The human costs of border control

European Journal of Migration and Law

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 127-139

  Spijkerboer, Thomas ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Border control; Human rights; Irregular migration

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547576295     PISSN: 1388364X     EISSN: 15718166     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/138836407X179337     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. For further on this, see ICMPD Newsletter, June 2005.
2. Paola Monzini, Migrant Smuggling via Maritime Routes, Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale, n.d.
3. Mehdi Lahlou, Les Migrations Irrégulières Entre le Maghreb et L'Union Européenne: Évolutions Récentes, European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole, 2005.
4. Migration(publication of IOM), December 2005, p. 17.
5. Lahlou, 2005, pp.7-8.
6. Amnesty International, Spain: The Southern Border, June 2005.
7. Lahlou, 2005, p. 12. The same phenomenon is noted for Italy by Monzini, n.d., p. 19.
8. Lahlou, 2005, p. 12.
9. Amnesty International, 2005, p. 14.
10. Lahlou 2005, pp. 14-15.
11. Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Africa Plan 2006-2008. The Executive Summary is available at http://www.mae.es/es/Home/20060605_planafricaingles.htm (last accessed 2 August 2006).
12. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2005, pp. 372-273;
13. Rutvica Andrijasevic, How to Balance Rights and Responsibilities on Asylum at the EU's Southern Border of Italy and Libya, Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, Oxford, 2006, pp. 11-15.
14. Doc. nr. 6941/06, 11 July 2006.
15. COM (2005) 621, 30 November 2005.
16. The only public version of this is Doc. nr. 15744/05, 13 December 2005.
17. Doc. nr. 15744/05, 13 December 2005, p. 4.
18. Doc. nr. 8690/05, 2005/0047(COD).
19. Doc. nr. 11361/06.
20. A Communication on Policy Priorities in the Fight Against Illegal Immigration of Third-Country Nationals, COM (2006) 402; A Proposal for a Regulation Creating Rapid Border Intervention Teams, COM (2006) 401.
21. Rabat Declaration and Rabat Action Plan, available athttp://maec.gov.ma/migration/En/ documentation.htm (last accessed 2 August 2006).
22. Comp. Gregor Noll, The Euro-African Migration Conference: Africa Sells out to Europe, 14 July 2006, available at http://www.opendemocracy.net.
23. Amnesty International, 2005.
24. Médecins Sans Frontières, Violence and Immigration. Report on Illegal Sub-Saharan Immigrants (ISSs) in Morocco, 2005.
25. Monzini, n.d. p. 17.
26. APDHA, El Estrecho: La Muerte de Perfil Los Derechos Humanos y la Inmigración Clandestina, December 2003, quoted in Amnesty International, 2005, p. 83.
27. Amnesty International, 2005, p. 53.
28. Lahlou, 2005, p. 7.
29. APDHA (Human Rights Association of Andalusia), Report on Illegal Immigration in 2004, p. 9, quoted in Médecins Sans Frontières, 2005, p. 4.
30. http://www.unitedagainstracism.org.
31. See the Annex to General Assembly resolution 56/83 of 12 December 2001.
32. U.N. Doc. nr. A/CN.4/L.686, 26 May 2006.
33. European Court of Human Rights, 22 March 2001, application nrs. 34044/96, 35532/97 and 44801/98, Streletz, Kessler and Krenz v Germany.
34. As indicated above, this is not the focus of the present paper. It should be noted, however, that such fatalities occur regularly. According to press reports quoted by United, migrants were shot on 29 March 1995 (Greece), 20 August 1995 (France), 5 September 1996 (Spain), 17 August 1998 (Italy), 10 May 2000 (Turkey, 9 people), 15 November 2000 (Turkey), 3 December 2000 (Spain), 16 July 2001 (Turkey), 12 January 2002 (Turkey, 2 people), March 2002 (Macedonia, 7 people), 22 May 2002 (Turkey), 19 June 2002 (Turkey, 2 people), 23 September 2003 (Greece), 3 October 2003 (Spain), 11 April 2004 (Spain), 17 April 2004 (Slovakia, 2 people), 10 September 2005 (Greece), 19 September 2005 (Turkey) and 29 September 2005 (Morocco, 5 people). Migrants died in the minefields between Turkey and Greece on 13 September 1995 (4 people), 30 June 1996 (2 people), 15 September 1997 (3 people), 16 April 1998 (2 people), 26 August 1999 (3 people), 31 October 1999 (5 people), 1 May 2000, 29 August 2000, 1 September 2000 (2 people), 29 March 2001 (2 people), 21 May 2001, 22 May 2001 (2 people), 30 September 2001, 23 December 2001 (4 people), 20 March 2002 (2 people), 27 March 2002, 28 August 2002, 4 January 2003 (2 people), March 2003, 29 September 2003 (7 people), 5 August 2004, 14 November 2004 (3 people), 4 April 2005 (2 people), 29 May 2005 (2 people) and 9 December 2005 (2 people).
35. European Court of Human Rights, 28 October 1998, appl. nr. 23452/94, Osman v. United Kingdom. Comp.
36. ECtHR 1 March 2005, appl. nr. 69869/01, Bône v France;
37. ECtHR 9 June 1998, L.C.B. v United Kingdom, 23413/94;
38. ECtHR 24 October 2002, Mastromatteo v. Italy, 37703/97;
39. ECtHR 14 March 2002, Edwards v United Kingdom, 46477/99;
40. ECtHR 17 January 2002, Calvelli & Ciglio v Italy, 32967/96;
41. ECtHR 21 March 2002, Nitecki v Poland, 65653/01;
42. ECtHR 7 June 2005, Kilinc v Turkey, 40145/98;
43. ECtHR 30 November 2004, Öneryildiz v Turkey, 48939/99.
44. Comp. Saskia Sassen, Migration Policy: From Control to Governance, 13 July 2006, available at http:// www.openDemocracy.net.
45. See www.uh.edu/cir/death.htm. Compare the project of the Arizona Daily Star, regulus.azstarnet.com/ borderdeaths/search.php.