http://www.mybroadband.co.za/nephp/?m=show&id=〉.
43. Piliso, S. (2006a). How ANC bigwigs jostled for Telkom. Sunday Times, October 15.
44. Piliso, S. (2006b). ANC defends state role in Telkom deal. Sunday Times, October 15.
45. Public Investment Corporation (2005). Announcement of the Elephant consortium-Telkom deal, May 5. URL 〈http://www.pic.gov.za/ur/Telkom.Announcement.pdf〉.
46. Regulateonline.org (2006). South Africa: Telecommunications policy costs users. URL 〈http://www.regulateonline.org/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=813&Itemid=32&relaItemid=643〉.
47. Republic of South Africa. White Paper on Reconstruction and Development (1994), Government Printer, Cape Town
48. Republic of South Africa. Telecommunications Act (Act No. 103 of 1996) (1996), Government Printer, Cape Town
49. Republic of South Africa. Ministry of posts, telecommunications and broadcasting. The White Paper on Telecommunications Policy (1996), Government Printer, Pretoria
50. Republic of South Africa (1996c). Department of Posts & Telecommunications. Submission to the Portfolio Committee on Communications on the Telecommunication Bill, October 28.
51. Republic of South Africa. Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications & Broadcasting. Telecommunications Regulatory Regime: An International Comparison of Legislation (1996), Ministry, Pretoria October 16
52. Republic of South Africa. Portfolio Committee on Communications, National Assembly. Amendments to Telecommunications Bill (B 85A-96) (1996), Committee, Cape Town
53. Republic of South Africa (1996f). Debates of Parliament, National Assembly. Telecommunications bill [second reading debate]. Remarks of the Minister for Posts, Telecommunications & Broadcasting [unrevised copy: Tape 220, disk 178; tape 240, disk 198] October 30).
54. Republic of South Africa. Growth, employment and redistribution: A macroeconomic strategy (1996), Government Printer, Pretoria
55. Republic of South Africa. Telecommunications Amendment Act (Act No. 64 of 2001) (2001), Government Printer, Cape Town
56. Republic of South Africa. Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment Act (No. 53 of 2003) (2004), Government Printer, Pretoria
57. Republic of South Africa. Electronic Communications Act (No. 36 of 2005) (2006), Government Printer, Cape Town
58. Rose, R. (2005). Telkom: COSATU leans on affiliate. Business Day (May 9).
59. SADC (1996). Protocol on transport, communication and meteorology. URL 〈http://www.iucnrosa.org.zw/elisa/SADC-Protocols/transport_protocol.html〉.
60. Salaman, A. (1998). Internet statistics. URL 〈http://www.dns.net/andras/stats.html〉.
61. SATRA. Pronouncement-P0001, October 14 (1997), SATRA, Johannesburg
62. Stones, L. (2001). Minister 'meddled' in ICASA's proposals: Plan would have benefited users, but restricted Telkom's overall rate hikes. Business Day, November 6.
63. Telkom. Annual Report 1996 (1997), Telkom, Pretoria
64. Telkom. Written resolutions of all the Directors of Telkom SA Limited (with Exhibits) (1997), Telkom, Pretoria
65. Telkom. Annual Report 2000 (2001), Telkom, Pretoria
66. Telkom. Annual Report 2002 (2003), Telkom, Pretoria
67. Telkom (2005). Corporate profile. URL 〈http://www.telkom.co.za/common/aboutus/index.html〉.
68. Telkom Ltd v M Mayimele-Hashatse NO, SATRA, SAVA (TPD, April 17, 2000, case No. 27451/1999, unreported).
69. Telkom SA (limited) v. Maepa and Others (1998). Transvaal Provincial Division 25840/97 High Court of South Africa. (April 8).
70. Telkom SA Limited, Thintana Communications LLC, SBC International-Management Services, Inc. and Telekom Management Services SDN.BHD (1997). Strategic services agreement. URL 〈http://www.telkom.co.za/pls/portal/docs/page/contents/minisites/ir/docs/exhibit10_2.pdf#search=%22telkom%20strategic%20services%20agreement%22〉.
71. Telkom SA Ltd v. H Dikgale NO, ICASA SAVA (TPD, March 20, 2001, Case No. 19341/2000, unreported).
72. Thintana Communications LLC. Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement (1997), Thintana Communications LLC, Pretoria
73. Thornton L., and Hodge J. Telecommunications pricing regulation. In: Thornton L., Carrim Y., Mtshaulana P., and Reyburn P. (Eds). Telecommunications law in South Africa (2006), STE Publishers, Johannesburg 200-214
74. TRASA. URL 〈http://www.trasa.org.bw/index.php〉.
75. US Securities and Exchange Commission (2000). SBC Communications, Inc. Form 10-K, December 31.
76. United States Securities and Exchange Commission (2006). Form 20-F: Telkom annual report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed August 4).
77. Walsten S.J. An empirical analysis of competition, privatization, and regulation in telecommunications markets in Africa and Latin America. Policy Research Working Paper 2136 (1999), World Bank, Washington, DC
78. Wellenius B., et al. Telecommunications: World bank experience and strategy (1993), World Bank, Washington, DC