Preventing hip fracture after stroke

Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 67-79

  Bast, Brian A ^a   Greenwald, Brian D ^b  

^a BETH ISRAEL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b MOUNT SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Bone loss; Calcium vitamin D supplementation; Hemiparesis; Hip fracture; Osteoporosis; Pharmacotherapeutic intervention; Stroke

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; AMINO TERMINAL TELOPEPTIDE; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CARBOXY TERMINAL TELOPEPTIDE; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DEOXYPYRIDINOLINE; FOLIC ACID; HOMOCYSTEINE; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PLACEBO; PYRIDOXINE; RISEDRONIC ACID; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; VITAMIN D;

BONE DENSITY; BONE MINERAL; BONE REMODELING; BONE STRENGTH; CLINICAL TRIAL; EXERCISE; FALLING; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN D METABOLISM; WEIGHT BEARING;

ACCIDENTAL FALLS; BONE DENSITY; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENTS; CALCIUM; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DIPHOSPHONATES; EXERCISE THERAPY; HIP FRACTURES; HUMANS; VITAMIN D;

EID: 34547677704     PISSN: 10749357     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1310/tsr1404-67     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Weinrich M, Good DC, Reding M, et al. Timing, intensity, and duration of rehabilitation for hip fracture and stroke: report of a workshop at the national center for medical rehabilitation research. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2004;18:12-28.
2. Peszczynski M. The fractured hip in hemiplegic patients. Geriatrics. 1957;12:687-690.
3. Ramnemark A, Nilsson M, Borssen B, Gustafson Y. Stroke, a major and increasing risk factor for femoral neck fracture. Stroke. 2000;31:1572-1577.
4. Dennis MS, Lo KM, McDowall M, West T. Fractures after stroke: frequency, types, and associations. Stroke. 2002;33:728-734.
5. Ramnemark A, Nyberg L, Borssen B, Olsson T, Gustafson Y. Fractures after stroke. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8:92-95.
6. Chiu KY, Pun WK, Luk KD, Chow SP. A prospective study on hip fractures in patients with previous cerebrovascular accidents. Injury. 1992;23:297-299.
7. Hooper G. Internal fixation of fractures of the neck of the femur in hemiplegic patients. Injury. 1979;10:281-284.
8. Christodoulou NA, Dretakis EK. Significance of muscular disturbances in the localization of fractures of the proximal femur. Clin Orthop. 1984;(187):215-217.
9. Gallagher JC, Melton LJ, Riggs BL. Examination of prevalence rates of possible risk factors in a population with a fracture of the proximal femur. Clin Orthop. 1980;(153):158-165.
10. Poplingher AR, Pillar T. Hip fracture in stroke patients, epidemiology and rehabilitation. Acta Orthop Scand. 1985;56:226-227.
11. Mulley G, Espley AJ. Hip fracture after hemiplegia. Postgrad Med J. 1979;55:264-265.
12. Kanis J, Oden A, Johnell O. Acute and long-term increase in fracture risk after hospitalization for stroke. Stroke. 2001;32:702-706.
13. Jauch EC. E Medicine. Acute Stroke Management. Available at: http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic9.htm. Accessed September 24, 2006.
14. Forster A, Young J. Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry. BMJ. 1995;311:83-86.
15. Sato Y, Asoh T, Kaji M, Oizumi K. Beneficial effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy in hemiplegic patients following an acute stroke. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:2487-2494.
16. Meyer HE, Tverdal A, Falch JA. Risk factors for hip fracture in middle-aged Norwegian women and men. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137:1203-1211.
17. Johnell O, Gullberg B, Kanis JA, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in European women: the MEDOS study. Mediterranean osteoporosis study. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10:1802-1815.
18. Poor G, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Predictors of hip fractures in elderly men. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10:1900-1907.
19. Clark P, Lavielle P, Franco-Marina F, et al. Incidence rates and lifetime risk of hip fractures in Mexicans over 50 years of age: a population-based study. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:2025-2030.
20. De Laet CE, Van Hout BA, Burger H, Weel AE, Hofman A, Pols HA. Hip fracture prediction in elderly men and women: validation in the Rotterdam study. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13:1587-1593.
21. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, Mellstrom D. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and fracture threshold in men. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;69:218-221.
22. Nevitt MC, Cummings SR. Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The study of osteoporotic fractures research group. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:1226-1234.
23. Tutuarima JA, van der Meulen JH, de Haan RJ, van Straten A, Limburg M. Risk factors for falls of hospitalized stroke patients. Stroke. 1997;28:297-301.
24. Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. Patient falls in stroke rehabilitation. A challenge to rehabilitation strategies. Stroke. 1995;26:838-842.
25. Ugur C, Gucuyener D, Uzuner N, Ozkan S, Ozdemir G. Characteristics of falling in patients with stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:649-651.
26. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:664-672.
27. Connell BR. Role of the environment in falls prevention. Clin Geriatr Med. 1996;12:859-880.
28. Lamb SE, Ferrucci L, Volapto S, Fried LP, Guralnik JM, Women's Health and Aging Study. Risk factors for falling in home-dwelling older women with stroke: the women's health and aging study. Stroke. 2003;34:494-501.
29. Hodkinson HM, Brain AT. Unilateral osteoporosis in longstanding hemiplegia in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1967;15:59-64.
30. Ramnemark A, Nyberg L, Lorentzon R, Olsson T, Gustafson Y. Hemiosteoporosis after severe stroke, independent of changes in body composition and weight. Stroke. 1999;30:755-760.
31. Hamdy RC, Krishnaswamy G, Cancellaro V, Whalen K, Harvill L. Changes in bone mineral content and density after stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;72:188-191.
32. Hamdy RC, Moore SW, Cancellaro VA, Harvill LM. Long-term effects of strokes on bone mass. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;74:351-356.
33. Sato Y, Fujimatsu Y, Kikuyama M, Kaji M, Oizumic K. Influence of immobilization on bone mass and bone metabolism in hemiplegic elderly patients with a long-standing stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1998;156:205-210.
34. Bassett CA. Biologic significance of piezoelectricity. Calcif Tissue Res. 1968;1:252-272.
35. Jorgensen L, Jacobsen BK, Wilsgaard T, Magnus JH. Walking after stroke: Does it matter? Changes in bone mineral density within the first 12 months after stroke. A longitudinal study. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:381-387.
36. Campbell GA, Kemm JR, Hosking DJ, Boyd RV. How common is osteomalacia in the elderly? Lancet. 1984;2:386-388.
37. Gloth FM 3rd, Gundberg CM, Hollis BW, Haddad JG Jr, Tobin JD. Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons. JAMA. 1995;274:1683-1686.
38. Chalmers J, Conacher WD, Gardner DL, Scott PJ. Osteomalacia - a common disease in elderly women. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1967;49:403-423.
39. Corless D, Boucher BJ, Cohen RD, Beer M, Gupta SP. Vitamin-D status in long-stay geriatric patients. Lancet. 1975;1:1404-1406.
40. Sato Y, Asoh T, Kondo I, Satoh K. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of hip fractures among disabled elderly stroke patients. Stroke. 2001;32:1673-1677.
41. Sato Y, Metoki N, Iwamoto J, Satoh K. Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in stroke patients. Neurology. 2003;61:338-342.
42. Bischoff HA, Borchers M, Gudat F, et al. In situ detection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in human skeletal muscle tissue. Histochem J. 2001;33:19-24.
43. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;20:187-192.
44. Donaldson CL, Hulley SB, Vogel JM, Hattner RS, Bayers JH, McMillan DE. Effect of prolonged bed rest on bone mineral. Metabolism. 1970;19:1071-1084.
45. Roberts D, Lee W, Cuneo RC, et al. Longitudinal study of bone turnover after acute spinal cord injury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:415-422.
46. Garland DE, Stewart CA, Adkins RH, et al. Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury. J Orthop Res. 1992;10:371-378.
47. Chantraine A. Clinical investigation of bone metabolism in spinal cord lesions. Paraplegia. 1971;8:253-259.
48. Sato Y, Kuno H, Kaji M, Ohshima Y, Asoh T, Oizumi K. Increased bone resorption during the first year after stroke. Stroke. 1998;29:1373-1377.
49. Youm T, Aharonoff G, Zuckerman JD, Koval KJ. Effect of previous cerebrovascular accident on outcome after hip fracture. J Orthop Trauma. 2000;14:329-334.
50. Di Monaco M, Vallero F, Di Monaco R, Mautino F, Cavanna A. Functional recovery and length of stay after hip fracture in patients with neurologic impairment. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;82:143-148; quiz 149-151, 157.
51. Gustafson Y, Berggren D, Brannstrom B, et al. Acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988;36:525-530.
52. Kagaya H, Takahashi H, Sugawara K, Dobashi M, Kiyokawa N, Ebina H. Predicting outcomes after hip fracture repair. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;84:46-51.
53. Hannan EL, Magaziner J, Wang JJ, et al. Mortality and locomotion 6 months after hospitalization for hip fracture: risk factors and risk-adjusted hospital outcomes. JAMA. 2001;285:2736-2742.
54. Perell KL, Nelson A, Goldman RL, Luther SL, Prieto-Lewis N, Rubenstein LZ. Fall risk assessment measures: an analytic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M761-766.
55. Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. Fall prediction index for patients in stroke rehabilitation. Stroke. 1997;28:716-721.
56. Rapport LJ, Webster JS, Flemming KL, et al. Predictors of falls among right-hemisphere stroke patients in the rehabilitation setting. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:621-626.
57. Schmid NA. 1989 Federal Nursing Service Award winner. Reducing patient falls: a research-based comprehensive fall prevention program. Mil Med. 1990;155:202-207.
58. Oliver D, Britton M, Seed P, Martin FC, Hopper AH. Development and evaluation of evidence based risk assessment tool (STRATIFY) to predict which elderly inpatients will fall: case-control and cohort studies. BMJ. 1997;315:1049-1053.
59. Cwikel JG, Fried AV, Biderman A, Galinsky D. Validation of a fall-risk screening test, the elderly fall screening test (EFST), for community-dwelling elderly. Disabil Rehabil. 1998;20:161-167.
60. Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go test. Phys Ther. 2000;80:896-903.
61. Jensen J, Lundin-Olsson L, Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. Fall and injury prevention in older people living in residential care facilities. A cluster randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:733-741.
62. Matsumoto C, Kushida K, Yamazaki K, Imose K, Inoue T. Metacarpal bone mass in normal and osteoporotic Japanese women using computed X-ray densitometry. Calcif Tissue Int. 1994;55:324-329.
63. Maimoun L, Couret I, Micallef JP, et al. Use of bone biochemical markers with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for early determination of bone loss in persons with spinal cord injury. Metabolism. 2002;51:958-963.
64. Eastell R, Barton I, Hannon RA, Chines A, Garnero P, Delmas PD. Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:1051-1056.
65. Eastell R, Mallinak N, Weiss S, et al. Biological variability of serum and urinary N-telopeptides of type I collagen in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:594-598.
66. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in stroke patients. Bone. 2005;36:721-726.
67. McKusick VA. Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue, 3rd ed. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1966:155.
68. Sattin RW, Easley KA, Wolf SL, Chen Y, Kutner MH. Reduction in fear of falling through intense tai chi exercise training in older, transitionally frail adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1168-1178.
69. Zeeuwe PE, Verhagen AP, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, van Rossum E, Faber MJ, Koes BW. The effect of tai chi chuan in reducing falls among elderly people: design of a randomized clinical trial in the Netherlands. BMC Geriatr. 2006;6:6.
70. Parker MJ, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD. Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review. BMJ. 2006;332:571-574.
71. van Schoor NM, Smit JH, Twisk JW, Bouter LM, Lips P. Prevention of hip fractures by external hip protectors: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:1957-1962.
72. Seeman E, Delmas PD. Bone quality - the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2250-2261.
73. Lockwood DR, Vogel JM, Schneider VS, Hulley SB. Effect of the diphosphonate EHDP on bone mineral metabolism during prolonged bed rest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975;41.533-541.
74. Chen B, Mechanick JI, Nierman DM, Stein A. Combined calcitriol- pamidronate therapy for bone hyperresorption in spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2001;24:235-240.
75. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Risedronate therapy for prevention of hip fracture after stroke in elderly women. Neurology. 2005;64:811-816.
76. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Risedronate sodium therapy for prevention of hip fracture in men 65 years or older after stroke. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1743-1748.
77. LaCroix AZ, Ott SM, Ichikawa L, Scholes D, Barlow WE. Low-dose hydrochlorothiazide and preservation of bone mineral density in older adults. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:516-526.
78. LaCroix AZ, Wienpahl J, White LR, et al. Thiazide diuretic agents and the incidence of hip fracture. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:286-290.
79. Gass M, Dawson-Hughes B. Preventing osteoporosis-related fractures: an overview. Am J Med. 2006;119:S3-S11.
80. Ho GY, Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and homocysteine-lowering effect of vitamin therapy in Singaporean stroke patients. Stroke. 2006;37:456-460.
81. Gregg EW, Cauley JA, Seeley DG, Ensrud KE, Bauer DC. Physical activity and osteoporotic fracture risk in older women, study of osteoporotic fractures research group. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:81-88.
82. Bowley SM, Whalen RT. Physical activity and bone density in women. Trans Orthop Pes Soc. 2001;41:2015-2025.
83. Worthen LC, Kim CM, Kautz SA, Lew HL, Kiratli BJ, Beaupre GS. Key characteristics of walking correlate with bone density in individuals with chronic stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42:761-768.
84. Mayhew PM, Thomas CD, Clement JG, et al. Relation between age, femoral neck cortical stability, and hip fracture risk. Lancet. 2005;366:129-135.