Occurrence of upslope flows at the Pico mountaintop observatory: A case study of orographic flows on a small, volcanic island

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 112, Issue 10, 2007, Pages

  Kleissl, Jan ^a,b   Honrath, R E ^b   Dziobak, M P ^b   Tanner, D ^c   Val Martin M ^b   Owen, R C ^b   Helmig, D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Michigan Technological University   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AERODYNAMICS; ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; BOUNDARY LAYERS; KINETIC ENERGY; NITROGEN OXIDES; POTENTIAL ENERGY; SOLAR HEATING; VOLCANOES; WIND EFFECTS;

AIRFLOW; BOUNDARY LAYER; BUOYANCY FORCING; HUMIDITY; MIXING RATIO; MOUNTAIN REGION; OROGRAPHIC EFFECT; OZONE; TOPOGRAPHY; TROPOSPHERE; VOLCANIC ISLAND; WIND DIRECTION; WIND VELOCITY;

ATLANTIC ISLANDS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); AZORES; EURASIA; EUROPE; MACARONESIA; PORTUGAL; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

EID: 34547578660     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006JD007565     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Carbone, R., W. Cooper, and W.-C. Lee (1995), Forcing of flow reversal along the windward slopes of Hawaii, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 3466-3480.
2. Chen, Y.-L., and A. Nash (1994), Diurnal variations of surface airflow and rainfall frequencies on the island of Hawaii, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 34-56.
3. Ding, L., R. Calhoun, and R. Street (2003), Numerical simulation of strongly stratified flow over a three-dimensional hill, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 107(1), 81-114.
4. Draxler, R., and G. Rolph (2003), HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model, NOAA Air Resour. Lab., Silver Spring, Md. (Available at http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html)
5. Durran, D., and J. Klemp (1982), On the effects of moisture on the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2152-2158.
6. Fehsenfeld, F., P. Daum, W. Leaitch, M. Trainer, D. Parrish, and G. Hübler (1996), Transport and processing of O3 and O3 precursors over the North Atlantic: An overview of the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) summer intensive, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D22), 28,877-28,891.
7. Fischer, E., R. Talbot, J. Dibb, J. Moody, and G. Murray (2004), Summertime ozone at Mount Washington: Meteorological controls at the highest peak in the northeast, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24303, doi:10.1029/2004JD004841.
8. Fischer, H., et al. (1998), Trace gas measurements during the Oxidizing Capacity of the Tropospheric Atmosphere campaign 1993 at Izaña, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,505-13,518.
9. Furger, M., et al. (2000), The VOTALP Mesolcina Valley campaign 1996: Concept, background and some highlights, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1395-1412.
10. Greenberg, J. P., D. Helmig, and P. R. Zimmerman (1996), Seasonal measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory during the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment 2, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,581-14,598.
11. Hahn, C. J., J. T. Merrill, and B. G. Mendonca (1992), Meteorological influences during MELOPEX, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,291-10,309.
12. Hastenrath, S., and L. Greischar (2001), The North Atlantic Oscillation in the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, J. Clim., 14, 2404-2413, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0442.
13. Hübler, G., et al. (1992), Total reactive oxidized nitrogen (NOy) in the remote Pacific troposphere and its correlation With O3 and CO: Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment 1988, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,427-10,447.
14. Hunt, J., and W. Snyder (1980), Experiments on stably and neutrally stratified flow over a model three-dimensional hill, J. Fluid Mech., 96, 671-704.
15. Igarashi, Y., Y. Sawa, K. Yoshioka, H. Matsueda, K. Fujii, and Y. Dokiya (2004), Monitoring the SO2 concentration at the summit of Mt. Fuji and a comparison with other trace gases during winter, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D17304, doi:10.1029/2003JD004428.
16. Jenkins, G., P. Mason, W. Moores, and R. Sykes (1981), Measurements of the flow structure around Ailsa Craig, a steep, three-dimensional, isolated hill, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 107, 833-851.
17. Jiang, Q. (2003), Moist dynamics and orographic precipitation, Tellus, Ser. A, 55, 301-326.
18. Jobson, B. T., D. D. Parrish, P. Goldan, W. Kuster, F. C. Fehsenfeld, D. R. Blake, N. J. Blake, and H. Niki (1998), Spatial and temporal variability of nonmethane hydrocarbon mixing ratios and their relation to photochemical lifetimes, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,557-13,567.
19. Kleissl, J., R. E. Honrath, and D. Henriques (2006), Analysis and application of Sheppard's airflow model to predict mechanical orographic lifting and the occurrence of mountain clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 45(10), 1376-1397.
20. Lewis, A., et al. (2006), Chemical composition observed over the mid-Atlantic and the longevity of pollution signatures far from source regions, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2006JD007584, in press.
21. Mendonca, B. (1969), Local wind circulation on the slopes of Mauna Loa, J. Appl. Meteorol., 8, 533-541.
22. Mendonca, B., and R. Pueschel (1973), Ice nuclei, total aerosol, and climatology at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, J. Appl. Meteorol., 12, 156-160.
23. Oltmans, S. J., et al. (1996), Summer and spring ozone profiles over the North Atlantic from ozonesonde measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29,179-29,200.
24. Oltmans, S. J., et al. (1998), Trends of ozone in the troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 139-142.
25. Owen, R. C., O. R. Cooper, A. Stohl, and R. E. Honrath (2006), An analysis of the mechanisms of North American pollutant transport to the central North Atlantic lower free troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S58, doi:10.1029/2006JD007062.
26. Parrish, D. D., M. Trainer, J. S. Holloway, J. E. Yee, M. S. Warshawsky, F. C. Fehsenfeld, G. Forbes, and J. L. Moody (1998), Relationships between ozone and carbon monoxide at surface sites in the North Atlantic region, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,357-13,376.
27. Peterson, M. C., R. E. Honrath, D. D. Parrish, and S. J. Oltmans (1998), Measurements of nitrogen oxides and a simple model of NOy fate in the remote North Atlantic marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,489-13,503.
28. Rasmussen, R., P. Smolarkiewicz, and J. Warner (1989), On the dynamics of Hawaiian cloud bands: Comparison of model results with observations and island climatology, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1589-1606.
29. Ridley, B., and E. Robinson (1992), The Mauna Loa Observatory Photo-chemistry Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,285-10,290.
30. Ridley, B. A., E. L. Atlas, J. G. Walega, G. L. Kok, T. A. Staffelbach, J. P. Greenberg, F. E. Grahek, P. G. Hess, and D. D. Montzka (1997), Aircraft measurements made during the spring maximum of ozone over Hawaii: Peroxides, CO, O3, NOy, condensation nuclei, selected hydrocarbons, halocarbons, and alkyl nitrates between 0.5 and 9 km altitude, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18,935-18,961.
31. Rodriguez, S., C. Torres, J.-C. Guerra, and E. Cuevas (2004), Transport pathways of ozone to marine and free-troposphere sites in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4733-4747.
32. Ryan, S. (1997), The wind field around Maima Loa derived from surface and balloon observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,711-10,725.
33. Scheel, H. E., E.-G. Brunke, R. Sladkovic, and W. Seiler (1998), In situ CO concentration at sites Zugspitze (47°N, 11°E) and Cape Point (34°S, 18°E) in April and October 1994, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19,295-19,304.
34. Schmitt, R., and A. Volz-Thomas (1997), Climatology of ozone, PAN, CO, and NMHC in the free troposphere over the southern North Atlantic, J. Atmos. Chem., 28, 245-262.
35. Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores (2005), Anuádo Estatístico da Região Autónoma dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.
36. Sheppard, P. (1956), Airflow over mountains, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 528-529.
37. Smith, R. (1988), Linear theory of stratified flow past an isolated mountain in isosteric coordinates, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3889-3896.
38. Snyder, W. (1985), Fluid modeling of pollutant transport and diffusion in stably stratified flows over complex terrain, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 17, 239-266.
39. Spangler, T. (1987), Comparison of actual dividing-streamline heights to height predictions using the Froude-number, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 26(1), 204-207.
40. Tanner, D., D. Helmig, J. Hueber, and P. Goldan (2006), Gas chromatography system for the automated, unattended, and cryogen-free monitoring of C2 to C6 non-methane hydrocarbons in the remote troposphere, J. Chromatogr. A, 1111, 76-88.
41. Taylor, P., and H. Teunissen (1987), The Askervein hill project: Overview and background data, Boundary Layer Mateorol., 39, 15-39.
42. Tsutsumi, Y., Y. Zaizen, and Y. Makino (1994), Tropospheric ozone measurement at the top of Mt. Fuji, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1727-1730.
43. Val Martin, M., R. E. Honrath, R. C. Owen, and G. Pfister (2006), Significant enhancements of nitrogen oxides, black carbon, and ozone in the North Atlantic lower free troposphere resulting from North American boreal wildfire, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S60, doi:10.1029/ 2006JD007530.
44. Vosper, S., I. Castro, W. Snyder, and S. Mobbs (1999), Experimental studies of strongly stratified flow past three-dimensional orography, J. Fluid Mech., 390, 223-249.
45. Walega, J. G., et al. (1992), Observations of peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, methyl nitrate and ozone during the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,311-10,330.
46. Whiteman, C. (2000), Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
47. Whiteman, C. D. (1990), Observations of thermally developed wind systems in mountainous terrain, in Atmospheric Processes Over Complex Terrain, Meteorol. Manogr., vol. 23, edited by W. Blumen, pp. 5-24, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass.
48. Wilczak, J., S. Oncley, and S. Stage (2001), Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 99, 127-150.
49. Zanis, P., E. Schuepbach, H. Scheel, M. Baudenbacher, and B. Buchmann (1999), Inhomogeneities and trends in the surface ozone record (1988-1996) at Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3777-3786.