Toward a history of statelessness in America

American Quarterly

Volumn 57, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 727-749

  Kerber, Linda K ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34547481368     PISSN: 00030678     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/aq.2005.0049     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Edward Everett Hale, A Man Without a Country (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2002)
2. Aaron Burr in the House of Assembly, Legislature of New York, January 8, 1799, "Debate on Proposed Amendments to the U.S. Constitution," Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, vol. 1, ed. Mary-Jo Kline (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 366, 371
3. For Hale's own reflections on the origins of the story, see E. E. Hale, "The Man Without a Country," Outlook 59 (May 5, 1898): 116
4. Catheryn Seckler-Hudson, Statelessness: With Special Reference to the United States (A Study in Nationality and Conflict of Laws) (Washington, D.C.: Digest Press, 1934)
5. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1951)
6. McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act, Pub. L. No. 82-414 (1952)
7. Stephen H. Legomsky, "Secondary Refugee Movements and the Return of Asylum Seekers to Third Countries: The Meaning of Effective Protection," International Journal of Refugee Law 15 (2003): 567-677
8. "2003 Global Refugee Trends: Overview of Refugee Populations, New Arrivals, Durable Solutions, Asylum-Seekers and Other Persons of Concern to UNHCR," June 15, 2004, http://www.reliefweb.int/ rw/lib.nsf/db900SID/LHON- 634JPE?OpenDocument (accessed July 19, 2005)
9. For a recent example see Amy Waldman, "Sri Lankan Maids Pay Dearly for Perilous Jobs Overseas," New York Times, May 8, 2005, A1, detailing "exploitation so extreme that it sometimes approaches 'slaverylike' conditions, according to a recent Human Rights Watch report on foreign workers in Saudi Arabia."
10. Jacqueline Bhabha, "Demography and Rights: Women, Children, and Access to Asylum," International Journal of Refugee Law 16 (2004): 232, 235
11. see also Jacqueline Bhabha, "'More Than Their Share of Sorrow': International Migration Law and the Rights of Children," Saint Louis University Public Law Review 22 (2003): 253, n. 1
12. Arjun Appadurai, "Patriotism and Its Futures," Public Culture 5.3 (1993), 423-24
13. Aihwa Ong, Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999)
14. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), 3, 7
15. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 291-93
16. Robert Wiebe, "Framing U.S. History: Democracy, Nationalism, and Socialism," in Rethinking American History in a Global Age, ed. Thomas Bender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 239
17. For the process in France, see Gerhard Noiriel, "The Identification of the Citizen: The Birth of Republican Civil Status in France," in Documenting Individual Identity: The Development of State Practices in the Modern World, ed. Jane Caplan and John Torpey (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002), 29-47
18. "Petition of the Africans, Living in Boston, 1773," in James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Hortons Slavery and the Making of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 51
19. A. S. Hitchcock to Provost Marshal General of the Department of the South, August 25, 1864, in Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861-1867, ser. 1, vol. 3, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 316-17
20. John Torpey, The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship, and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 95-96
21. Lucy E. Salyer, Laws Harsh as Tigers: Chinese Immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 247-48
22. and see John R. Wander's review in the American Historical Review 102 (1997): 889-90
23. See Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U.S. 698 (1893)
24. Mae Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), 37-50
25. See Candice Lewis Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own: Women, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 136
26. Christina Duffy Burnett, "The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands," in this issue, 798, 799
27. Dowries v. Bidwell 182 U.S. 244 (1901); note Justice John Marshall Harlan's eloquent dissent
28. Sarah H. Cleveland, "Powers Inherent in Sovereignty: Indians, Aliens, Territories, and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of Plenary Power over Foreign Affairs," Texas Law Review 81.1 (2002): 211
29. A good place to start is Sanford Levinson, "Why the Canon Should Be Expanded to Include the Insular Cases," Constitutional Commentary 17 (2000): 241ff
30. and see Burnett, "The Edges of Empire."
31. Seckler-Hudson, Statelessness, 23-99
32. Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own, 157
33. See the splendid treatment of these matters in Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own, 98-102, 157, 170-94
34. For the Nansen Passport, see Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 281, n. 30, and passim
35. and Torpey, The Invention of the Passport, 127-29
36. Richard W. Flournoy Jr., "Nationality Convention Protocols and Recommendations Adopted by the First Conference on the Codification of International Law," American Journal of International Law 24 (1930): 467
37. I am indebted to Mae Ngai's remarkable essay, "The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien: Immigration Restriction and Deportation Policy in the United States, 1921-1965," Law and History Review 21 (2003): 69-107, especially notes 11 and 14. In her analysis, immigration restriction makes the illegal alien; she gives relatively little attention to statelessness, although it is implicit in the situation
38. See the moving testimony by a man himself stateless, Marc Vishniac, The Legal Status of Stateless Persons (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1945), 34
39. and David S. Wyman, Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis 1938-1941 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968)
40. The original agenda of the UN Commission on the Status of Women expressed a grave concern for the risks of statelessness, and a fear for the fragility of married women's nationality. See Linda K. Kerber, "'I Was Appalled': The Invisible Antecedents of Second Wave Feminism," Journal of Women's History 14.2 (summer 2002): 86-97
41. Bhabha, "'More Than Their Share of Sorrows,'" 253
42. and Kitty Calavita, Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and the INS (New York: Routledge, 1999)
43. Jacqueline Bhabha, "The 'Mere Fortuity' of Birth? Are Children Citizens?" Differences 15.2 (summer 2004): 91-117
44. Tuan Ahn Nguyen v. INS, 121 S. Ct. 2053 (2001)
45. I have written about this case in "Top Court Took a Step Backward on Gender Bias," Boston Globe, June 23, 2001
46. See also Kristin Collins, "When Fathers' Rights Are Mothers' Duties: The Failure of Equal Protection in Miller v. Albright," Yale Law Journal 109 (2000): 101-42
47. Interview by author with Jay Stansell, January 12, 2001; Jonathan Simon, "Refugees in a Carceral Age: The Rebirth of Immigration Prisons in the United States," Public Culture 10.3 (1998): 577-607
48. Deborah Sontag, "In a Homeland Far from Home," New York Times Magazine, November 16, 2003, 48ff
49. Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 124 S. Ct. 2711 (2004)
50. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 124 S. Ct. 2633 (2004)
51. Rasul v. Bush 124 S. Ct. 2686 (2004)
52. Neil A. Lewis, "Red Cross Finds Detainee Abuse in Guantanamo," New York Times, November 30, 2004
53. for Abu Ghraib, see Mark Danner, Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror (New York: New York Review Books, 2004)
54. Joel Brinkley, "From Afghanistan to Saudi Arabia, via Guantanamo," New York Times, October 16, 2004
55. Neil A. Lewis, "Judge Says U.S. Terror Suspect Can't Be Held as an Enemy Combatant," New York Times, March 1, 2005, 14
56. David A. Martin, "Behind the Scenes on a Different Set: What Congress Needs to Do in the Aftermath of St. Cyr and Nguyen," Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 16 (2002): 333-38
57. Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997)
58. Center for Constitutional Rights, "The State of Civil Liberties, One Year Later: Erosion of Civil Liberties in the Post 9/11 Era," http://www.ccr-ny.org (accessed July 19, 2005)
59. Judith N. Shklar, American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991)
60. T. H. Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950)
61. Alice Kessler-Harris, In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001)
62. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 recognizes something of the scope of the problem in the United States. See also U.S. Department of State, "Trafficking in Persons Report," June 5, 2002, http://www.state.gov/g/tip (accessed July 19, 2005)
63. Aihwa Ong, Buddha Is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 9