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Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 253-278

"Scientific' Racism Again?": Reginald Gates, the Mankind Quarterly and the question of "Race" in science after the Second World War

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EID: 34547507709     PISSN: 00218758     EISSN: 14695154     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0021875807003477     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (32)

References (176)
  • 1
    • 34547506777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This title is borrowed from an article by the Mexico-based physical anthropologist Juan Comas, attacking the Mankind Quarterly journal See Juan Comas, Scientific, Racism Again, Current Anthropology, 2, 4 1961, 303-40. Comas wrote other influential articles attacking the concept of race
    • This title is borrowed from an article by the Mexico-based physical anthropologist Juan Comas, attacking the Mankind Quarterly journal See Juan Comas, "'Scientific ' Racism Again? ", Current Anthropology, 2, 4 (1961), 303-40. Comas wrote other influential articles attacking the concept of "race."
  • 2
    • 34547515737 scopus 로고
    • See, Paris: UNESCO
    • See Juan Comas, Racial Myths (Paris: UNESCO, 1951).
    • (1951) Racial Myths
    • Comas, J.1
  • 3
    • 34547553859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates MSS, Liddell Hart Archive, King's College London, Box 1/7, Letter to Dean Dr. J. St. Clair Price, 17 Feb. 1947.
    • Gates MSS, Liddell Hart Archive, King's College London, Box 1/7, Letter to Dean Dr. J. St. Clair Price, 17 Feb. 1947.
  • 5
    • 34547513957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As evidence, the letter writers cited Gates's 1944 contribution to the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (titled Different Species) and his 1934 article in Population (titled Heredity and Social and Racial Problems).
    • As evidence, the letter writers cited Gates's 1944 contribution to the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (titled "Different Species") and his 1934 article in Population (titled "Heredity and Social and Racial Problems").
  • 6
    • 34547499512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/7, Letter to Dean Dr. J. St. Clair Price, 17 Feb. 1947.
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/7, Letter to Dean Dr. J. St. Clair Price, 17 Feb. 1947.
  • 9
    • 34547496985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Gates MSS, Box 1/7, Letter from the Head of Science U. H. Ellinger to the Dean, 17 March 1947.
    • See Gates MSS, Box 1/7, Letter from the Head of Science U. H. Ellinger to the Dean, 17 March 1947.
  • 10
    • 34547515462 scopus 로고
    • Box 1/12, Brimble to Gates concerning a rejected article in the journal
    • Notably, Gates blamed Jews when his research articles were rejected by journals. See, 15 April
    • Notably, Gates blamed Jews when his research articles were rejected by journals. See Gates MSS, Box 1/12, Brimble to Gates concerning a rejected article in the journal Nature, 15 April 1949.
    • (1949) Nature
    • Gates, M.S.S.1
  • 14
    • 34547545646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and B. Mehler, Rightists on the Rights Panel, Nation, 7 May 1988, 640-41. Other scholars have considered the complicated relationship between racial scientists and society in this period. Hasian Jr. has argued in this context that race scientists should not be seen as spectators in society, but as participants who legitimate and certify particular performances as science.
    • and B. Mehler, "Rightists on the Rights Panel," Nation, 7 May 1988, 640-41. Other scholars have considered the complicated relationship between "racial" scientists and society in this period. Hasian Jr. has argued in this context that "race" scientists should not be seen as "spectators" in society, but as "participants who legitimate and certify particular performances as science."
  • 15
    • 34547538348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See M. Hasian Jr., The Rhetoric of Eugenics (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 7. Barkan has presented a similar analysis: If popular opinion holds that science has its own determinism and that it is applied in a coherent manner as a result of its substance and objectivity, historical records suggest otherwise.
    • See M. Hasian Jr., The Rhetoric of Eugenics (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 7. Barkan has presented a similar analysis: "If popular opinion holds that science has its own determinism and that it is applied in a coherent manner as a result of its substance and objectivity, historical records suggest otherwise."
  • 16
    • 34547533204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Barkan, 228
    • See Barkan, 228.
  • 18
    • 34547500857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tucker has discovered that Gates believed that this position was terminated after an argument with a Jewish colleague. See Tucker, 92-93
    • Tucker has discovered that Gates believed that this position was terminated after an argument with a Jewish colleague. See Tucker, 92-93.
  • 23
    • 4944262107 scopus 로고
    • See, 2 vols, New York: Macmillan, 1: 45
    • See R. R. Gates, Human Genetics, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1946), 1: 45, 1160-61
    • (1946) Human Genetics , pp. 1160-1161
    • Gates, R.R.1
  • 24
    • 33644635577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics, posthumous publication
    • and R. R. Gates, The Emergence of Racial Genetics (New York: International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics, 1963; posthumous publication), 1-3.
    • (1963) The Emergence of Racial Genetics , pp. 1-3
    • Gates, R.R.1
  • 25
    • 34547551265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates MSS, File 11/41, unpublished review notes on Otto Klineberg, ed., Characteristics of the American Negro (New York and London: Harper, 1944).
    • Gates MSS, File 11/41, unpublished review notes on Otto Klineberg, ed., Characteristics of the American Negro (New York and London: Harper, 1944).
  • 26
    • 34547522199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates's conclusions about racial mixing and differing racial abilities in Heredity and Eugenics are comparable to other major academic works on racial difference published after the First World War. See M. Moul and K. Pearson, The Problem of Alien Admission into Great Britain, Illustrated by an Examination of Russian and Polish Jewish Children, Annals of Eugenics, 1 (1925), 6-127
    • Gates's conclusions about "racial" mixing and differing "racial" abilities in Heredity and Eugenics are comparable to other major academic works on "racial" difference published after the First World War. See M. Moul and K. Pearson, "The Problem of Alien Admission into Great Britain, Illustrated by an Examination of Russian and Polish Jewish Children," Annals of Eugenics, 1 (1925), 6-127
  • 27
    • 0009190895 scopus 로고
    • London: Seeley, Service and Co, Also see the views of Julian Huxley in the in Barkan
    • J. W. Gregory, The Menace of Colour (London: Seeley, Service and Co, 1925). Also see the views of Julian Huxley in the 1920s in Barkan, 181-58.
    • (1920) The Menace of Colour , pp. 181-158
    • Gregory, J.W.1
  • 28
    • 34547547763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Journal of Experimental Biology was founded in October 1923 and continues to the present day.
    • The Journal of Experimental Biology was founded in October 1923 and continues to the present day.
  • 29
    • 34547540363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Race and Culture (London: Royal Anthropological Institute and the Institute of Sociology, 1935), 2.
    • See Race and Culture (London: Royal Anthropological Institute and the Institute of Sociology, 1935), 2.
  • 30
    • 34547531938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barkan has written in detail on this conference in Barkan, Retreat of Scientific Racism, 285-96.
    • Barkan has written in detail on this conference in Barkan, Retreat of Scientific Racism, 285-96.
  • 31
    • 34547495035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and Culture, 5-6. These views were consistent with Smith's published analysis on the subject.
    • Race and Culture, 5-6. These views were consistent with Smith's published analysis on the subject.
  • 33
    • 34547502784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and idem, The Diffusion of Culture (London: Watts, 1933).
    • and idem, The Diffusion of Culture (London: Watts, 1933).
  • 34
    • 34547553269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and Culture, 19. Firth was an anthropologist at the London School of Economics.
    • Race and Culture, 19. Firth was an anthropologist at the London School of Economics.
  • 35
    • 34547511940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and Culture, 8.
    • Race and Culture, 8.
  • 36
    • 34547506148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This argument was intellectually rooted in polygenist racial theory, the idea that human beings had emerged from more than one original source. The theory was most popular from the late eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth but retained some key supporters into the twentieth century. Notably, Arthur Keith's eager analysis of the later discredited Piltdown Man famously carried a form of this thinking into the inter-war period. See J. Sawday, New Men, Strange Faces, Other Minds, Arthur Keith, Race and the Piltdown Affair (1912-52, in W. Ernst and B. Harris, eds, Race, Science and Medicine, 1700-1960 New York: Routledge, 1999, 259-88. Gates posited polygenist theory until his death in 1962. Indeed, these beliefs were recorded in his final academic contribution published posthumously one year after his death
    • This argument was intellectually rooted in polygenist "racial" theory, the idea that human beings had emerged from more than one original source. The theory was most popular from the late eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth but retained some key supporters into the twentieth century. Notably, Arthur Keith's eager analysis of the later discredited "Piltdown Man" famously carried a form of this thinking into the inter-war period. See J. Sawday, "'New Men, Strange Faces, Other Minds': Arthur Keith, Race and the Piltdown Affair (1912-52)," in W. Ernst and B. Harris, eds., Race, Science and Medicine, 1700-1960 (New York: Routledge, 1999), 259-88. Gates posited polygenist theory until his death in 1962. Indeed, these beliefs were recorded in his final academic contribution published posthumously one year after his death.
  • 38
    • 34547500217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and Culture, 13. Gates seemingly saw no contradiction between this argument and his hostility towards miscegenation. Scientific orthodoxy contends that breeding can only successfully occur between members of the same species, a belief to which Gates did not subscribe. He argued in Heredity and Eugenics, The fact that all the races of mankind are fertile with each other is no longer a sufficient reason for classifying them as one species.
    • Race and Culture, 13. Gates seemingly saw no contradiction between this argument and his hostility towards "miscegenation." Scientific orthodoxy contends that breeding can only successfully occur between members of the same species, a belief to which Gates did not subscribe. He argued in Heredity and Eugenics, "The fact that all the races of mankind are fertile with each other is no longer a sufficient reason for classifying them as one species."
  • 40
    • 34547551557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and Culture, 15.
    • Race and Culture, 15.
  • 41
    • 34547523484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In particular, gentleman scholar and anthropologist William Pitt Rivers supported Gates's position on race. See Race and Culture, 17-18.
    • In particular, gentleman scholar and anthropologist William Pitt Rivers supported Gates's position on "race." See Race and Culture, 17-18.
  • 44
    • 0004350644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also see, London: Allen Lane
    • Also see G. Wersky, The Visible College (London: Allen Lane, 1978), 234-43.
    • (1978) The Visible College , pp. 234-243
    • Wersky, G.1
  • 46
    • 33644618248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Like a Baby with a Box of Matches': British Scientists and the Concept of "Race" in the Inter-war Period
    • For analysis of changing scientific thinking on race in this period see G. Schaffer, 38, 3
    • For analysis of changing scientific thinking on "race" in this period see G. Schaffer, "'Like a Baby with a Box of Matches': British Scientists and the Concept of "Race" in the Inter-war Period," British Journal of the History of Science, 38, 3 (2005), 307-24.
    • (2005) British Journal of the History of Science , pp. 307-324
  • 47
    • 33644611726 scopus 로고
    • In one text, Haldane offered the following clear explanation for scientific anti-racism: At the present time we are fighting Hitlerism with bombs and depth charges. We should be doing so in the realm of ideas also. See, London: G. Allen and Unwin
    • In one text, Haldane offered the following clear explanation for scientific anti-racism: "At the present time we are fighting Hitlerism with bombs and depth charges. We should be doing so in the realm of ideas also." See J. B. S. Haldane, Science Advances (London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1947), 235-36.
    • (1947) Science Advances , pp. 235-236
    • Haldane, J.B.S.1
  • 48
    • 0041971815 scopus 로고
    • Also see, London: G. Allen and Unwin
    • Also see L. Hogben, Dangerous Thoughts (London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1939), 51.
    • (1939) Dangerous Thoughts , pp. 51
    • Hogben, L.1
  • 49
    • 34547495670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For secondary analysis of the ideologies of British left-liberal scientists in the inter-war period see Werskey's The Visible College
    • For secondary analysis of the ideologies of British left-liberal scientists in the inter-war period see Werskey's The Visible College
  • 50
    • 0003975825 scopus 로고
    • Arguing that all modern nations were melting pots of race, Huxley and Haddon fiercely criticized the idea that racial purity in a national population was either achievable or desirable. See, London: Cape
    • Arguing that all modern nations were "melting pots of race," Huxley and Haddon fiercely criticized the idea that "racial" purity in a national population was either achievable or desirable. See J. Huxley and A. C. Haddon, We Europeans: A Survey of "Racial" Problems (London: Cape, 1935), 287.
    • (1935) We Europeans: A Survey of "Racial" Problems , pp. 287
    • Huxley, J.1    Haddon, A.C.2
  • 51
    • 2442473950 scopus 로고
    • London: Allen and Unwin
    • J. Huxley, Memories I (London: Allen and Unwin, 1970), 207.
    • (1970) Memories I , pp. 207
    • Huxley, J.1
  • 52
    • 34547535759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jackson, 245
    • Jackson, 245.
  • 53
    • 34547548413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jackson, 274
    • Jackson, 274.
  • 54
    • 34547548093 scopus 로고
    • President's Committee on Civil Rights, 5 December
    • President's Committee on Civil Rights, Executive Order 9808, 5 December 1946.
    • (1946) Executive Order , vol.9808
  • 55
    • 34547496023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The committee criticized the Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which upheld the notion of separate but equal.
    • The committee criticized the Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which upheld the notion of "separate but equal."
  • 56
    • 34547537035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See To Secure These Rights: The Report of Harry S. Truman's Committee on Civil Rights, ed. S.Lawson (Boston and New York: Bedford/St Martins, 2004), 111-13. Call for the elimination of segregation, 179.
    • See To Secure These Rights: The Report of Harry S. Truman's Committee on Civil Rights, ed. S.Lawson (Boston and New York: Bedford/St Martins, 2004), 111-13. Call for the elimination of segregation, 179.
  • 58
    • 34547512418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organization) aimed to promote internationalism and champion cultural exchange. Julian Huxley was the first director of this programme. See J. Huxley, UNESCO: Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1948).
    • UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organization) aimed to promote internationalism and champion cultural exchange. Julian Huxley was the first director of this programme. See J. Huxley, UNESCO: Its Purpose and Its Philosophy (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1948).
  • 59
    • 0041074378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For more recent analysis see
    • For more recent analysis see Kohn, The Race Gallery, 45-47.
    • The Race Gallery , pp. 45-47
    • Kohn1
  • 60
    • 34547532572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The UNESCO Statement by Experts on Race Problems, 18 July 1950. Cited in full in A. Montagu, Race, Science and Humanity (London: Von Nostrand, 1963), 176.
    • "The UNESCO Statement by Experts on Race Problems," 18 July 1950. Cited in full in A. Montagu, Race, Science and Humanity (London: Von Nostrand, 1963), 176.
  • 61
    • 34547548092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 175.
    • Kohn1
  • 64
    • 4644239758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Scientific Attack on Brown v. Board of Education, 1954-1964
    • See, 59, 6
    • See John P. Jackson, "The Scientific Attack on Brown v. Board of Education, 1954-1964," American Psychologist, 59, 6 (2004), 530-37, 530.
    • (2004) American Psychologist , vol.530 -37 , pp. 530
    • Jackson, J.P.1
  • 65
    • 34547532253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also Newby, 19-61
    • Also Newby, 19-61.
  • 66
    • 34547502783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Newby, 43-61
    • See Newby, 43-61.
  • 67
    • 34547554192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the USA these scientists attempted unsuccessfully to challenge the Brown decision, notably in the Stell v. Savannah-Chatham County Board of Education case, 1963
    • In the USA these scientists attempted unsuccessfully to challenge the Brown decision, notably in the Stell v. Savannah-Chatham County Board of Education case, 1963.
  • 68
    • 34547538630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kohn, 2
    • Kohn, 2.
  • 69
    • 34547520474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also see Newby, xi
    • Also see Newby, xi.
  • 70
    • 34547545643 scopus 로고
    • For the ideology behind the founding of Howard see, New York: New York University Press
    • For the ideology behind the founding of Howard see R. Logan, Howard University: The First Hundred Years 1867-1967 (New York: New York University Press, 1969), 18-22.
    • (1969) Howard University: The First Hundred Years 1867-1967 , pp. 18-22
    • Logan, R.1
  • 71
    • 34547515736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Logan has argued that the small number of white students was a matter of their choice and not of university policy. Ibid., 578.
    • Logan has argued that "the small number of white students was a matter of their choice and not of university policy." Ibid., 578.
  • 74
    • 34547507708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is significant that Gates was supported throughout by the Head of Science at Howard, U. H. Ellinger, who shared Gates's views on black potential. Ellinger left Howard soon after and told Gates in a letter, I shall never any more try to educate Negroes! I give up. They do not belong to Homo Sapiens even if their girls may do quite excellently in a Southern hore sic] house. She [an ex-student] quite frankly explai ned that the way to get As at a Southern University was to go with the professors. And we are supposed to accept such degrees! What a joke. See Gates MSS, Box 1/12, Ellinger to Gates, 6 Jan. 1950.
    • It is significant that Gates was supported throughout by the Head of Science at Howard, U. H. Ellinger, who shared Gates's views on black potential. Ellinger left Howard soon after and told Gates in a letter, "I shall never any more try to educate Negroes! I give up. They do not belong to Homo Sapiens even if their girls may do quite excellently in a Southern hore sic] house. She [an ex-student] quite frankly explai ned that the way to get As at a Southern University was to go with the professors. And we are supposed to accept such degrees! What a joke. "See Gates MSS, Box 1/12, Ellinger to Gates, 6 Jan. 1950.
  • 76
    • 34547496363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/7, Letter to Dean Dr. J. St. Clair Price, 17 Feb. 1947.
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/7, Letter to Dean Dr. J. St. Clair Price, 17 Feb. 1947.
  • 77
    • 34547534534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Logan, 362-63
    • See Logan, 362-63.
  • 78
    • 34547545015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The petitioners argued, Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Ashley Montagu, Otto Klineberg and others will serve as adequate documentation of our position. Gates MSS, Box 1/7, Letter to Dean Dr. J. St. Clair Price, 17 Feb. 1947.
    • The petitioners argued, "Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Ashley Montagu, Otto Klineberg and others will serve as adequate documentation of our position." Gates MSS, Box 1/7, Letter to Dean Dr. J. St. Clair Price, 17 Feb. 1947.
  • 79
    • 34547531298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The passage of race from biology to social science was noted as early as 1935 by Huxley and Haddon in We Europeans, 22 and 284. In fact, We Europeans was co-written with leading social scientists Charles Singer and Charles Seligman, who did not lend their names to the work amid fears that their Jewishness would lead to allegations of a bias in the analysis.
    • The passage of "race" from biology to social science was noted as early as 1935 by Huxley and Haddon in We Europeans, 22 and 284. In fact, We Europeans was co-written with leading social scientists Charles Singer and Charles Seligman, who did not lend their names to the work amid fears that their Jewishness would lead to allegations of a bias in the analysis.
  • 83
    • 34547526737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/7, Gates to Dean Price, 22 Feb. 1947. It was common for prosegregation ideologues to claim that they had the best interests of black people in mind. Gates typically commented on one pro-segregation study, The author, like Southerners generally, shows more friendliness and real understanding of the Negro than is generally found in the North, where relatively few are present except in the cities. See Gates MSS, Review of C. Putnam, Race and Reason: A Yankee View, Box 11/102, 1961.
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/7, Gates to Dean Price, 22 Feb. 1947. It was common for prosegregation ideologues to claim that they had the best interests of black people in mind. Gates typically commented on one pro-segregation study, "The author, like Southerners generally, shows more friendliness and real understanding of the Negro than is generally found in the North, where relatively few are present except in the cities." See Gates MSS, Review of C. Putnam, Race and Reason: A Yankee View, Box 11/102, 1961.
  • 84
    • 34547530848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Having been commissioned by the Carnegie Institute, Swedish economist and social scientist Gunnar Myrdal wrote An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem in Modern Democracy, calling for an end to segregation, in 1944.
    • Having been commissioned by the Carnegie Institute, Swedish economist and social scientist Gunnar Myrdal wrote An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem in Modern Democracy, calling for an end to segregation, in 1944.
  • 85
    • 0342523388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For conspiracy theories surrounding Myrdal's intentions see
    • For conspiracy theories surrounding Myrdal's intentions see Jackson, Gunnar Myrdal, 292.
    • Gunnar Myrdal , pp. 292
    • Jackson1
  • 88
    • 34547508969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for Science rejection see Box 1/13, Editor to Gates, 15 May 1951
    • for Science rejection see Box 1/13, Editor to Gates, 15 May 1951
  • 89
    • 34547550929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and for the Journal of the American Society of Human Genetics see Box 1/13, Herndon to Gates, 31 March 1952.
    • and for the Journal of the American Society of Human Genetics see Box 1/13, Herndon to Gates, 31 March 1952.
  • 94
    • 34547504887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a thorough explanation of this debate see Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science, 111-37, Barkan, 137-43
    • For a thorough explanation of this debate see Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science, 111-37, Barkan, 137-43
  • 95
  • 96
    • 34547494369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barkan has concluded that despite the decline of biometrics, both approaches combined to fundamentally alter thinking on race. See
    • Barkan has concluded that despite the decline of biometrics, both approaches combined to fundamentally alter thinking on "race." See Barkan, 140.
    • , vol.140
    • Barkan1
  • 97
    • 34547530975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Stepan, 119-21 and 137
    • See Stepan, 119-21 and 137
  • 98
    • 34547538965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Rich, 109
    • and Rich, 109.
  • 100
    • 34547511938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Gates MSS, Box 1/17. Fleure agreed to help Gates secure publication in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 20 Dec. 1956. For Fleure's help to Gates also see Box 1/18, Fleure to Gates, 4 Jan. 1956.
    • See Gates MSS, Box 1/17. Fleure agreed to help Gates secure publication in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 20 Dec. 1956. For Fleure's help to Gates also see Box 1/18, Fleure to Gates, 4 Jan. 1956.
  • 101
    • 34547511939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates MSS, Fleure to Gates, Box 1/14, 22 Oct. 1953.
    • Gates MSS, Fleure to Gates, Box 1/14, 22 Oct. 1953.
  • 102
    • 34547535472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates MSS, Fleure to Gates, Box 1/19, 16 June 1958.
    • Gates MSS, Fleure to Gates, Box 1/19, 16 June 1958.
  • 103
    • 34547532578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates MSS, Hooton to Gates, Box 1/14, 18 May 1953.
    • Gates MSS, Hooton to Gates, Box 1/14, 18 May 1953.
  • 104
    • 34547496652 scopus 로고
    • Gates Obituary
    • 13 Aug
    • Gates Obituary, The Times, 13 Aug. 1962.
    • (1962) The Times
  • 106
    • 34547552036 scopus 로고
    • Box 1/12, Meyerhoff to Dr
    • Biological Laboratory, Purdue University, 2 Sept
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/12, Meyerhoff to Dr. Lorin Mullins (Biological Laboratory, Purdue University), 2 Sept. 1949.
    • (1949) Lorin Mullins
    • Gates, M.S.S.1
  • 114
    • 34547548739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Newby, 186
    • Newby, 186.
  • 115
    • 34547531937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Newby, 191-212
    • Newby, 191-212.
  • 118
    • 34547522520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Tucker, 91, on Gayre.
    • See Tucker, 91, on Gayre.
  • 123
    • 34547552973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a thorough analysis of Garrett's racial views see Tucker, 79-81. Tucker (79) describes Garrett as arguably the most eminent of the scientific segregationists. Newby describes the key role of Garrett in the 1951 Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County case, 53-54.
    • For a thorough analysis of Garrett's "racial" views see Tucker, 79-81. Tucker (79) describes Garrett as "arguably the most eminent of the scientific segregationists." Newby describes the key role of Garrett in the 1951 Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County case, 53-54.
  • 124
    • 34547507072 scopus 로고
    • July
    • The Mankind Quarterly, 1, 1 (July 1960), 4.
    • (1960) The Mankind Quarterly , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 4
  • 127
    • 34547507707 scopus 로고
    • Oct.-Dec
    • The Mankind Quarterly, 2, 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1961), 42-47.
    • (1961) The Mankind Quarterly , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 42-47
  • 128
    • 34547504886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mankind Quarterly, 2, 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1961), 46. In a revealing response to Newby's claim that the Quarterly was only a small journal, Gayre argued, The Mankind Quarterly is a small journal - but so are the Gospels small books.
    • The Mankind Quarterly, 2, 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1961), 46. In a revealing response to Newby's claim that the Quarterly was only a small journal, Gayre argued, "The Mankind Quarterly is a small journal - but so are the Gospels small books."
  • 130
    • 34547513046 scopus 로고
    • Oct.-Dec
    • The Mankind Quarterly, 2, 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1961), 84.
    • (1961) The Mankind Quarterly , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 84
  • 131
    • 34547533203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tucker, 93
    • Tucker, 93.
  • 133
    • 34547548411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For analysis of the relationship between science and society in this period see W. McGucken, Scientists, Society and the State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain, 1931-47 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984), 155-214.
    • For analysis of the relationship between science and society in this period see W. McGucken, Scientists, Society and the State: The Social Relations of Science Movement in Great Britain, 1931-47 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984), 155-214.
  • 134
    • 0004350644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the impact of Nazism on scientific thinking see
    • For the impact of Nazism on scientific thinking see Werskey, The Visible College, 234-43
    • The Visible College , pp. 234-243
    • Werskey1
  • 136
    • 0037673042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race in British Eugenics
    • 31, 3
    • D. Stone, "Race in British Eugenics," European History Quarterly 31, 3 (2000), 397-425, 398
    • (2000) European History Quarterly , vol.398 , pp. 397-425
    • Stone, D.1
  • 137
    • 34547527720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Kohn, 40-42
    • and Kohn, 40-42.
  • 138
    • 34547531297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/16, W. J. Simmons to Gates, 24 May 1955.
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/16, W. J. Simmons to Gates, 24 May 1955.
  • 140
    • 34547545645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/16, Gates to Editor of the New York Times, 11 June 1956.
    • Gates MSS, Box 1/16, Gates to Editor of the New York Times, 11 June 1956.
  • 141
    • 34547527100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 1958 the pro-segregation businessman Edward Benjamin financed Gates's research field trip to Australia. See Gates MSS, Box 1/19, Benjamin to Gates, 14 Feb. 1958
    • In 1958 the pro-segregation businessman Edward Benjamin financed Gates's research field trip to Australia. See Gates MSS, Box 1/19, Benjamin to Gates, 14 Feb. 1958.
  • 144
    • 25844431719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silent Partner: How the South's Fight to Uphold Segregation Was Funded Up North,
    • See, 6 Nov
    • See Douglas A. Blackmon, "Silent Partner: How the South's Fight to Uphold Segregation Was Funded Up North," Wall Street Journal, 6 Nov. 1999
    • (1999) Wall Street Journal
    • Blackmon, D.A.1
  • 147
    • 34547496362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The major beneficiary from Draper's will was the Pioneer Fund, a pro-eugenics organization cofounded by Draper himself in 1937, which pursued a range of prosegregation and eugenic policies.
    • The major beneficiary from Draper's will was the "Pioneer Fund," a pro-eugenics organization cofounded by Draper himself in 1937, which pursued a range of prosegregation and eugenic policies.
  • 148
    • 34547530847 scopus 로고
    • 78-101 and Newby, 119. Interestingly, it was the IAAEE who published Gates's final work
    • For the history of the IAAEE see, after his death in
    • For the history of the IAAEE see Tucker, 78-101 and Newby, 119. Interestingly, it was the IAAEE who published Gates's final work, The Emergence of Racial Genetics, after his death in 1963.
    • (1963) The Emergence of Racial Genetics
    • Tucker1
  • 149
    • 34547526123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tucker, 90
    • Tucker, 90.
  • 150
    • 34547530182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Garrett even sat on the executive Committee of the IAAEE. See
    • Garrett even sat on the executive Committee of the IAAEE. See Tucker, 81-84.
    • , vol.81-84
    • Tucker1
  • 151
    • 34547538962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Purves, The Evolutionary Basis of Race Consciousness, the Mankind Quarterly, 1, 1(July-Sept. 1960), 51-54, 54.
    • D. Purves, "The Evolutionary Basis of Race Consciousness," the Mankind Quarterly, 1, 1(July-Sept. 1960), 51-54, 54.
  • 152
    • 34547545644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, see R. Hall, Zoological Subspecies of Man, the Mankind Quarterly, 1, 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1960), 118-19
    • For example, see R. Hall, "Zoological Subspecies of Man," the Mankind Quarterly, 1, 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1960), 118-19
  • 153
    • 34547539904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. D. Porteus, Ethnic Group Differences, the Mankind Quarterly 1, 3 (Jan.-March 1961), 187-200
    • S. D. Porteus, "Ethnic Group Differences," the Mankind Quarterly 1, 3 (Jan.-March 1961), 187-200
  • 154
    • 34547494710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and H. Garrett, The Equalitarian Dogma, the Mankind Quarterly, 1, 4 (April-June 1961), 253-57.
    • and H. Garrett, "The Equalitarian Dogma," the Mankind Quarterly, 1, 4 (April-June 1961), 253-57.
  • 155
    • 34547504578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See R. Gayre, The Bantu Homelands of the Northern Transvaal, the Mankind Quarterly, 3, 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1962), 98-112. Gayre wrote this piece after being the guest of honour at a meeting of the Genetics Society of the South African Congress. He then conducted his field research under the guidance of a public relations official of the Bantu Administration in Pretoria.
    • See R. Gayre, "The Bantu Homelands of the Northern Transvaal," the Mankind Quarterly, 3, 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1962), 98-112. Gayre wrote this piece after being the guest of honour at a meeting of the Genetics Society of the South African Congress. He then conducted his field research under the guidance of a public relations official of the Bantu Administration in Pretoria.
  • 156
    • 34547522519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Garrett, 256
    • Garrett, 256.
  • 157
    • 34547534843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Osbourne, School Achievement of White and Negro Children of the Same Mental and Chronological Ages, the Mankind Quarterly, 2, 1 (July-Sept. 1961), 26-29.
    • R. Osbourne, "School Achievement of White and Negro Children of the Same Mental and Chronological Ages," the Mankind Quarterly, 2, 1 (July-Sept. 1961), 26-29.
  • 158
    • 34547530974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See N. Weyl, The Jewish Role in the American Elite, the Mankind Quarterly, 3, 1 (July-Sept. 1962), 26-36
    • See N. Weyl, "The Jewish Role in the American Elite," the Mankind Quarterly, 3, 1 (July-Sept. 1962), 26-36
  • 159
    • 34547543402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and N. Weyl, The Ethnic and National Characteristics of the US Elite, the Mankind Quarterly, 1, 4 (1961), 242-52.
    • and N. Weyl, "The Ethnic and National Characteristics of the US Elite," the Mankind Quarterly, 1, 4 (1961), 242-52.
  • 161
    • 34547527988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kohn has rightly described him as "the most prominent" of the Mankind Quarterly scientists in Kohn
    • Gates was at the very centre of the creation and vision
    • Gates was at the very centre of the creation and vision. Kohn has rightly described him as "the most prominent" of the Mankind Quarterly scientists in Kohn, The Race Gallery, 51.
    • The Race Gallery , pp. 51
  • 162
    • 34547532870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tucker has noted that leading pro-segregationist contributors to the Quarterly toured the southern states in the wake of the Brown decision giving out copies of the journal to departments of education. See Tucker, 100.
    • Tucker has noted that leading pro-segregationist contributors to the Quarterly toured the southern states in the wake of the Brown decision giving out copies of the journal to departments of education. See Tucker, 100.
  • 163
    • 34547510039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gayre recorded that the journal (in advance of first publication) had only attracted 40 subscriptions. See Gates MSS, Box 1/21, Gayre to Gates, 27 April 1960. Tucker has argued that after initial controversy the journal was barely noticed by mainstream scholars in The Funding of Scientific Racism, 99.
    • Gayre recorded that the journal (in advance of first publication) had only attracted 40 subscriptions. See Gates MSS, Box 1/21, Gayre to Gates, 27 April 1960. Tucker has argued that after initial controversy the journal was "barely noticed by mainstream scholars" in The Funding of Scientific Racism, 99.
  • 165
    • 34547503643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The US was represented by Prof. Henry Garrett, Prof. Frank McGurk, Dr. Clarence Oliver, Prof. S. D. Porteus, Dr. John Scudder, Dr. Audrey Shuey and Prof. Harry Turney-High
    • The US was represented by Prof. Henry Garrett, Prof. Frank McGurk, Dr. Clarence Oliver, Prof. S. D. Porteus, Dr. John Scudder, Dr. Audrey Shuey and Prof. Harry Turney-High.
  • 167
    • 34547498248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mankind Quarterly was heavily dependent on a few dedicated contributors who wrote in nearly every edition. Notably, Gates, Gayre, Lundman (assistant professor of physical anthropology in Uppsala University in Sweden), James Gregor (secretary of the International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics) and journalists Nathaniel Weyl and H. G. Classen wrote in most early editions.
    • The Mankind Quarterly was heavily dependent on a few dedicated contributors who wrote in nearly every edition. Notably, Gates, Gayre, Lundman (assistant professor of physical anthropology in Uppsala University in Sweden), James Gregor (secretary of the International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics) and journalists Nathaniel Weyl and H. G. Classen wrote in most early editions.
  • 168
    • 34547509453 scopus 로고
    • July-Sept
    • The Mankind Quarterly, 3, 1 (July-Sept. 1962), 3-4.
    • (1962) The Mankind Quarterly , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-4
  • 169
    • 34547533202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 170
    • 34547497945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 173
    • 34547506467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When the infamous Bell Curve study was published in 1994, the New York Review of Books recorded that 17 cited researchers had previously been contributors to the Mankind Quarterly whilst ten had in fact served as editor.
    • When the infamous Bell Curve study was published in 1994, the New York Review of Books recorded that 17 cited researchers had previously been contributors to the Mankind Quarterly whilst ten had in fact served as editor.
  • 174
    • 34547498575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Tucker, 1-2
    • See Tucker, 1-2
  • 175
    • 34547526124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kohn, 88-116
    • Kohn, 88-116
  • 176
    • 84895282577 scopus 로고
    • The Tainted Sources of 'The Bell Curve'
    • Dec
    • and C. Lane, "The Tainted Sources of 'The Bell Curve'," New York Review of Books, 1 Dec. 1994, 14-15.
    • (1994) New York Review of Books , vol.1 , pp. 14-15
    • Lane, C.1


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