Dangerous Liaisons: Servants as 'children' taught by their masters and as 'teachers' of their masters' children (Italy and France, Sixteenth to twenty-first centuries)

Paedagogica Historica

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 565-587

  Sarti, Raffaella ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 34547579932     PISSN: 00309230     EISSN: 1477674X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00309230701437973     Document Type: Article

References (219)

1. English revision by Clelia Boscolo, University of Birmingham. Some parts of this paper are taken, with several changes, from Sarti, Raffaella. "Conclusion: Domestic Service and European Identity." In Proceedings of the Servant Project, edited by Suzy Pasleau and Isabelle Schopp, with Raffaella Sarti. Liège: Éditions de l'Université de Liège, 2005 (but 2006), vol. V: 195-284.
2. An earlier version of it has been presented, with the title "Wet-nurses, nannies and governesses at the cross-road between cultures, classes and countries", at the conference Migration and Domestic Work in Global Perspective (The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies, Wassenaar, 26-29 May 2005) organised by Helma Lutz. At the present time, the use of terms such as 'servant' and 'maid' is not politically correct. In general, therefore, I use them while referring to the past, while I employ 'domestic worker' when I speak about the present. Yet occasionally I have used the terms 'servant' or 'maid' while dealing with a long time span which also includes the present, as is the case for the title of this paper. This occasional use does not mean, obviously, that I ignore or even dislike the norms of political correctness. Thus I hope that readers will not blame me for this usage.
3. Vasari, Giorgio. Le vite dei più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architetti (1550) Roma: Newton Compton, 2002: 1202
4. ("Giorgio, si'ho nulla di buono nell'ingegno, egli è venuto dal nascere nella sottilità dell'aria del vostro paese d'Arezzo, cosi come anche tirai dal latte della mia balia gli scarpegli e 'l mazzuolo con che io fo le figure": all English translations of this sentence I was able to find omitted some parts of this text, so I eventually decided to translate it myself with the help of my English reviser, Clelia Boscolo, of the University of Birmingham). It has to be stressed that Michelangelo's wet-nurse was not a live-in one; the baby was brought to her, not vice versa. On the recourse to wet-nurses in Renaissance Tuscany see Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane. "Parents de sang, parents de lait: la mise en nourrice à Florence (1300-1530)." Annales de Démographie Historique (1983): 33-64;
5. Fildes, Valerie. Wet Nursing: A History from Antiquity to the Present. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988, ch. 4. In early modern times, whether live-out wet-nurses had to be considered domestics was an open question
6. (see for instance Fairchilds, Cissie. Domestic Enemies: Servants and Their Masters in Old Regime France. Baltimore, MD-London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984: 195). In this paper I cannot discuss this issue. However, I will also consider some some cases of live-out wet-nurses.
7. For example, Cusenier, Marcel. Les domestiques en France. Paris: A. Rousseau, 1912: 223.
8. For instance Fairchilds, Domestic Enemies, 174-75, 207.
9. I originally studied these kind of texts within a research on texts concerning masters and servants circulating in Italy and only at a later stage did I also focus on French texts that had never been translated into Italian. Therefore in several cases I will refer to the Italian translation of French texts. This is clearly a limitation in an article addressed to an international audience; yet it would have been extremely time consuming to look for the exact page of any reference in the original French text, and so I eventually decided to use the Italian translations I had already found.
10. At the same time even the domestic worker's own family might/may turn out to be quite "open" to the penetration of money, objects and ideas 'arriving' from the households, the cities, the countries where he/she was/is employed, see Sarti, "Conclusion: Domestic Service and European Identity", 214-231 (available on http://www.uniurb.it/sarti/).
11. See note 2. Obviously, in our modern view, this interpretation is no better founded than many of the fears I will deal with in this paper.
12. Vasari, Le vite, 1203. According to Vasari, Michelangelo was fourteen when he started his apprenticeship in the Ghirlandaios' studio, but in 1488 he was actually thirteen. For the differences between contexts where apprentices were paid, and contexts where they had to pay to be instructed,
13. see Sarti, "Conclusion. Domestic Service and European Identity", 200;
14. Ead. "Nubili e celibi: i percorsi di Clio." In Nubili e celibi tra scelta e costrizione, edited by Raffaella Sarti and Margareth Lanzinger. Udine: Forum, 2007 (forthcoming).
15. Sarti, "Conclusion: Domestic Service and European Identity", 200.
16. Ariès, Philippe. L'enfant et la vie familiale sous l'Ancien Régime. Paris: Plon, 1960;
17. e siècle 32 (1980): 415-20;
18. Hajnal, John. "European marriage patterns in perspective." In Population in History, edited by D. V. Glass and D. E. C. Eversley. London: Edward Arnold, 1965: 101-35;
19. Id. "Two kinds of pre-industrial household formation systems." In Family Forms in Historic Europe, edited by Richard Wall, in collaboration with Jean Robin and Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983: 65-104;
20. Laslett, Peter. "Family and Household as Work Group and Kin Group: Areas of Traditional Europe Compared." Ibid.: 513-64; Id. "Servi e servizio nella struttura sociale europea." Quaderni storici XXIII (1988): 345-54;
21. Krausman Ben-Amos, Ilana. "Service and the coming of age in seventeenth-century England." Continuity and Change III (1988): 41-64;
22. Ead. "Women Apprentices in the Trades and Crafts of Early Modern Bristol." Continuity and Change VI (1991): 227-52;
23. Ead. Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England. New Haven, CT-London: Yale University Press, 1994;
24. Steinfeld, Robert J. The Invention of Free Labour. The Employment Relation in English and American Law and Culture, 1350-1870. Chapel Hill-London: University of North Carolina Press, 1991: passim;
25. Marcello, Luciano. "Andare a bottega. Adolescenza e apprendistato nelle arti (sec. XVI-XVII)." In Infanzie. Funzioni di un gruppo liminale dal mondo classico all'Età moderna, edited by Ottavia Niccoli. Firenze: Ponte alle Grazie, 1993: 231-51;
26. e siècles (Acta Demographica, XIII). Prague: Ceská Demografická Sociologický Ústav av CR, 1997: passim;
27. Meldrum, Tim. Domestic Service and Gender 1660-1750: Life and Work in the London Household. Harlow: Pearson, 2000: 25-33, etc.
28. stCenturies" In Proceedings of the Servant Project, vol. II: 3-57 (esp. 53-56), with further references.
29. Krausman Ben-Amos, "Service and the Coming of Age", 47.
30. 1, It. trans., Lafamiglia santa. Macerata: Pannelli, 1674; Roma: Lazzari Varese, 1677 and 1686), 3 vols., vol. I: 376;
31. Fleury, Claude. Devoirs des maîtres et des domestiques. Paris: Aubouin, Émery, Clouzier, 1688
32. (It. trans. Doveri dei padroni e dei domestici. Siena: Mucci, 1783): 19-20.
33. e sièck. Paris: Aubier Montaigne, 1981
34. (It. trans. Il popolo di Parigi. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1986), 272-73.
35. Gutton, Jean Pierre. Domestiques et serviteurs dans la France de l'Ancien Régime. Paris: Aubier Montaigne, 1981;
36. McCracken, Grant. "The Exchange of Children in Tudor England: An Anthropological Phenomenon in Historical Context." Journal of Family History VIII (1983): 303-13;
37. Sarti, Raffaella. "Obbedienti e fedeli. Note Sull'istruzione morale e religiosa di servi e serve tra Cinque e Settecento." Annali dell'Istituto storico italo-germanico in Trento XVII (1991): 91-120 (esp. 93-94).
38. For instance Walter, Bronwen. "Irish Domestic Servants and English National Identity." In Proceedings of the Servant Project, vol. IV, 187-203
39. st Centuries, edited by Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux. Bern-Berlin: Peter Lang, 2005: 471-88.
40. Interestingly enough, in Bristol by the 1600s and onwards domestic service "replaced what was earlier described as 'house-wifery', and it became the major training occupation for women" (Krausman Ben-Amos, "Women Apprentices", 233).
41. Müller-Staats, Dagmar. Klagen über Dienstboten. Eine Untersuchung über Dienstboten und ihre Herrschaften. Frankfurt a. M.: Insel, 1987;
42. Sarti, "Obbedienti e fedeli."
43. Catechismus, ex Decreto Concilii Tridentini, ad Parochos, Pii V Pont. Max. Iussu Editus. Romae: in aedibus Populi Romani, apud Paulum Manutium, 1566: 387.
44. Paleotti, Gabriele. "Alcuni avvertimenti per li padri, & madri di famiglia, & per tutti gli altri di casa. 1573." In Episcopale Bononiensis Civitatis, et Diocesis. Bologna: Alessandro Benacci, 1580: 216-17.
45. Borromeo, Carlo. "Ricordi per li padri, e madri di famiglia et tutti li capi di casa." In Acta Ecclesiae Mediolanensis. Tomus Primus, Mediolani: ex pontif. Sancti Josephi, 1890 (I ed. Milano 1580): 660-69 (esp. 660-61).
46. On the friendship between Borromeo and Paleotti see Prodi, Paolo. "San Carlo Borromeo e il Cardinale Paleotti: due vescovi della Riforma Cattolica." Critica Storica III (1964): 135-51.
47. Giussano, Giovanni Pietro. Instruttioni e documenti a' padri per sapere ben governare le loro famiglie. In Milano: appresso la Compagnia de Tini, & Filippo Lomazzo, 1603 (In Milano: per Pandolfo Malatesta, stampatore regio camerale), 1603 (but I have used the text republished in Barbarigo, Gregorio. Lettere Pastorali Editti, & Decreti. In Padova: Tipografia del Seminario, 1690: 214-322 (esp. 225, 263-64, 315-16).
48. Cordier, La famille saincte (It. trans.), vol. II: 86;
49. La madre cristiana instruita. Mess.[ina]: nella Reg. e camerale Stamp. di Chiaramonte, e Provenzano, 1732: 40
50. (the text was a translation from the French, according to the informaiton provided on the frontispice). On the literature that, among others, exhorted domestics to be happy with their social position see Müller-Staats, Klagen über Dienstboten;
51. Sarti, "Obbedienti e fedeli", 100-01 and for later times, Casalini, Maria. Servitù, nobili e borghesi nella Firenze dell 'Ottocento. Firenze: Olschki, 1997: esp. 127-42, etc.
52. In more general terms, on the issue of adaptation though adoption see Sarti, Raffaella. Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture. New Haven, CT-London: Yale University Press, 2002 (It. orig. ed. Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1999): 107-09.
53. Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the leisure Class. New York-London: Macmillan, 1899: ch. 9, "The Conservation of Archaic Traits" (also available online, see http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/ VEBLEN/chap09.html; INTERNET).
54. Hecht, J. Jean. The Domestic Servant in Eighteenth Century England. London-Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980 (1956): 220-28.
55. Roche, Le peuple de Paris;
56. Id. "Les domestiques comme intermédiaires culturels." In Les intermédiaires culturels. Aix-en-Provence/Paris: Publications de l'Universitè de Provence/H. Champion, 1978: 189-202.
57. Davidoff, Leonore. "Mastered for Life: Servant and Wife in Victorian and Edwardian England." Journal of Social History VII (1974): 406-28.
58. McBride, Theresa. '"As the Twig is Bent': The Victorian Nanny." In The Victorian Family: Structure and Stresses, edited by A. S. Wohl. London: Croom Helm, 1978: 44-58 (55).
59. Leoni, Diego et al. '"Per vito e per vestito' (sulle condizioni di vita e di lavoro delle donne di servizio trentine), Corsi serali per lavoratori, 1980-81." Unpublished manuscript (I am grateful to the authors for allowing me to read this text); Sarti, Raffaella. '"Noi abbiamo visto tante città, abbiamo un'altra cultura'. Servizio domestico, migrazioni e identità di genere in Italia: uno sguardo di lungo periodo." Polis XVIII (2004): 17-46 (39-40).
60. Lüfter, Ursula, Verdorfer, Martha, and Wallnöfer, Adelina. Wie die Schwalben fliegen sie aus. Südtirolerinnen als Dienstmädchen in italienischen Städten 1920-1960. Bozen: Raetia-Verlag, 2006 (I am grateful to the authors for allowing me to read this book before it was published).
61. Lynch-Brennan, Margaret. "Was Bridget's Experience Unique? A Comparative View of American Domestic Service over Time and Space." In Proceedings of the Servant Project, vol. V: 113-136,
62. and in Domestic Service and the Formation of European Identity, 489-515.
63. Magat, Margaret. "Women Breadwinners in the Margins: Filipina Domestic Workers in Rome, Italy." In Proceedings of the Servant Project, vol. I: 141-157 and in Domestic Service and the Formation of European Identity, 351-68.
64. Sarti, Raffaella. "Il servizio domestico: un canale di mobilità sociale? Il caso di Bologna (fine '700-inizio '900)." In Società Italiana di Demografica Storica. Disuguaglianze: stratificazione e mobilità sociale nelle popolazioni italiane (dal secolo XIV agli inizi del secolo XX). Bologna: Clueb, 1997, vol. I: 145-67.
65. In Italy, bread and wine da famiglia (i.e. for the family) indicated low-quality bread and wine for domestic servants (Sarti, Europe at Home, 170;
66. for the meaning of famiglia as servants see 31-33). In early nineteenth-century France, the bread de domestique was a kind of brown bread (while masters ate white bread),
67. e siècle à nos jours. Nantes: Opéra, 1997: 25.
68. e siècle. Paris: Hachette, 1978;
69. Schulte, Regina. "Dienstmädchen im herrschaftlichen Haushalt. Zur Genese ihrer Sozialpsychologie." Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte XLI (1978): 879-920.
70. Wierling, Dorothee. Mädchen für alles. Arbeitsalltag und Lebensgeschichte städtischer Dienstmädchen um die Jahrhundertwende. Berlin-Bonn: J. H. W. Dietz, 1987;
71. Martin-Huan, La longue marche des domestiques;
72. Meldrum, Domestic Service and Gender;
73. Sarti, Europe at Home;
74. Hantzaroula, Pothiti, "The Dynamics of the Mistress-Servant." In Proceedings of the Servant Project, vol. V: 113-140,
75. and in Domestic Service and the Formation of European Identity: 379-408;
76. Ead., "The Status of Servant's Labour in State Policy (Greece, 1870-1960)." In Proceedings of the Servant Project: vol. II;
77. Steedman, Carolyn. "Servants and their Relationship to the Unconscious: History, Biography and Service in England, 1740-1820." Journal of British Studies XLII (2003): 316-50;
78. Lynch-Brennan, "Was Bridget's Experience Unique?", etc.
79. Müller-Staats, Klagen über Dienstboten;
80. Sarti, "Obbedienti e fedeli";
81. Ead., "Zita, serva e santa. Un modello da imitare?" In Modelli di santità e modelli di comportamento. Contrasti, intersezioni, complementarità, edited by Giulia Barone, Marina Caffiero and Francesco Scorza Barcellona. Torino: Rosenberg et Sellier, 1994: 307-59;
82. Ead. "Telling Zita's tale. Holy Servant's Stories and Servant's History." In Narratives of the Servant, edited by Regina Schulte and Pothiti Hantzaroula. San Domenico (Firenze): European University Institute, EUI Working Papers, 2001: 1-30;
83. Ead. "La domesticité en Italie durant la période du fascisme (1922-1943)." Sextant nos 15-16 (2001): 165-202;
84. Ead., '"Noi abbiamo visto tante città'"; Casalini, Servitù, nobili e borghesi nella Firenze dell'Ottocento;
85. Notari, Dalmazia. Donne da bosco e da riviera. Un secolo di immigrazione femminile doll'alto Appennino reggiano (1860-1960). Castelnuovo ne' Monti (Reggio Emilia): Parco del Gigante, 1998, etc.
86. See note 2 of the Introduction to this special issue.
87. Hochschild, Arlie R. "Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value." In On the Edge: Living with Global Capitalism, edited by Will Hutton and Anthony Giddens. London: Jonathan Cape, 2000: 130-46;
88. Ead. "The Nanny Chain." American Prospect 11, no. 4 (2000);
89. Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Arlie R. Hochschild, eds. Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2003;
90. Parreñas, Rhacel S. Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001;
91. Ead. "Neo-liberalism and the Globalization of Care." In Proceedings of the Servant Project, vol. IV: 205-223
92. (also published in a slightly different version and with the title "Gender Inequalities in the New Global Economy" in Domestic Service and the Formation of European Identity, 369-378).
93. Magat, "Women Breadwinners in the Margins"; Widding Isaksen, Lise. "Gender and Globalization: Care across Borders. New Patterns of Institutional Interaction: the Case of Norway." In Proceedings of the Servant Project, vol. V: 147-159
94. and in Domestic Service and the Formation of European Identity: 455-69.
95. I am focusing here on cultural contamination, yet people were also afraid of the transmission of diseases, such as tuberculosis and syphilis, particularly, it seems, in the nineteenth century (McBride, Theresa. The Domestic Revolution: The Modernization of Household Service in England and France 1820-1920. London: Croom Helm, 1976: 26), though also earlier on doctors were concerned that servants could infect their masters' children (see the article by Sarah Pech in this issue);
96. Davidoff, Leonore, and Catherine Hall. Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850. London-Melbourne etc.: Hutchinson, 1987: 394.
97. See notes 15-17. For a relatively recent example see Häring, Bernhard. La legge di Cristo, Book III. Brescia: Morcelliana, 1964: 141.
98. For instance Fairchilds, Domestic enemies, 193;
99. Gathorne-Hardy, Jonathan. The Rise of the British Nanny. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972;
100. McBride, '"As the Twig is Bent'"; Cusenier, Les domestiques, 223.
101. La Madre Cristiana Instruita, 102.
102. Ibid., 104.
103. Francesco Barbaro in his De re uxoria (1416),
104. It. trans. La scelta della moglie. Vercelli: Tipografia Patria, 1778: 147-48.
105. Pepoli Sampieri, Anna. La donna saggia e amabile. Capolago, Cantone Ticino: Tip. e libr. Elvetica, 1838: 97-98.
106. For information on Anna Pepoli see Gerini, Giovanni Battista. Gli scrittori pedagogici italiani del secolo decimonono. Torino: Paravia, 1910: 483-99.
107. For other similar opinions on the transmission of inclinations through the milk see Barbagli, Marzio. Sotto lo stesso tetto. Mutamenti della famiglia in Italia dal XV al XX secolo. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1984: 367-87;
108. Fairchilds, Domestic Enemies, 195 and the article by Sarah Pech in this issue, with further references.
109. For instance De Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon, François. Traité de l'éducation des filles. Paris: chez Pierre Abouin, Pierre Emery et Charles Clousier, 1687
110. (It. trans. Della educazione dette fanciulle. Venezia: Nella Stamperia Palese; 1788): 18-19.
111. Barbaro, De re uxoria (It. trans), 147.
112. La madre cristiana instruita, 106;
113. L'ami des femmes. Paris, Quai des Augustins, 1758
114. (It. trans. L'amico delle donne. Firenze: appresso Andrea Bonducci, 1761. The author is Pierre-Joseph Boudier de Villemert,
115. see Barbier, Antoine-Alexandre. Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes. Paris: P. Daffis, 1872 (III ed.): vol. I, col. 132, p. 117);
116. I doveri dell'ajo. Paris: presso Lottin il giovane, 1777: 30;
117. Avvertimenti morali, civili, e politici ad una sposa novella. Feltre: stamperia del Seminario per Edoardo Foglietta, 1778: 130-1;
118. Tommasini, Antonietta. Considerazioni sull'educazione domestica. Milano: Ant. Fort. Stella e figli, 1835: 59;
119. Pepoli Sampieri, La donna saggia e amabile, 98.
120. L'ami des femmes (It. trans.), 117, 120;
121. L'ami des filles. Paris: Chez Du four, 1761
122. (It. trans. L'amico delle fanciulle, In Venezia: appresso Bartolomeo Occhi, 1778: 8. The author was Bathelemy Claude Graillard de Graville,
123. see Barbier. Dictionnaire, vol. I, 132).
124. Vertua Gentile, Anna. Come devo comportarmi? Milano: Hoepli, 1915 (VIII ed.): 245.
125. Bourdieu, Pierre. La distinction, critique sociale du jugement. Paris: Minuit, 1979
126. (It. trans. La distinzione. Critica sociale del gusto. Bologna: Il Mulino);
127. Elias, Norbert. Über den Prozess der Zivilisation. I. Wandlungen des Verhaltens in den weltlichen Oberschichten des Abendlandes. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1939
128. (It. trans. La civiltà delle buone maniere. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1982: 87 and 217).
129. On the role of wet-nurses see Sarasúa, Carmen. Criados, nodrizas y amos. El servicio doméstico en la formación del mercado de trabajo madrileño, 1758-1868. Madrid: Siglo Veintiuno, 1994: 153.
130. For instance Paleotti, Gabriele. "Delli Padri di famiglia, et del governo, et divotione in casa." In Episcopale Bononiensis, 38v-39v. The fight against superstition it to be found in later authors too,
131. see for instance Fénelon's Traité de l'éducation des filles (It. trans.), 133.
132. Avvertimenti morali, civili, e politki, 216v.
133. I doveri dell'ajo, 20 and 19.
134. L'educazione delle fanciulle. Venezia: nella stamperia di Carlo Palese, 1765: LXXXVIII and CII-CVI. The book is signed F. G. d. C., i.e. Fra' Gioacchino [Trioli] Da Chiari,
135. see Melzi, Gaetano. Dizionario di opere anonime e pseudonime. Milano: L. Di Giacomo Pirola, 1848-1849, vol. I, Dizionario di opere anonime, t. 1: 342.
136. Ronna, Tommaso. Avvisi alle giovani. Bologna: Per le Stampe de' Fratelli Masi, 0818 (III ed.), vol. IV: 68-74.
137. "Verrà dal Noce sul Caprone la brutta strega a suggerre il loro sangue, col vano pretesto di istruirli narrano loro fiabe e fandonie che muovon a ira e a stomaco ogni Uom di senno" (Avvertimenti morali, civili, e politici, 134-5).
138. Gallia, Maria. Servire con amore. Milano: Vita e Pensiero, 1939 (I ed. 1937): 136.
139. See also Engelsing, Rolf. "Dienstbotenlektüre im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert." In Zur Sozialgeschichte deutscher Mittel- und Unterschichten. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978 (1973): 180-224 (187).
140. Tommasini, Considerazioni sull'educazione domestica, 87-89.
141. On this see also Ronna, Avvisi alle giovani, 63.
142. Freud, Sigmund. Aus der Geschichte einer infantilen Neurose [Der Wolfsmann, 1918 (1914)],
143. (It. trans. Casi clinici 7-L'uomo dei lupi. Torino: Boringhieri, 1977).
144. Ginzburg, Carlo. "Freud, l'uomo dei lupi e i lupi mannari." In Miti emblemi spie. Torino: Einaudi, 1986: 239-51
145. (for the English translation see "Freud, the Wolf Man and the Werewolves." In Clues, Myths and the Historical Method. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).
146. Fleury, Devoirs des maîtres et des domestiques (It. trans.), 171.
147. Fénelon, Traité de l'éducation des filles (It. trans.), 125.
148. Rollin, Claude. It. trans. Istruzioneper la buona educazione de' fanciulli e delle giovinette. Venezia: nella tipografia Picotti, 1820: 65-69.
149. Della Casa, Giovanni. Il Galateo, edited by Ruggero Romano. Torino: Einaudi, 1975 (1st ed. 1558): 33.
150. For instance Cordier, La famille saincte (It. trans.), vol. II, 86;
151. La madre cristiana instruita, 40.
152. The list of references on this point might be almost endless. See, to quote at least a couple of examples, Cordier, La famille saincte (It. trans.), vol. I, 364, 372;
153. Fénelon, Traité de l'éducation des filles (It. trans.), 108;
154. Fleury, Devoirs des maîtres et des domestiques (It. trans.), 14;
155. Fontana, Fulvio. Il padrone instruito. Milano e Bologna: Pisarri, 1710 (It. ed. [1705 or 1706]): 32
156. (on this author see Sarti, Raffaella. "Fontana, Fulvio." In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. XLVIII. Roma: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1997: 661-63);
157. Graillard de Graville, L'ami des filles (It. trans.), 35;
158. Istruzioniper le nabili donzelle, ed altre giovani d'ogni condizione. In Venezia: appresso Giammaria Bassaglia, 1767: 62;
159. Dotti, Anton Maria. Veritànon conosciute ovvero avvertimenti a una madre per la saggia educazione delle figlie. Bologna: Nella Stamperia di S. Tommaso d'Aquino, 1782: 104-05;
160. Pepoli, La donna saggia e amabile, 63;
161. Bergando, Alfonso. Sulle convenienze sociali e sugli usi dell'alta società. Milano: Fratelli Dumolard, 1882: 167-68;
162. Vertua Gentile, Come devo compartarmi?, 192, 382, etc.
163. For instance Giussano, Instruttioni e documenti a'padri, 263-78.
164. For instance Caussin, Nicolas. La Cour Sainte. Paris: Chappelet, 1624-1631
165. (It. trans. La Corte Santa O' Istituzione Christiana dei Grandi. Bologna: Zenero, 1652-1653): First Part, 142-43.
166. Klapisch-Zuber, "Parents de sang, parents de lait", 225.
167. Fairchilds, Domestic Enemies, 213-28.
168. Engelsing, "Dienstbotenlektüre", 186, 320.
169. De Gubernatis, Angelo. Alessandro Manzoni. Studio biografico. Letture fatte alla Taylorian Institution di Oxford nel maggio del 1878, notevolmente ampliate. Firenze: Successori Le Monnier, 1879: 18. Available from http://www.classicitaliani.it/ottocent/gubernatis05.pdf; INTERNET. De Gubernatis did not agree with this interpretation
170. Other cases are quoted by Casalini, Maria. "Pedagogia domestica dell'Ottocento. Le letture per la servitù." Società e storia XXI, no. 83 (1999): 67-92.
171. Ascoli, Giulietta. Balie. Palermo: Sellerio, 1994 (for instance 21-22 for a case of frightening stories and "strange" beliefs).
172. Fleury, Claude. Devoirs des maîtres et des domestiques. I have translated from the French text with the help of Clelia Boscolo,
173. see Œuvres de l'Abbé Fleur. Paris: Auguste Desrez, 1837: 574-612 (596).
174. Ibid., 608-09; Audiger. La maison réglée. À Paris: chez Nicolas Le Gras, 1692: 90, 95, etc.
175. For instance Sarti, "Zita, serva e santa"; Bad., "Telling Zita's tale."
176. Kertzer, David. The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1997;
177. Galasso, Cristina. '"Solo il loro servigio si brama, sia fedel, accurato sincer.' Il servizio domestico nella comunità ebraica di Livorno (secoli XVII-XVIII)." Società e storia 25 (2002): 457-74;
178. Caffiero, Marina. Battesimi forzati: storie di ebrei, cristiani e convertiti nella Roma dei papi. Roma: Viella, 2004.
179. Bernareggi, Adriano, in Belloli, Giovanni. Il famulato cristiano. Bergamo: Società Editrice S. Alessandro, 1935: 9.
180. Sarti, '"Noi abbiamo visto tante città'", 38.
181. Crippa, Erminio. La tua morale professionale. Vimodrone: Bignami, 1959: 88.
182. Id. Morale professionale. Frascati: Tipografia Laziale, 1968: 35-45.
183. Magat, "Women Breadwinners in the Margins", 362-363 and the article by Magat in this issue. See also Parreñas, Servants of Globalization.
184. Yet still in 1979 Father Crippa saw foreign domestic workers employed in Italy as people to be evangelised rather than as evangelisers (Crippa, Erminio. Lavoro amaro. Le estere in Italia. Roma: Api-Colf, 1979: 48).
185. Andall, Jacqueline. Gender, Migration and Domestic Service: The Politics of Black Women in Italy. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000;
186. Ead. "Hierarchy and Interdependence: The Emergence of a Service Caste in Europe." In Gender and Ethnicity in Contemporary Europe, edited by Jacqueline Andall. Oxford: Berg, 2003: 52-53;
187. Ead. "Le Acli-Colf di fronte all'immigrazione straniera: genere, classe ed etnia." Polis XVIII (2004): 77-106:
188. Andall, Jacqueline, and Sarti, Raffaella. "Le trasformazioni del servizio domestico in Italia: un'introduzione." Polis XVIII, (2004): 5-16;
189. Lutz, Helma, and Umut Erel. "Gender, Ethnicity and Identity. New Servants in the Age of Globalization." Paper presented at the first seminar of the Servant Project, Florence, February 2002;
190. Scrinzi, Francesca. "Ma culture dans laquelle elle travaille. Les migrantes dans les services domestiques en Italie et en France." Cahiers du Cedref 10 (2004): 137-62;
191. Ead. "Professioniste della tradizione. Le donne migranti nel mercato del lavoro domestico." Polis XVIII (2004): 107-36.
192. Lan, Pei-Chia. '"They Have More Money but I Speak Better English!' Transnational Encounters between Filipina Domestics and Taiwanese Employers." Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power X (2003): 133-61. I am grateful to Pei-Chia Lan for her bibliographical suggestions on this point.
193. Skeldon, Ronald. Emigration Pressure and Structural Change in Southeast and East Asia: A Synthesis. Report prepared under UNDP Technical Support Services 1, ILO East Asia Multidisciplinary Advisory Team (ILO/EASMAT). Bangkok: ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, July 1997. Available from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/paper/se_asia.Htm; INTERNET.
194. Andall, Jacqueline. "Organizing Domestic Workers in Italy: The Challenge of Gender, Class and Ethnicity." In Gender and Migration in Southern Europe. Women on the Move, edited by Floya Anthias and Gabriella Lazaridis. New York: Berg, 2000: 145-71 (169);
195. Chell-Robinson, Victoria. "Female Migrants in Italy: Coping in a Country of New Immigration." Ibid., 103-23;
196. Magat, "Women Breadwinners in the Margins."
197. Lan, '"They Have More Money but I Speak Better English!'", 139, 152, 156.
198. Lorente, Beatriz, and T. R. F Tupas. "Demythologizing English as an Economic Asset: The Case of Filipina Domestic Workers in Singapore." ACELT Journal 6, no. 2 (2002): 20-32. I am grateful to the authors for providing me with bibliographical references on the subject.
199. Peterson, M. Jeanne. "The Victorian Governess: Status Incongruence in Family and Society." In Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, edited by Martha Vicinus. Bloomington-London: Indiana University Press, 1973: 3-19.
200. th centuries." Paper presented at the seminar Domestic Service and Mobility: Labour, Livelihood and Lifestyles. Amsterdam, 5-7 February 2001;
201. Ead. "'Matmazels' nell'harem. Le governanti europee nell'Impero ottomano." Genesis. Rivista della Società Italiana delle Storiche I (2002): 61-84.
202. Anna Leonowens published two books based on her experience at the court, The English Governess at the Siamese Court (1870)
203. and The Romance of the Harem (1872).
204. Her books inspired the novel Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon (1944), on which the musical and the film The King and I are based.
205. Petzen, "Governesses in the Ottoman Empire"; Ead., "'Matmazels' nell'harem."
206. Stoler, Ann. L. "A Sentimental Education: Native Servants and the Cultivation of European Children in the Netherlands Indies." In Fantasizing the Feminine in Indonesia, edited by L. J. Sears. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997: 71-91 (78).
207. See also Ead. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press, 2002.
208. Hecht, Jean. J. "Continental and Colonial Servants in Eighteenth Century England." Smith College Studies in History XL (1954): 1-61;
209. Peabody, Sue. There Are No Slaves in France: The Political Culture of Race and Slavery in the Ancien Régime. New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996;
210. Steedman, Carolyn. "Lord Mansfield's Women." Past and Present 176 (2002): 105-43;
211. st Centuries)." In Proceedings of the Servant Project, vol. III: 127-164 etc.
212. Hardach-Pinke, Irene. Die Gouvernante. Geschichte eines Frauenberufs. Frankfurt a. M.-New York: Campus, 1993: 106-15.
213. Judson, Pieter M. "Inventing Germanness: Class, Ethnicity and Colonial Fantasies at the Margins of the Habsburg Monarchy." Working Paper 93-2, Center for Austrian Studies, 1997. Available from http://www.cas.umn.edu/
214. Lüfter, Verdorfer and Wallnöfer, Wie die Schwalben fliegen sie aus, 321.
215. Henkes, Barbara. Heimat in Holland. Deutsche Dienstmädchen 1920-1950. Tübingen: Straelener Manuskripte Verlag, 1998 (orig. Dutch ed. 1995);
216. Head-König, Anne-Lise. "La pénurie de domestiques en Suisse et ses remèdes (1870-1939)." Sextant nos 15-16 (2001): 127-48.
217. Chaplin, David. "Domestic Service and Industrialization." Comparative Studies in Sociology I (1978): 97-127 (102).
218. Alemani, Claudia. "Le colf: ansie e desideri delle datrici di lavoro." Polis XVIII (2004): 137-64.
219. Bartolomei, Maria Rita. "Processi migratori e lavoro domestico. Il caso degli indiani del Kerala residenti a Macerata." Polis XIX (2005): 203-31.