Who speaks for the trees? Invoking an ethic of care to give voice to the silent stakeholder

Stakeholders, the Environment and Society

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 140-165

  Sama, Linda M ^a   Welcomer, Stephanie A ^b   Gerde, Virginia W ^c  

^a PACE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

^c DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547502514     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4337/9781845423629.00013     Document Type: Chapter

References (78)

1. Aragón-Correa, J.A. and S. Sharma (2003a), 'A contingent resource-based view of proactive corporate environmental strategy', Academy of Management Review, 28(1), 71-88.
2. Beck, U. (1992), Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, M. Ritter (trans.), London: Sage Publications. Original (1986), Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.
3. Beemans, P. (1996), 'Culture, spirituality and economic development', Foreword in W.F. Ryan, Culture, Spirituality, and Economic Development: Opening a Dialogue, Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre. Retrieved November 14, 2003 from: http://web.idrc.ca/ev.php?ID=30632_201&ID2= DO_ TOPIC.
4. Benhabib, S. (1992), Situating the Self: Gender, Community, and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics, New York: Routledge.
5. Berry,G.R. (2003a), 'Organizing against multinational corporate power in cancer alley:The activist community as primary stakeholder', Organization & Environment, 16(1), 3-33.
6. Buttel, F.H. (1998a), 'Some observations on states, world orders, and the politics of sustainability', Organization & Environment, 11(3), 261-86.
7. Cavanagh, G.F. (1998), American Business Values with International Perspectives, 4th edn, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Cellarius, B.A. and C. Staddon (2002a), 'Environmental nongovernmental organizations, civil society, and democratization in Bulgaria', East European Politics and Societies, 16(1), 182-222.
9. Chapas, R.B. (2003a), 'Sustainability as an opportunity-seize it', Research Technology Management, 46(1), 8-9.
10. Clarkson, M.B.E. (1991), 'Defining, evaluating, and managing corporate social performance:A stakeholder management model', in J.E. Post (ed.), Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 331-58.
11. Clarkson, M.B.E. (1994), 'A risk based model of stakeholder theory', Proceedings of the Second Toronto Conference on Stakeholder Theory, Toronto: Centre for Corporate Social Performance & Ethics, University of Toronto.
12. Clarkson, M.B.E. (1995), 'A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance', Academy of Management Review, 20, 92-117.
13. Cyert, R.M. and J.G. March (1963), A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
14. Daboub, A.J. and J.M. Calton (2002), 'Stakeholder learning dialogues: How to preserve ethical responsibility in networks', Journal of Business Ethics, 41(1/2), 85-99.
15. Deetz, S. (1995), Transforming Communication, Transforming Business: Building Responsive and Responsible Workplaces, Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
16. DiMaggio, P.J. and W.W. Powell (1983), 'The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields', American Sociological Review, 48, 147-60.
17. Donaldson, T. (1989), The Ethics of International Business, New York: Oxford University Press.
18. Donaldson, T. and T.W. Dunfee (1994), 'Toward a unified conception of business ethics: Integrative social contracts theory', Academy of Management Review, 19, 252-84.
19. Donaldson, T. and T.W. Dunfee (1999), Ties that Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
20. Donaldson, T. and L.E. Preston (1995), 'The stakeholder theory of the corporation:Concepts, evidence, implications', Academy of Management Review, 20, 65-91.
21. Eckersley, R. (1992), Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
22. Etzioni, A. (1988), The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics, New York:Free Press.
23. Evan, W.M. and R.E. Freeman (1988), 'A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation:Kantian capitalism', in T.L. Beauchamp and N.E. Bowie (eds), Ethical Theory and Business (3rd edn), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 75-93.
24. Freeman, R.E. (1984), Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Boston:Pitman.
25. Freeman, R.E. (1994), 'The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions', Business Ethics Quarterly, 4, 4009-21.
26. Frooman, J. (1999), 'Stakeholder influence strategies', Academy of Management Review, 24, 191-205.
27. Gibson, K. (2000a), 'The moral basis of stakeholder theory', Journal of Business Ethics, 26(3), 245-57.
28. Gilligan, C. (1982), In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. Gladwin, T.N., J.J. Kennelly and T.S. Krause (1995a), 'Shifting paradigms for sustainable development: Implications for management theory and research', Academy of Management Review, 20(4), 874-907.
30. Haberl, H. and H. Schandl (1999a), 'Indicators of sustainable land use: Concepts for the analysis of society-nature interrelations and implications for sustainable development', Environmental Management and Health, 10(3), 177-90.
31. Habermas, J. (1984), The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume One: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, T. McCarthy (trans.), Boston: Beacon Press.
32. Hartman, E.M. (1996), Organizational Ethics and the Good Life, New York: Oxford University Press.
33. Hartman, E.M. (2001), 'Moral philosophy, political philosophy, and organizational ethics: A response to Phillips and Margolis', Business Ethics Quarterly, 11, 673-85.
34. Held, V. (1993), Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. Hunter, M.L., Jr (1990), Wildlife, Forests, and Forestry: Principles of Managing Forests for Biological Diversity, Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall.
36. Iyer, G.R. (1999a), 'Business, consumers and sustainable living in an interconnected world: A multilateral ecocentric approach', Journal of Business Ethics, 20(4), 273-88.
37. Jacques, R. (1992a), 'Critique and theory building: Producing knowledge "From the Kitchen" ', Academy of Management Review, 17(3), 582-606.
38. Jennings, P.D. and P.A. Zandbergen (1995a), 'Ecologically sustainable organizations:An institutional approach', Academy of Management Review, 20(4), 1015-52.
39. Jones, T.M. and A.C. Wicks (1999), 'Convergent stakeholder theory', Academy of Management Review, 24, 206-21.
40. Katz,D. and R.L.Kahn (1966), The Social Psychology of Organizations, New York:John Wiley & Sons.
41. Keeney, R.L. (1988a), 'Structuring objectives for problems of public interest', Operations Research, 36(3), 396-405.
42. Keeney, R.L., D. Von Winterfeldt and T. Eppel (1990a), 'Eliciting public values for complex policy decisions', Management Science, 36(9), 1011-30.
43. King, R.J.H. (1996), 'Caring about nature', in K. J.Warren (ed.), Ecological Feminist Philosophies, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp. 82-96.
44. Kohlberg, L. (1976), 'Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach', in T. Lickona (ed.), Moral Development and Behavior, New York:Holt, Reinhart & Winston, pp. 31-53.
45. Lauritzen, P. (1989a), 'A feminist ethic and the new romanticism-mothering as a model of moral relations', Hypatia, 4(2), 29-44.
46. Lave, J. and E. Wenger (1991), Situated Learning, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
47. Liedtka, J. (1999a), 'Linking competitive advantage with communities of practice', Journal of Management Inquiry, 8(1), 5-16.
48. March, J.G. (1978a), 'Bounded rationality, ambiguity, and the engineering of choice', The Bell Journal of Economics, 9(2), 587-608.
49. Mitchell, R.K., B.R. Agle and D.J. Wood (1997), 'Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts', Academy of Management Review, 22, 853-86.
50. O'Hara, S.U. (1998a), 'Economics, ethics and sustainability: Redefining connections', International Journal of Social Economics, 25(1), 43-62.
51. Pfeffer, J. and G. Salancik (1978), The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, New York: Harper & Row.
52. Phillips, R.A. (1997), 'Stakeholder theory and a principle of fairness', Business Ethics Quarterly, 7, 51-66.
53. Phillips, R.A. and J. Reichart (2000a), 'The environment as stakeholder? A fairnessbased approach', Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(2), 185-97.
54. Prahalad, C.K. and S.L. Hart (2002), 'The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid', Strategy, Business, 26, 1-14.
55. Purser, R.E., C. Park and A. Montuori (1995a), 'Limits to anthropocentrism: Toward an ecocentric organization paradigm?', Academy of Management Review, 20(4), 1053-90.
56. Rawls, J. (1971), A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
57. Ruddick, S. (1989), Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace, Boston: Beacon Press.
58. Sama, L.M. and V. Shoaf (2002), 'Ethics on the Web: Applying moral decision making to the new media', Journal of Business Ethics, 36, 93-103.
59. Scott, F.E. (2000a), 'Participative democracy and the transformation of the citizen:Some intersections of feminist, post-modernist, and critical thought', American Review of Public Administration, 30(3), 252-70.
60. Shrivastava, P. (1995a), 'The role of corporations in achieving ecological sustainability', Academy of Management Review, 20(4), 936-60.
61. Shrivastava, P. (1995b), 'Ecocentric management for a risk society', Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 118-37.
62. Simon, H.A. (1979a), Models of Thought, New Haven: Yale University Press.
63. Simon, H.A. (1979b), 'Rational decision making in business organizations', American Economic Review, 69(4), 493-513.
64. Starik, M. (1993), 'Is the environment an organizational stakeholder? Naturally!', in J. Pasquero and D. Collins (eds), Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society, San Diego, CA, pp. 466-71.
65. Starik, M. (1994), 'Essay by Mark Starik: Reflections on stakeholder theory', Business & Society, 33, 82-131.
66. Starik, M. (1995a), 'Should trees have managerial standing? Toward stakeholder status for non-human nature', Journal of Business Ethics, 14(3), 207-18.
67. Starik, M. and G.P. Rands (1995a), 'Weaving an integrated web: Multilevel and multisystem perspectives of ecologically sustainable organizations', Academy of Management Review, 20(4), 908-35.
68. Stone, C.D. (1972), 'Should trees have standing? Toward legal rights for natural objects', 45 Southern California Law Review 450, reprinted in W.Kaufmann (ed.) (1974), Should Trees have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects, Los Altos, CA; New York: Avon Books, revised edition (1975).
69. Stone, C.D. (1987), Earth and Other Ethics: The Case for Moral Pluralism, New York: Harper & Row.
70. Swanson,D. (1999), 'Toward an integrative theory of business and society: A research strategy for corporate social performance', Academy of Management Review, 24, 506-21.
71. Thompson, J. (1967), Organizations in Action, New York: McGraw-Hill.
72. Trevino, L.K. and G.R.Weaver (1999), 'Response to the stakeholder research tradition:Converging theorists-not convergent theory', Academy of Management Review, 24, 222-7.
73. Tronto, J.C. (1993), Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care, New York: Routledge.
74. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (1992), 'Information for decision-making', Chapter 40 in Agenda 21-Global Programme of Action on Sustainable Development, available from http://www.sdnp.undp.org/docs/papers/sdninet.htm (accessed 23 March, 2004).
75. Whiteman, G. and W.H. Cooper (2000a), 'Ecological embeddedness', Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1265-82.
76. Wicks, A.C., D.R. Gilbert and R.E. Freeman (1994a), 'A feminist reinterpretation of the stakeholder concept', Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(4), 475-97.
77. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), Our Common Future, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
78. Yankelovich, D. (1999), The Magic of Dialogue: Transforming Conflict Into Cooperation, New York: Simon & Schuster.