The role of mitigating factors in capital sentencing before and after McKoy v. North Carolina

Justice Quarterly

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 357-381

  Kremling, Janine ^a   Smith, M Dwayne ^a,b   Cochran, John K ^a,b   Bjerregaard, Beth ^c   Fogel, Sondra J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b Department of Criminology ^*  (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Capital sentencing; McKoy v. North Carolina; Mitigating factors

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547491381     PISSN: 07418825     EISSN: 17459109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07418820701485361     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Acker, J. R., Bohm, R. M., & Lanier, C. S. (Eds.) (2003). America's experiment with capital punishment (2nd ed.) Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
2. Ancestry View. (2000). North Carolina vital records: Deaths 1968-1996 [CD-ROM]. Provo, UT: MyFamily.com.
3. Andrews, A. B. (1991). Social work expert testimony regarding mitigation in capital sentencing proceedings. Social Work, 36, 440-445.
4. Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 US 404 (1972).
5. Baime, D. S. (2001). Report to the New Jersey Supreme Court systemic proportionality review project. Trenton: New Jersey Supreme Court.
6. Baldus, D. C., Pulaski, C A., Jr., & Woodworth, G. (1983). Comparative review of death sentences: An empirical study of the Georgia experience. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 74, 661-753.
7. Baldus, D. C., Woodworth, G., & Pulaski, C. A., Jr. (1985). Monitoring and evaluating contemporary death sentencing systems: Lessons from Georgia. University of California Davis Law Review, 18, 1375-1407.
8. Baldus, D. C., Woodworth, G, & Pulaski, C. A., Jr. (1990). Equal justice and the death penalty. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
9. Baldus, D. C., Woodworth, G., Grosso, C., & Christ, C. (2002). Arbitrariness and discrimination in the administration of the death penalty: A legal and empirical analysis of the Nebraska experience (1973-1999). Nebraska Law Review, 81, 486-756.
10. Baldus, D. C., Woodworth, G., Zuckerman, D., Weiner, N. A., & Broffitt, B. (1998). Racial discrimination and the death penalty in the post-Furmon Era: An empirical and legal overview, with recent findings from Philadelphia. Cornell Law Review, 83, 1683-1770.
11. Barclay v. Florida, 464 US 874 (1983)
12. Bienen, L. B. (1996). The proportionality review of capital cases by state high courts after Gregg: Only "the appearance of justice"? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 87, 130-314.
13. Bjerregaard, B., Smith, M. D., & Fogel, S. J. (2005). Issues in the use of aggravating and mitigating circumstances during the sentencing phase of capital murder trials. In R. Muraskin (Ed.), Key correctional issues (pp. 285-310). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
14. Blankenship, M. B., Luginbuhl, J., Cullen, F. T., a Redick, W. (1997). Jurors' comprehension of sentencing instructions: A test of the death penalty process in Tennessee. Justice Quarterly, 14, 325-352.
15. Blume, J., a Eisenberg, T. (1999). Judicial politics, death penalty appeals, and case selection: An empirical analysis. Southern California Law Review, 72, 465-500.
16. Bortner, P., & Hall, A. (2000). Arizona first-degree murder cases, summary of 1995-1999 indictments: Data set II. Research report to Arizona Capital Case Commission. Phoenix: Arizona Capital Case Commission.
17. Bowers, W. (1995). The Capital Jury Project: Rationale, design, and a preview of early findings. Indiana Law Journal, 70, 1043-1102.
18. Bowers, W. J., Fleury-Steiner, B. D., a Antonio, M. E. (2003). The capital sentencing decision: Guided discretion, reasoned moral judgment, or legal fiction? In J. R. Acker, R. M. Bohm, & C. S. Lanier (Eds.), America's experiment with capital punishment (2nd ed., pp. 413-468). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
19. Bowers, W. J., Sandys, M., & Steiner, B. D. (1998). Foreclosed impartiality in capital sentencing: Jurors' predispositions, guilt-trial experience, and premature decision-making. Cornell Law Review, 83, 1474-1556.
20. Brame, R., Paternoster, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Testing for the equality of maximum likelihood regression coefficients between two independent equations. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, 245-261.
21. Brock, D., Cohen, N., & Sorensen, J. (2000). Arbitrariness in the imposition of death sentences in Texas: An analysis of four counties by offense seriousness, race of victim, and race of offender. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 43-71.
22. California v. Ramos, 463 US 992 (1983).
23. Carroll, J. K. (1973). The jury-unanimous verdicts no longer required. Tulane Law Review, 47, 459-466.
24. Devine, D. J., Clayton, L. D., Dunford, B. B., Seying, R., & Pryce, J. (2001). Jury decision making: 45 years of empirical research on deliberating groups. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 7, 622-727.
25. Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 US 104 (1982).
26. Eisenberg, T., & Wells, M. T. (1993). Deadly confusion: Juror instructions in capital cases. Cornell Law Review, 79, 1-52.
27. Furman v. Georgia, 408 US 238 (1972).
28. Garvey, S. P. (1998). Aggravation and mitigation in capital cases: What do jurors think? Columbia Law Review, 98, 1538-1576.
29. Gregg v. Georgia, 428 US 153 (1976).
30. Hans, V. P. (2001). The power of twelve: The impact of jury size and unanimity on civil jury decision making. Delaware Law Review, 4, 1-31.
31. Hanushek, E. A., & Jackson, J. E. (1977). Statistical methods for social scientists. New York: Academic Press.
32. Hastie, R., Penrod, S. D., & Pennington, N. (1983). Inside the jury. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Holcomb, J. E., Williams, M. R., & Demuth, S. (2005). White female victims and death penalty disparity research. Justice Quarterly, 21, 877-902.
34. Johnson v. Louisiana, 406 US 356 (1972).
35. Jurek v. Texas, 428 US 262 (1976).
36. Kachmar, J. (1996). Silencing the minority: Permitting nonunanimous jury verdicts in criminal trials. Pacific Law Journal, 28, 273-310.
37. Keil, T. J., & Vito, G. F. (1995). Race and the death penalty in Kentucky murder trials. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 20, 17-36.
38. Klein, S., & Rolph, J. (1991). Relationship of offender and victim race to death penalty sentences in California. Jurimetrics, 32, 33-48.
39. Lenza, M., Keys, D., & Guess, T. (2003). The prevailing injustices in the application of the death penalty in Missouri (1978-1996). Retrieved 15 January 2005, from http://www.moabolition.org/Lenzareport.doc
40. Lockett v. Ohio, 438 US 586 (1978).
41. Luginbuhl, J., & Howe, J. (1995). Discretion in capital sentencing instructions: Guided or misguided? Indiana Law Review, 70, 1161-1181.
42. McAdams, J. C. (1998). Racial disparity and the death penalty. Law & Contemporary Problems, 61, 153-170.
43. McGautha v. California, 402 US 183 (1971).
44. McKoy v. North Carolina, 494 US 433 (1990).
45. Menard, S. (1995). Applied logistic regression analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46. Mills v. Maryland, 486 US 367 (1988).
47. North Carolina Capital Punishment Statutes, (n.d.) NC general statutes. Subchapter XV. Capital punishment. Retrieved 1 March 2006, from http://www.ncleg.net/Enacted-Legislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_15A/ GS_15A-2000.html
48. North Carolina Department of Corrections, (n.d.). Offender information: Public search. Retrieved from http://www.doc.state.nc.us
49. Paternoster, R., & Brame, R. (2003). An empirical analysis of Maryland's death sentencing system with respect to the influence of race and legal jurisdiction. Retrieved 15 January 2005, from http://www.newsdesk.umd. edu/pdf/finalrep.pdf
50. Paternoster, R., & Kazayaka, A. M. (1989-1990). An examination of comparatively excessive death sentences in South Carolina, 1979-1987. New York University Review of Law and Social Change, 17, 101-159.
51. Peterson, T. (1985). A comment on presenting results from logit and probit models. American Sociological Review, 50, 130-131.
52. Pierce, G., & Radelet, M. (2002). Race, religion, and death-sentencing in Illinois, 1988-1997. Oregon Law Review, 18, 39-96.
53. Proffitt v. Florida, 428 US 242 (1976).
54. Rhee, F. (1993, June 13). Does court thwart N.C. death penalty? 12 percent of capital sentences upheld since 1990, but justice says US law is the reason. Charlotte Observer. Retrieved November 20, 2006, from http://infoweb.newsbank.com
55. Roberts v. Louisiana, 428 US 325 (1976).
56. Sorensen, J. R., a Wallace, D. H. (1995). Arbitrariness and discrimination in Missouri capital cases: An assessment using the Barnett scale. Journal of Crime and Justice, 18, 21-57.
57. State of North Carolina v. Dock McKoy, Jr., 323 N.C 1 (1988).
58. State of North Carolina v. Duane Lee Brown, 325 N.C. 427 (1989).
59. Stauffer, A. R., Smith, M. D., Cochran, J. K., Fogel, S. J., & Bjerregaard, B. (2006). The interaction between victim race and gender on sentencing outcomes in capital murder trials: A further exploration. Homicide Studies, 10, 98-117.
60. Steiker, C. S., & Steiker, J. M. (2003). Judicial developments in capital punishment law. In J. R. Acker, R. M. Bohm, & C. S. Lanier (Eds.), America's experiment with capital punishment (2nd ed., pp. 55-84). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
61. Taylor-Thompson, K. (2000). Empty votes in jury deliberations. Harvard Law Review, 113, 1261-1320.
62. Unah, I., & Boger, J. C. (2001) Race and the death penalty in North Carolina: An empirical analysis, 1993-1997. Retrieved 16 June 2003, from http://www.common-sense.org/pdfs/NCDeathPenaltyReport2001.pdf
63. United States General Accounting Office. (1990). Death penalty sentencing: Resource Indicates pattern of racial disparities. Washington, DC: Author.
64. Wallace, D. H., & Sorensen, J. R. (1998). A state Supreme Court's review of comparative proportionality: Explanations for three disproportionate & executed death sentences. Thomas Jefferson Law Review, 20, 207-275.
65. Williams, M. R., & Holcomb, J. E. (2001). Racial disparity and death sentences in Ohio. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29, 207-218.
66. Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 US 280 (1976).
67. Zant v. Stephens, 462 US 862 (1983).