Air-coupled ultrasound: A novel technique for monitoring the curing of thermosetting matrices

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control

Volumn 54, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 1437-1443

  Lionetto, Francesca ^a   Tarzia, Antonella ^b   Maffezzoli, Alfonso ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALENTO   (Italy)

^b Cimtec Lab Srl   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OPTIMIZATION; POLYESTERS; RESINS; THERMOSETS; TRANSDUCERS;

AIR COUPLED ULTRASOUND; NONCONTACT TRANSDUCERS; ROOM TEMPERATURE; THERMOSETTING MATRICES;

ULTRASONIC DEVICES;

EID: 34547453663     PISSN: 08853010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2007.404     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. D. W. Schindel, D. A. Hutchins, and W. A. Grandia, "Capacitive and piezoelectric air-coupled transducers for resonant ultrasonic inspection," Ultrasonics, vol. 34, pp. 621-627, Aug. 1996.
2. D. W. Schindel and D. A. Hutchins, "Through thickness characterization of solids by wideband air-coupled ultrasound," Ultrasonics, vol. 33, pp. 11-17, Jan. 1995.
3. D. W. Schindel, D. A. Hutchins, L. Zou, and M. Sayer, "The design and characterisation of micromachined air-coupled capacitance transducers," IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 42, pp. 42-50, Jan. 1995.
4. M. J. Anderson, J. A. Hill, C. M. Fortunko, N. S. Dogan, and R. D. Moore, "Broadband electrostatic transducers: Modelling and experiment," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 97, pp. 262-272, Jan. 1995.
5. T. J. Robertson, D. A. Hutchins, and D. R. Billson, "Capacitive air-coupled cylindrical transducers for ultrasonic imaging applications," Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, pp. 758-769, May 2002.
6. M. Bhardwaj, "Non-destructive evaluation: Introduction of non-contact ultrasound," in Encyclopedia of Smart Materials. M. Schwartz, Ed. New York: Wiley, 2002, pp. 690-714.
7. W. A. Grandia and C. M. Fortunko, "NDE applications of air-coupled ultrasonic transducers," in Proc. IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 1995, pp. 697-709.
8. G. Hayward, "Air-coupled NDE: Constraints and solutions for industrial implementation," in Proc. IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 1997, pp. 665-673.
9. R. E. Green, "Non-contact ultrasonic techniques," Ultrasonics, vol. 42, pp. 9-16, Apr. 2004.
10. D. W. Choi, C. McIntyre, D. A. Hutchins, and D. R. Billson, "Gas jet as a waveguide for air-coupled ultrasound," Ultrasonics, vol. 40, pp. 145-151, May 2002.
11. M. J. Anderson, P. R. Martin, and C. M. Fortunko, "Gas coupled ultrasonic measurement of stiffness moduli of polymer composite plates," in Proc. IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 1994, pp. 1255-1260.
12. D. A. Hutchins and D. W. Schindel, "Advances in non-contact and air-coupled transducers," in Proc. IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 1994, pp. 1245-1254.
13. D. W. Schindel and D. A. Hutchins, "Applications of micromachined capacitance transducers in air-coupled ultrasonics and non-destructive evaluation," IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 42, pp. 51-58, Jan. 1995.
14. R. Stoessel, N. Krohn, K. Pfleiderer, and G. Busse, "Air-coupled ultrasound inspection of various materials," Ultrasonics, vol. 40, pp. 159-163, May 2002.
15. M. Castaings, P. Cawley, R. Fralow, and G. Hayward, "Single sided inspection of composite materials using air-coupled ultrasound," J. Nondestructive Eval., vol. 17, pp. 37-45, Mar. 1998.
16. E. Blomme, D. Bulcaen, and F. Declercq, "Recent observations with air-coupled NDE in the frequency range of 650 kHz to 1.2 MHz," Ultrasonics, vol. 40, pp. 153-157, May 2002.
17. J. Buckley, "Air-coupled ultrasound - A millennial review," presented at 15th WCNDT World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, Rome, Oct. 15-21, 2000.
18. J. O. Strycek and H. Loertscher, "Ultrasonic air-coupled inspection of advanced material," NDT.net, vol. 4, pp. 46-50, Dec. 1999.
19. I. Solodov, K. Pfleiderer, H. Gerhard, S. Predak, and G. Busse, "New opportunities for NDE with air-coupled ultrasound," NDTE Int., vol. 39, pp. 176-183, Apr. 2006.
20. A. Maffezzoli, E. Quarta, V. A. M. Luprano, G. Montagna, and L. Nicolais, "Cure monitoring of epoxy matrices for composites by ultrasonic wave propagation," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 73, pp. 1969-1977, Sep. 1999.
21. F. Lionetto, R. Rizzo, V. A. M. Luprano, and A. Maffezzoli, "Phase transformations in unsaturated polyester resins during the cure," Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 370, pp. 284-287, Apr. 2004.
22. F. Lionetto and A. Maffezzoli, "Relaxations during post-cure of unsaturated polyester networks by ultrasonic wave propagation, dynamic mechanical and dielectric analysis," J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., vol. 43, pp. 596-602, Mar. 2005.
23. R. E. Challis, M. E. Unwin, D. L. Chadwick, R. J. Freemantie, I. K. Partridge, D. J. Dare, and P. I. Karkanas, "Following network formation in an epoxy/amine system by ultrasound, dielectric, and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements: A comparative study," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 88, pp. 1665-1675, May 2003.
24. M. Matsukawa and I. Nagai, "Ultrasonic characterization of a polymerizing epoxy resin with imbalanced stoichiometry," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 99, pp. 2110-2115, Apr. 1996.
25. S. I. Rokhlin, D. K. Lewis, K. F. Graff, and L. Adler, "Real time study of frequency dependence of attenuation and velocity of ultrasonic waves during curing reaction of epoxy resin," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 79, pp. 1786-1793, June 1986.
26. D. Lairez, D. Durand, and J. R. Emery, "Gelation and vitrification of epoxy resins monitored by ultrasonic measurements," Makromol. Chem., Macromal. Symp., vol. 45, pp. 31-41, May 1991.
27. R. J. Freemantle and R. E. Challis, "Combined compression and shear wave ultrasonic measurements on curing adhesive," Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 9, pp. 1291-1302, Aug. 1998.
28. S. Dixon, D. Jacques, and S. B. Palmer, "The development of shear and compression elastic moduli in curing adhesives measured using non-contact ultrasonic transducers," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 36, pp. 753-759, Mar. 2003.
29. S. Dixon, D. Jacques, and S. B. Palmer, "The measurement of shear and compression waves in curing epoxy adhesives using ultrasonic reflection and transmission techniques simultaneously," Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 15, pp. 939-947, May 2004.
30. A. Tarzia, F. Lionetto, F. Montagna, and A. Maffezzoli, "Cure monitoring of thermosetting matrices by air-coupled ultrasound," presented at 26th Int. SAMPE Europe Conference of the Society for Advancement of Materials and Process Engineering, Paris, Apr. 5-7, 2005.
31. F. Lionetto, F. Montagna, and A. Maffezzoli, "Ultrasonic dynamic mechanical analysis of polymers," Appl. Rheol., vol. 15, pp. 326-335, Oct. 2005.
32. F. Lionetto, A. Tarzia, M. Coluccia, and A. Maffezzoli, "Air-coupled ultrasonic cure monitoring of unsaturated polyester resins," Macromol. Symp., vol. 247, pp. 50-58, Feb. 2007.
33. J. M. Kenny, A. Maffezzoli, and L. Nicolais, "A model for the thermal and chemorheological behavior of thermoset processing. 2. Unsaturated polyester based composites," Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 38, pp. 339-358, Apr. 1990.
34. M. Li, Q. Zhu, P. H. Geubelle, and C. L. Tucker, "Optimal curing for thermoset matrix composites: Thermochemical considerations," Polym. Compos., vol. 22, pp. 118-131, Feb. 2001.
35. F. Kreith, Principles of Heat Transfer. 3rd ed. New York: Intext Educational Publ., 1973.
36. C. Pindinelli, G. Montagna, V. A. M. Luprano, and A. Maffezzoli, "Network development during epoxy curing: Experimental ultrasonic data and theoretical predictions," Macrom. Symp., vol. 180, pp. 73-88, Mar. 2002.
37. G. Van Assche, E. Verdonck, and B. Van Mele, "TMDSC and dynamic rheometry, gelation, vitrification and autoacceleration in the cure of an unsaturated polyester resin," J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 59, pp. 305-318, Jan. 2000.