Pharmacologically mediated colon ischemia

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 102, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 1765-1780

  Hass, David J ^a   Kozuch, Patricia ^a   Brandt, Lawrence J ^a  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALOSETRON; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE; CHLORTALIDONE; CLONIDINE; ERGOT ALKALOID; FENOFIBRATE; GRANISETRON; HORMONE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; HYPERTENSIVE FACTOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LAMOTRIGINE; MEVINOLIN; MIRTAZAPINE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NAVELBINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OSMOTIC AGENT; PENICILLIN G; PHENTERMINE; PSEUDOEPHEDRINE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; SEROTONIN AGONIST; SEROTONIN ANTAGONIST; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCA ALKALOID; VOGLIBOSE;

COLON BLOOD FLOW; COLON ISCHEMIA; CONSTIPATION; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; APPETITE DEPRESSANTS; COLON; COLONIC NEOPLASMS; CONSTIPATION; DIGITALIS; HUMANS; ISCHEMIA; NASAL DECONGESTANTS;

EID: 34547631268     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: 15720241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01260.x     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Brandt LJ, Boley SJ. Colonic ischemia. Surg Clin Noth Am 1992 72 : 203 29.
2. Brandt LJ. Intestinal ischemia. In : Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease, 8th Ed. Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders Co., 2006 : 2563 85.
3. Brandt LJ, Boley SJ, Goldberg L, et al. Colitis in the elderly. Am J Gastroenterol 1981 76 : 239 45.
4. Cole JA, Cook SF, Sands BE, et al. Occurrence of colon ischemia in relation to irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2004 99 : 486 91.
5. Cappell MS. Intestinal (mesenteric) vasculopathy II: Ischemic colitis and chronic mesenteric ischemia. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1998 27 : 827 60.
6. Zimmerman BJ, Granger DN. Reperfusion injury. Surg Clin North Am 1992 72 : 65 83.
7. Thomson A, Hemphill D, Jeejeebhoy KN. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in intestinal disease. Dig Dis 1998 16 : 152 8.
8. Cappell MS. Colonic toxicity of administered drugs and chemicals. Am J Gastroenterol 2004 99 : 1175 90.
9. Dignan CR, Greenson JK. Can ischemic colitis be differentiated from C. difficile colitis in biopsy specimens? Am J Surg Pathol 1997 21 : 706 10.
10. Kishida T, Sato J, Fujimori S, et al. An endoscopic study of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi 1992 59 : 450 6.
11. Toffler RB, Pingoud EG, Barrell MI. Acute colitis related penicillin and penicillin derivatives. Lancet 1978 2 : 707 9.
12. Moulis H, Vender RJ. Antibiotic-associated colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994 18 : 227 31.
13. Miller AM, Bassett ML, Dahlstrom JE, et al. Case report: Antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. J Gastroenterol?Hepatol 1998 13 : 1115 8.
14. Sakurai Y, Tsuchiya H, Ikegami F, et al. Acute right-sided hemorrhagic colitis associated with oral administration of ampicillin. Dig Dis Sci 1979 24 : 910 5.
15. Gould PC, Khawaj FI, Rosenthal WS. Antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1982 77 : 491 3.
16. Beaugerie L, Metx M, Barbu F, et al. Klebsiella oxytoca as an agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003 1 : 370 6.
17. Glazer G. Long-term pharmacotherapy of obesity 2000: A review of efficacy and safety. Arch Intern Med 2001 161 : 1814 24.
18. Kokkinos J, Levine SR. Possible association of ischemic stroke with phentermine. Stroke 1993 24 : 310 3.
19. Comay D, Ramsay J, Irvine EJ. Ischemic colitis after weight-loss medication. Can J Gastroenterol 2003 17 : 719 21.
20. Texter EC, Chou CC, Merrill SL, et al. Direct effects of vasoactive agents on segmental resistance of the mesenteric portal circulation: Studies with 1-epinephrine, levarterenol, angiotensin, vasopression, acetylcholine, methacholine, histamine, and serotonin. J Lab Clin Med 1964 64 : 624 33.
21. Olithselvan A, Gorard DA. Vinorelbine and ischemic colitis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2003 15 : 166 7.
22. Daniele B, Battista Rossi G, Losito S, et al. Ischemic colitis associated with paclitaxel. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001 33 : 159 60.
23. Tashiro M, Yoshikawa I, Kume K, et al. Ischemic colitis associated with paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2003 98 : 231 2.
24. Ibrahim NK, Sahin AA, Dubrow RA, et al. Colitis associated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet 2000 355 : 281 3.
25. Sollott SJ, Chenh L, Pauly RR, et al. Taxol inhibits neointimal smooth muscle cell accumulation after angioplasty in the rat. J Clin Invest 1995 95 : 1869 76.
26. Emmanuel AV, Kamm MA. Laser Doppler flowmetry as a measure of extrinsic colonic innervation in functional bowel disease. Gut 2000 46 : 212 7.
27. Walker AM, Bohn RL, Cali C, et al. Risk factors for colonic ischemia. Am J Gastroenterol 2004 99 : 1333 7.
28. Nagai Y, Yamashita H, Nohara E, et al. Ischemic colitis probably induced by refractory constipation after voglibose administration in a patient with total gastrectomy. Intern Med 2000 39 : 861.
29. Wiener I, Tilkian AG, Palazzolo M. Coronary artery spasm and myocardial infarction in a patient with normal coronary arteries:Temporal relationship to pseudoephedrine ingestion. Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn 1990 20 : 51 3.
30. Dowd J, Bailey D, Moussa K, et al. Ischemic colitis associated with pseudoephedrine: Four cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1999 94 : 2430 4.
31. Traino AA, Buckley NA, Bassett ML. Probable ischemic colitis caused by pseudoephedrine with tramadol as a possible contributing factor. Ann Pharm 2004 38 : 2068 70.
32. Schneider RP. Ischemic colitis caused by decongestant? J Clin Gastroenterol 1995 2 : 335 6.
33. Lichtenstein GR, Yee NS. Ischemic colitis associated with decongestant use. Ann Intern Med 2000 132 : 682.
34. Klestov A, Kubler P, Meulet J. Recurrent ischaemic colitis associated with pseudoephedrine use. Int Med J 2001 31 : 195 6.
35. Simon JE, Chadwick AF, Craker LE. Herbs: An indexed bibliography. 1971-1980. The scientific literature on selected herbs, and aromatic and medicinal plants of the temperate zone. Hamden, CT : Archon Books, 1984 : 770.
36. Treat E, Ulano HB, Jacobson ED. Effects of intra-arterial ouabain on mesenteric and carotid hemodynamics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1971 179 : 144 8.
37. Harrison LA, Blaschke J, Phillips RS, et al. Effects of ouabain on the splanchnic circulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1969 169 : 321 7.
38. Levinsky RA, Lewis RM, Turner E, et al. Digoxin induced intestinal vasconstriction: The effects of proximal arterial stenosis and glucagon administration. Circulation 1975 52 : 130 6.
39. Keller HW, Lorenz R, Muller JM, et al. Ischemic colitis following digitalis poisoning. Chirurg 1984 55 : 830 1.
40. Sharefkin JB, Silen W. Diuretic agents: Inciting factor in nonocclusive mesenteric infarction? JAMA 1974 229 : 1451 3.
41. Kleespies A, Jonas S, Neuhaus P. Simulation of a colon carcinoma: Diuretic-induced ulcerative structuring ischemic colitis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2004 129 : 681 4.
42. Brandt LJ, Katz HJ, Wolf EL, et al. Simulation of colonic carcinoma by ischemia. Gastroenterology 1985 88 : 1137 42.
43. Ergot. Available at : http://www.people.vcu.edu/∼asneden/ The%20Ergot%20Alkaloids.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2007.
44. Jost WH, Raulf F, Muller-Lobeck H. Anorectal ergotism: Induced by migraine therapy. Acta Neurol Scand 1991 84 : 73 4.
45. Stillman AE, Weinberg M, Mast WC, et al. Ischemic bowel disease attributable to ergot. Gastroenterology 1977 72 : 1336 7.
46. Cameron-Strange A, Horner J. Multiple ischaemic complications of methysergide. Br J Surg 1984 71 : 162.
47. Gelford GJ, Cromwell DK. Methysergide, retroperitoneal fibrosis and rectosigmoid stricture. Am J Roentgenol 1968 104 : 566 70.
48. Buenger RE, Hunter JA. Reversible mesenteric artery stenoses due to methysergide maleate. JAMA 1966 198 : 558 60.
49. Katagiri Y, Ozek Y, Tateyama K, et al. A case of perforative peritonitis due to ischemic colitis associated with use of oral contraceptives. Jpn J Gastroenterol 1997 94 : 191 4.
50. Kondo K, Muneta S, Imamura Y, et al. A case of ischemic colitis due to an oral contraceptive agent. J Jap Soc Int Med 1995 84 : 296 7.
51. Egger G, Mangold R. Ischaemic colitis and oral contraceptives: A case report and brief review of the literature. Acta Hepatogastroenterol 1974 21 : 221 4.
52. Seroka J, Brun JG. Ischemic colitis caused by estrogen-antiestrogen combination. Presse Med 1991 20 : 1049.
53. Deana DG, Dean PJ. Reversible ischemic colitis in young women: Association with oral contraceptive use. Am J Surg Pathol 1995 19 : 454 62.
54. Newman JR, Cooper MA. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding and ischemic colitis. Can J Gastroenterol 2002 16 : 597 600.
55. Preventza OA, Lazarides K, Sawyer MD. Ischemic colitis in young adults: A single-institution experience. J Gastrointest Surg 2001 5 : 388 92.
56. Charles JA, Pullicino PM, Stoopack PM, et al. Ischemic colitis associated with nartriptan and oral contraceptive use. J Head Face Pain 2005 45 : 386.
57. Rutgeerts L, Ghillebert G, Drogenee W, et al. Ischemic colitis in a patient with Crohn's disease taking an oral contraceptive and an ergotamine alkaloid. Acta Clin Belg 1993 48 : 48 51.
58. Saibeni S, Cattaneo M, Vecchi M, et al. Low vitamin B6 plasma levels, a risk factor for thrombosis, in inflammatory bowel disease: Role of inflammation and correlation with acute phase reactants. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98 : 112 7.
59. Heer M, Repond F, Hany A, et al. Acute ischaemic colitis in a female long distance runner. Gut 1987 28 : 896 9.
60. Rosing J, Curvers J, Tans G. Oral contraceptives, thrombosis and haemostasis. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol 2001 95 : 193 7.
61. Jwu O, Robertson L, Langhorne P, et al. Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, thrombophilias and risk of venous thromboembolism: A systematic review. The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study. Thromb Hemost 2005 94 : 17 25.
62. Koutroubakis IE, Sfiridaki A, Theodoropoulou A, et al. Role of acquired and hereditary thrombotic risk factors in colon ischemia of ambulatory patients. Gastroenterology 2001 121 : 561 5.
63. Midian-Singh R, Polen A, Durishin C, et al. Ischemic colitis revisited: A prospective study identifying hypercoagulability as a risk factor. South Med J 2004 97 : 120 3.
64. Tanis BC, Rosendaal FR. Venous and arterial thrombosis during oral contraceptive use: Risks and risk factors. Semin Vasc Med 2003 3 : 69 84.
65. Marcuson RW, Stewart JO, Marston A. Experimental venous lesions of the colon. Gut 1972 13 : 1 7.
66. Lee HH, Agha FP, Owyang C. Ischemic colitis masquerading as colonic tumor: An unusual endoscopic presentation. Endoscopy 1986 18 : 31 2.
67. McClennan BL. Ischemic colitis secondary to Premarin: Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 1976 19 : 618 20.
68. Gurbuz AK, Gurbuz B, Salas L, et al. Premarin-induced ischemic colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994 19 : 108 11.
69. Gelfand MD. Ischemic colitis associated with a depot synthetic progestogen. Am J Dig Dis 1972 17 : 275 7.
70. Barouk J, Doubremelle M, Farouz R, et al. Ischemic colitis after taking flutamide. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1998 22 : 841.
71. Miyata T, Tamechika Y, Torisu M. Ischemic colitis in a 33-year-old woman on danazol treatment for endometriosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1988 83 : 1420 3.
72. Johnson TD, Bereson MM. Methamphetamine-induced ischemic colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991 13 : 687 9.
73. Beyer KL, Bickel JT, Butt JH. Ischemic colitis associated with dextroamphetamine use. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991 13 : 198 201.
74. Burks T, Croker K, Fischman M, et al. Anticipating a new ice age: The pharmacology and abuse implications of methamphetamine. Bethesda, MD : The American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, 1990 : 1 5.
75. Rothrock JF, Rubenstein R, Lyden PD. Ischemic stroke associated with methamphetamine inhalation. Neurology 1988 38 : 589 92.
76. Margaolis MT, Newtown TH. Methamphetamine ("speed") arteritis. Neuroradiology 1971 2 : 179 82.
77. Herr RD, Caravati EM. Acute transient ischemic colitis after oral methamphetamine ingestion. Am J Emerg Med 1991 9 : 406 9.
78. Dirkx CA, Gerscovich EO. Sonographic findings in methamphetamine-induced ischemic colitis. J Clin Ultrasound 1998 26 : 479 82.
79. Fishel R, Hammamoto G, Barbul A, et al. Cocaine colitis? Is this a new syndrome? Dis Colon Rectum 1985 28 : 264 6.
80. Nalbandian H, Sheth N, Dietrich R, et al. Intestinal ischemia caused by cocaine ingestion: Report of two cases. Surgery 1985 97 : 374 6.
81. Niazi M, Kondru A, Levy J, et al. Spectrum of ischemic colitis in cocaine users. Dig Dis Sci 1997 42 : 1537 41.
82. Boutros HH, Pautler S, Chakrabarti S. Cocaine-induced ischemic colitis with small-vessel thrombosis of colon and gallbladder. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997 24 : 49 53.
83. Jaffe JH. Drug addiction and drug abuse. In : Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York : Pergamon, 1990 : 539 45.
84. Sparano JA, Dutcher JP, Kaleya R, et al. Colonic ischemia complicating immunotherapy with interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha. Cancer 1991 68 : 1538 44.
85. Okanoue T, Sakamoto S, Itoh Y, et al. Side effects of high-dose interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 1996 25 : 283 91.
86. Gemlo BT, Palladino MA Jr., Jaffee HS, et al. Circulating cytokines in patients with metastatic cancer treated with recombinant interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Cancer Res 1988 48 : 5864 7.
87. Jarry A, Bach-Ngohou K, Masson D, et al. Human colonic myocytes are involved in post-ischemic inflammation through ADAM17-dependent TNFalpha production. Br J Pharamacol 2006 147 : 64 72.
88. Soong CV, Blair PH, Halliday MI, et al. Endotoxaemia, the generation of the cytokines and their relationship to intramucosal acidosis of the sigmoid colon in elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Surg 1993 7 : 534 9.
89. Wright A, Benfield GF, Felix-Davies D. Ischaemic colitis and immune complexes during gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1984 43 : 495 7.
90. Gomella LG, Gehrken A, Hagihara PF, et al. Ischemic colitis and immunosuppression. Dis Colon Rectum 1986 29 : 99 101.
91. Lillemoe KD, Romolo JL, Hamilton SR, et al. Intestinal necrosis due to sodium polystyrene (Kayexelate) in sorbitol enemas: Clinical and experimental support for the hypothesis. Surgery 1987 101 : 267 72.
92. Rogers FB, Li SC. Acute colonic necrosis associated with sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate) enemas in a critically ill patient: Case report and review of the literature. J Trauma 2001 51 : 395 7.
93. Kelsey PB, Chen S, Lauwers GY. A 79-year-old man with coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, end-stage renal disease, and abdominal pain and distention. N Engl J Med 2004 349 : 2147 55.
94. Rashid A, Hamilton SR. Necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract in uremic patients as a result of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexelate) in sorbitol: An unrecognized condition. Am J Surg Pathol 1997 211 : 60 9.
95. Gerstman BB, Kirkman R, Platt R. Intestinal necrosis associated with postoperative orally administered sodium polystyrene sulfonate in sorbitol. Am J Kidney Dis 1992 20 : 159 61.
96. Swarbrick MJ, Collins MC, Moore DJ, et al. A comparative trial of magnesium citrate (Citrmag) and Picolax for barium enema bowel preparation. Clin Radiol 1994 49 : 379 81.
97. Huynh T, Vanner S, Paterson W. Safety profile of 5-h oral sodium phosphate regimen for colonoscopy cleansing: Lack of clinically significant hypocalcemia or hypovolemia. Am J Gastroenterol 1995 90 : 104 7.
98. Oh JK, Meiselman M, Lataif LE. Ischemic colitis caused by oral hyperosmotic saline laxatives. Gastrointest Endosc 1997 45 : 319 21.
99. Donowitz M. Magnesium-induced diarrhea and new insight into the pathology of diarrhea. N Engl J Med 1991 324 : 1059 60.
100. Lopez Morra HA, Fine SN, Dickstein G. Colonic ischemia with laxative use in young adults. Am J Gastroenterol 2005 100 : 2134 5.
101. Chang RY, Tsai CH, Chou Y, et al. Nonocclusive ischemic colitis following glycerin enema in a patient with coronary artery disease. Angiology 1995 46 : 747 52.
102. Noer RJ, Robb J, Jacobson LF. Circulatory disturbances produced by acute intestinal distention in the living animal. AMA Arch Surg 1951 63 : 520 8.
103. Sarna SK. Effect of fluid perfusion and cleansing on canine colonic motor activity. Am J Physiol 1992 262 : G62 8.
104. Durante L, Zulty JC, Israel E, et al. Investigation of an outbreak of bloody diarrhea: Association with endoscopic cleaning solution and demonstration of lesions in an animal model. Am J Med 1992 92 : 476 80.
105. Castelli M, Qizilbash A, Seaton T. Post-colonoscopy proctitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1986 81 : 887.
106. West AB, Kuan S, Bennick M, et al. Glutaraldehyde colitis following endoscopy: Clinical outbreak and pathological features and investigation of an outbreak. Gastroenterology 1995 108 : 1250 5.
107. Gibson GR, Whitacre EB, Ricotti CA. Colitis induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Arch Intern Med 1992 152 : 625 32.
108. Puspok A, Kiener HP, Oberhuber G. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic spectrum of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced lesions in the colon. Dis Colon Rectum 2000 43 : 685 91.
109. Gleeson M, Ramsay D, Hutchinson S, et al. Colitis associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1994 344 : 1028.
110. Carratu R, Parisi P, Agozzino A. Segmental ischemic colitis associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993 16 : 31 4.
111. Garcia B, Ramaholimihaso F, Diebold M, et al. Ischemic colitis in a patient taking meloxicam. Lancet 2001 357 : 690.
112. Gollock JM, Thomson JP. Ischemic colitis associated with psychotropic drugs. Postgrad Med J 1984 60 : 564 5.
113. Patel YJ, Scherl ND, Elias S, et al. Ischemic colitis associated with psychotropic drugs. Dig Dis Sci 1992 37 : 1148 9.
114. Basse P, Rordam P. Ischemic colitis complicating imipramine overdose and alcohol ingestion. Eur J Surg 1992 158 : 187 8.
115. MacIntyre PD, Bhargava B, Hogg KJ, et al. Effect of subcutaneous sumatriptan, a selective 5HT1 agonist, on the systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulation. Circulation 1993 87 : 401 5.
116. Knudsen JF, Friedman B, Chen M, et al. Ischemic colitis and sumatriptan use. Arch Intern Med 1998 158 : 1946 8.
117. Naik M, Potluri R, Almasri E, et al. Sumatriptan-associated ischemic colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2002 47 : 2015 6.
118. Chang L, Chey WD, Harris L, et al. Incidence of ischemic colitis and serious complications of constipation among patients using alosetron: Systematic review of clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance data. Am J Gastroenterol 2006 101 : 1069 79.
119. Beck IT. Possible mechanisms for ischemic colitis during alosetron therapy. Gastroenterology 2001 121 : 231 2.
120. Martin GR. Vascular receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine: Distribution, function and classification. Pharmacol Ther 1994 62 : 283 324.
121. Potenza MA, Serio M, Montagnani M, et al. Functional evaluation of 5-hydroxytryptamine: Receptor activity in rat resistance vessels. J Auton Pharmacol 1998 18 : 75 81.
122. Lopez JA, Brown BP, Armstrong ML, et al. Response of the mesenteric circulation to serotonin in normal and atherosclerotic monkeys: Implications for the pathogenesis of non-occlusive intestinal ischaemia. Cardiovasc Res 1989 23 : 117 24.
123. Agrawal DK, McNeill JH. Effect of diabetes on vascular smooth muscle function in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rat mesenteric artery. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1987 65 : 2274 80.
124. Marshall I, Al-Kazwin SJ, Holman JJ, et al. Human alpha-calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator in human mesenteric vasculature. Br J Pharmacol 1988 26 : 691 5.
125. Holzer P, Painsipp E, Weber E, et al. 5HT3 receptor antagonists, alosetron and cilansetron, impair mesenteric blood flow in rats. Gastroenterology 2003 124 : A148 9.
126. Weber E, Hamel CT, Bernhard M, et al. Tegaserod has no potential for vasoconstriction or impairment of vasodilatation in isolated human and non-human primate mesenteric arteries. Gastroenterology 2006 130 : A489.
127. Brinker AD, Mackey AC, Prizont R. Tegaserod and ischemic colitis. N Engl J Med 2004 351 : 1361 2.
128. Leung FW, Lieberman J, Fagen N, et al. Colonoscopic features of simvastatin-induced colitis suggest ischemia as an etiologic mechanism. Gastrointest Endosc 2005 62 : 175 8.
129. Lambert M, de Peyer R, Muller A. Reversible ischemic colitis after intravenous vasopressin therapy. JAMA 1982 247 : 666 7.
130. Kerr JC, Hobson RW, Seelig RF, et al. Influence of vasopressin on colon blood flow in monkeys. Gastroenterology 1977 72 : 474 8.
131. Schmitt W, Wagner-Thiessen E, Lux G. Ischaemic colitis in a patient treated with glypressin for bleeding oesophageal varices. Hepatogastroenterology 1987 34 : 134 6.