Changing politics from below? Women parliamentarians in Morocco

Democratization

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 723-742

  Sater, James N ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Democratization; Elections; Morocco; Parliament; Women in politics

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; DEMOCRATIZATION; ELECTION; POLITICAL CHANGE; POLITICAL PARTICIPATION; QUOTA SYSTEM; WOMENS STATUS;

AFRICA; MOROCCO; NORTH AFRICA;

EID: 34547607884     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340701398352     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Bradford Dillman, 'International Markets and Partial Economic Reforms in North Africa: What Impact on Democratization', in Democratization, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2002), pp. 63-86.
2. Richard Youngs, The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001), pp. 35-41.
3. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 48-56.
4. H. Beblawi and G. Luciani (eds), The Rentier State (London: Croom Helm, 1987).
5. Fréderic Volpi, 'Pseudo-democracy in the Muslim World', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 6 (2004), p. 1063.
6. Lisa Anderson, 'Dynasts and Nationalists. Why Monarchies Survive', in Joseph Kostiner (ed.), Middle East Monarchies The Challenge of Modernity (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000), pp. 53-69.
7. Michael J. Willis, 'Political Parties in the Maghrib: The Illusion of Significance?', The Journal of North African Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2002), pp. 4-12.
8. See, for example, V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999), pp. 81-2.
9. Pippa Norris, 'Women Politicians : Transforming Westminster?', in Joni Lovenduski and Pippa Norris (eds), Women and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 92.
10. See also Lyn Kathlene, 'Uncovering the Political Impacts of Gender: An Explorative Study', Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 2 (1989), pp. 397-421.
11. See Norris (note 9). Also Joni Lovenduski, 'Sex, Gender and British Politics', in Lovenduski and Norris (note 9), pp. 3-18
12. Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski, 'Gender and Party Politics in Britain', in Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski (eds), Gender and Party Politics (London: Sage, 1993), pp. 35-59.
13. J. A. Tickner, 'Hans Morgenthau's Principles of Political Realism: A Feminist Reformulation', in R. Grant and K. Newland, Gender and International Relations (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1991)
14. quoted in Mark Tessler, Jodi Nachtwey, and Audra Grant, 'Further Tests of the Women and Peace Hypothesis: Evidence from Cross-National Survey Research in the Middle East', International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3 (1999), p. 521.
15. Laurie A. Brand, Women, the State, and Political Liberalization. Middle Eastern and North African Experience (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), pp. 177-201
16. Afsenah Najmabadi, 'Hazards of Modernity and Morality: Women, State, and Ideology in Contemporary Iran', in Deniz Kandiyoti, Women, Islam and the State (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1991), pp. 53-4.
17. Mark Tessler, Jodi Nachtwey, and Audra Grant, 'Further Tests of the Women and Peace Hypothesis: Evidence from Cross-National Survey Research in the Middle East', International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3 (1999), pp. 519-31.
18. Nadezdha Shvedova, Obstacles to Women's Participation in Parliament (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2002), p. 2, http://www.idea.int, accessed 15 January 2005.
19. Volpi (note 5), pp. 1061-78.
20. Tessler et al. (note 13), pp. 528-30.
21. Interview with Milouda Hazib, Parti Nationale Démocrate, Rabat, 19 May 2005.
22. Interview with Nouzha Skalli, Parti du Progrès et du Socialisme (PPS - former Communist Party), Casablanca, 20 May 2005.
23. http://www.maroc.ma.
24. For example, Chafik Laâbi, 'Parlement, gouvernement, conseillers royaux... Qui fait quoi', La Vie Economique, 25 June 2004.
25. See Remy Leveau, Le Fellah Marocain. Défenseur du Trône, 2nd ed. (Paris: Presse de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1985).
26. John Waterbury, The Commander of the Faithful. The Moroccan Political Elite (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).
27. Yasmina Baddou, Abbas El Fassi, and Taïeb Fassi Fihri. Other important members of the political elite who are related to other political figures include Ismael Alaoui, chief of the socialist PPS, who is the nephew of General Hosni Benslimane, chief of the Moroccan Royal Armed Forces. Abbas El Fassi, chief of the Istiqlal party, is the son-in-law of Allal El Fassi, Istiqlal's founder and historical figure. Adil Douiri, minister of tourism, is the grandson of Ahmed Belafrej, another important figure in the independence movement and Istiqlal. Karim Douichi, 'La Famille: Le Plus Grand Parti du Maroc', La Vie Economique, 18 February 2005.
28. Belkassem Belouchi, Portraits d'hommes politiques au Maroc (Casablanca: Afrique-Orient, 2002).
29. Interview with Nouzha Skalli, Parti du Progrès et du Socialisme (PPS), 20 May 2005, Casablanca.
30. Royal Speech, 30 July 1999, http://www.maroc.ma.
31. Interview with Milouda Hazib, Parti Nationale Démocrate (PND), Rabat 19 May 2005.
32. Interview with Nouzha Skalli, Parti du Progrès et du Socialisme (PPS), 20 May 2005, Casablanca.
33. Interview with Fatna El Khiel, Mouvement National Populaire (MNP), Rabat 7 October 2005.
34. Interview with Fatna El Khiel, MNP, Rabat, 7 October 2005.
35. Abderrahim El Badaoui, Les Rentiers du Maroc Utile. Partis Politiques et Non-Développement Economique (Morocco: [no publisher details available], 2004), pp. 99-100.
36. Interview with Fattoum Kodama, USFP, 28 October 2005, Rabat.
37. Interview with Fatna El Khiel, Mouvement Populaire, Rabat, 7 December 2005.
38. Le Journal Hebdomadaire, 4-10 February 2006, pp. 46-7.
39. Interview with Naima Khaldoun, Istiqlal, 10 November 2005.
40. Interview with Fatna El Khiel, MNP, 7 October 2005.
41. Ibid.
42. See http://www.parlement.ma.
43. See Loi de Finances, 2005. http://www.finances.gov.ma/LoiDeFinances/ loi2005/LoiFinance2005.htm.
44. See Pierre Vermeren, Ecole, Elite, et Pouvoir (Rabat: Alizés, 2002).