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Volumn 109, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 1377-1404

True crime: The origins of modern sensationalism

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EID: 34547433647     PISSN: 00028762     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/530930     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (64)

References (190)
  • 1
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    • Heavy TV Viewing Found to Deepen Fears
    • December 2, sec. A
    • Stephen Seplow, "Heavy TV Viewing Found to Deepen Fears," Philadelphia Inquirer, December 2, 1994, sec. A,1;
    • (1994) Philadelphia Inquirer , pp. 1
    • Seplow, S.1
  • 3
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    • Television and Attitudes about Crime: Do Heavy Viewers Distort Criminality and Support Retributive Justice?
    • Ray Surette, ed. Springfield, Ill.
    • Leo Barrile, "Television and Attitudes about Crime: Do Heavy Viewers Distort Criminality and Support Retributive Justice?" Justice and the Media: Issues and Research, Ray Surette, ed. (Springfield, Ill., 1984), 141-58.
    • (1984) Justice and the Media: Issues and Research , pp. 141-158
    • Barrile, L.1
  • 8
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    • Worrying about Emotions in History
    • June
    • see also Barbara H. Rosenwein, "Worrying about Emotions in History," AHR 107, no. 3 (June 2002): 821-45;
    • (2002) AHR , vol.107 , Issue.3 , pp. 821-845
    • Rosenwein, B.H.1
  • 10
    • 0003648849 scopus 로고
    • Ithaca, N.Y.
    • Dismissive comments about sensationalism are too numerous to list, but some scholars have begun to study crime literature seriously, especially in recent years. See, for example, in addition to those cited below, Frances E. Dolan, Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1994);
    • (1994) Dangerous Familiars: Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550-1700
    • Dolan, F.E.1
  • 13
    • 0004170479 scopus 로고
    • Oxford, s.v. "sensationalism"
    • A simultaneous coinage by historians of philosophy used the same term for "materialist" philosophies positing the senses as the sole source of knowledge. The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1971), s.v. "sensationalism."
    • (1971) The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary
  • 14
    • 0004240370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • with Elizabeth Hegeman Cambridge
    • For a recent commentary on the devaluation of emotion in philosophy, see Michael Stocker Valuing Emotions, with Elizabeth Hegeman (Cambridge, 1996), 91-108;
    • (1996) Valuing Emotions , pp. 91-108
    • Stocker, M.1
  • 15
    • 0001931719 scopus 로고
    • Engendered Emotion: Gender, Power, and the Rhetoric of Emotional Control in American Discourse
    • Lutz and Lila Abu-Lughod, eds. Cambridge
    • on the devaluation of emotion and its association with feminized cultural elements, see Catherine A. Lutz, "Engendered Emotion: Gender, Power, and the Rhetoric of Emotional Control in American Discourse," Language and the Politics of Emotion, Lutz and Lila Abu-Lughod, eds. (Cambridge, 1990), 69-91.
    • (1990) Language and the Politics of Emotion , pp. 69-91
    • Lutz, C.A.1
  • 16
    • 77952433625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This quotation is from 1886; also cited is an earlier use in 1865. Oxford English Dictionary.
    • Oxford English Dictionary
  • 25
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    • Edmund Jephcott, trans. New York
    • Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process, Edmund Jephcott, trans. (New York, 1978).
    • (1978) The Civilizing Process
    • Elias, N.1
  • 28
    • 85033644716 scopus 로고
    • 20 vols. Leipzig
    • A classic example is the fourteenth-century contest between the imperial city of Augsburg and the renegade nobleman Jacob Puttrich. See Die Chroniken der deutschen Städte vom 14. bis ins 16. Jahrhundert, 20 vols. (Leipzig, 1862), 4: 22-58.
    • (1862) Die Chroniken der Deutschen Städte vom 14. bis Ins 16. Jahrhundert , vol.4 , pp. 22-58
  • 31
    • 85033644484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This study is based on my compilation of approximately 120 broadside and pamphlet accounts of crime printed in German during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They are drawn from collections in the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek in Berlin (hereafter, SBB), the British Library in London (BL), the Zentralbibliothek in Zurich (ZB), and other libraries, in addition to reprinted sources. Although I cannot claim to have found every example, my sample is representative of those now extant.
  • 36
    • 85033635960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In my sample, about half of the crime accounts are in song form.
  • 39
    • 85033658831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • I should note that sensationalism did not focus exclusively on crime, since emotive style was also used in reports on such events as natural disasters. The focus on crime, however, is the longest lived, and I would argue the most culturally significant.
  • 46
    • 85033635940 scopus 로고
    • 22 vols. Stuttgart
    • In my sample, over half of the crime reports were explicitly labeled as true; in a randomly selected listing of news reports (neue Zeitung) in the VD 16 bibliography of sixteenth-century works, fewer than a quarter (22 of 120) were so labeled; Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des XVI. Jahrhunderts: VD 16, 22 vols. (Stuttgart, 1983-), 14: 464-81.
    • (1983) Verzeichnis der im Deutschen Sprachbereich Erschienenen Drucke des XVI. Jahrhunderts: VD 16 , vol.14 , pp. 464-481
  • 59
    • 56249090629 scopus 로고
    • Warhafftige Zeitung / so niemals erhört / weil die Welt gestanden / welche sich begeben zu Quedelburg in Sachsen
    • Erfurt, Brednich
    • on cursing: Warhafftige Zeitung / So niemals erhört / weil die Welt gestanden / welche sich begeben zu Quedelburg in Sachsen (Erfurt, 1621), in Brednich, Liedpublizistik, no. 117;
    • (1621) Liedpublizistik , Issue.117
  • 62
    • 85033648792 scopus 로고
    • The Shocking Ballad Picture Show
    • review of by Tom Cheesman
    • See, for example, W. A. Coupe, review of The Shocking Ballad Picture Show, by Tom Cheesman, Journal of European Studies 25 (1995): 212-13.
    • (1995) Journal of European Studies , vol.25 , pp. 212-213
    • Coupe, W.A.1
  • 65
    • 85033651859 scopus 로고
    • Ware Abcontrafectung ainer erbärmlichen / vnd erschröcklichen Newen Zeytung / so sich zu Erlingen / 4. Meil Wegs von Augspurg... verlauffen..
    • (Augsburg, 1589), Walter L. Strauss, ed., 3 vols. New York
    • "Jedoch vor grossem Hertzlaid vnd trawren / Javil mehr vor entsetzung Menschlicher Natur / wird solches kein Scribent leichtlich verbringen mögen." Ware Abcontrafectung ainer erbärmlichen / vnd erschröcklichen Newen Zeytung / so sich zu Erlingen / 4. Meil Wegs von Augspurg . . . verlauffen . . . (Augsburg, 1589), in The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1550-1600: A Pictorial Catalogue, Walter L. Strauss, ed., 3 vols. (New York, 1974), 3: 948.
    • (1974) The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1550-1600: A Pictorial Catalogue , vol.3 , pp. 948
  • 69
    • 56249100330 scopus 로고
    • Warhafftige Beschreibung von einer schröcklichen Mordthat / so geschehen 1652... in der Neisischen Herrschafft..
    • Neisse, Brednich
    • "keins Menschen wird gar nicht verschont / wie er arbeit wird ihm belohnt / keinem wirds anderst geschehen." Warhafftige Beschreibung von einer schröcklichen Mordthat / so geschehen 1652 . . . in der Neisischen Herrschafft . . . (Neisse, 1653), in Brednich, Liedpublizistik, no. 121.
    • (1653) Liedpublizistik , Issue.121
  • 75
    • 85033637241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Sie greyff erst nach dem eltsten sohn / Im seinen kopff zuhawen ab / Bald er zum fenster sich begab / Vnd wolt hinaus gekrochen sein / Beim beyn zog sie jn wider hinein / Vnd warff jn vff die erd darnider / Er macht sich auff / entlieff jr wider." Waldis, Eyne warhafftige vnd gantz erschreckliche historien, A2.
    • Eyne Warhafftige Vnd Gantz Erschreckliche Historien
    • Waldis1
  • 76
    • 85033637241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Er sprach hertz liebste mutter mein / Verschon mein doch vnd laß dir sagen / Ich wil dir all das wasser tragen / Das dir den winter thut von nöten / Verschon mein doch wölst mich nit tödten. / Da halff keyn bitt es war vmb sunst / Ihm willen schafft des Teuffels kunst / Sie schlug vff jn gleich nach der schwer / Als obs eyn frisches krautheupt wer." Waldis, Eyne warhafftige vnd gantz erschreckliche historien, A2.
    • Eyne Warhafftige Vnd Gantz Erschreckliche Historien
    • Waldis1
  • 78
    • 85033659186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • If multiple accounts of the same crime were excluded, these figures would be 37 of 56, about the same proportion. Since the focus here is on representations, I count different reports of a single crime as separate items.
  • 79
    • 84888167950 scopus 로고
    • Family Murders: Gender, Reproduction, and the Discourse of Crime in Early Modern Germany
    • For a fuller discussion of this pattern, see Wiltenburg, "Family Murders: Gender, Reproduction, and the Discourse of Crime in Early Modern Germany," Colloquia Germanica: Internationale Zeitschrift für Germanistik 28, nos. 3-4 (1995): 357-74.
    • (1995) Colloquia Germanica: Internationale Zeitschrift für Germanistik , vol.28 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 357-374
    • Wiltenburg1
  • 83
    • 85033655382 scopus 로고
    • Newe Zeittung vnd Warhaffte erzehlung..
    • (Augsburg, 1602), Dorothy Alexander and Walter L. Strauss, eds., 2 vols. New York, father kills children
    • Newe Zeittung vnd Warhaffte erzehlung . . . (Augsburg, 1602), in Dorothy Alexander and Walter L. Strauss, eds., The German Single-Leaf Woodcut 1600-1700: A Pictorial Catalogue, 2 vols. (New York, 1977), 2: 452 [father kills children];
    • (1977) The German Single-Leaf Woodcut 1600-1700: A Pictorial Catalogue , vol.2 , pp. 452
  • 84
    • 56249100330 scopus 로고
    • Warhafftige Beschreibung von einer schröcklichen Mordthat / so geschehen 1652... in der Neisischen Herrschafft..
    • Brednich, father kills pregnant wife and son
    • Warhafftige Beschreibung von einer schröcklichen Mordthat / so geschehen 1652 . . . in der Neisischen Herrschafft . . . (1653), in Brednich, Liedpublizistik, no. 121 [father kills pregnant wife and son].
    • (1653) Liedpublizistik , Issue.121
  • 86
    • 85033645378 scopus 로고
    • Newe Zeittung vnd Warhaffte erzehlung / welcher gestalt ein reicher Bawr... Bernhard Kuntz..
    • Augsburg, Alexander and Strauss
    • See also Newe Zeittung vnd Warhaffte erzehlung / welcher gestalt ein reicher Bawr . . . Bernhard Kuntz . . . (Augsburg, 1602), in Alexander and Strauss, German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 2: 452. The father was so possessed by greed that he even forgot fatherly love: "ja der angebornen Liebe / vnd Vätterlichen hertzlichen Trew / gegen seinen Leibeignen Kindern."
    • (1602) German Single-Leaf Woodcut , vol.2 , pp. 452
  • 89
    • 85033655349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Direct dialogue appears in at least 28 of my approximately 120 reports (likely an underestimate because I was not systematically looking for this feature early in my research) and is especially common (23 of 63) in reports of familial killing.
  • 93
    • 11544369397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For other examples of direct speech by child-victims, see Wiltenburg, Disorderly Women, 225-31;
    • Disorderly Women , pp. 225-231
    • Wiltenburg1
  • 96
    • 85033653696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warhafftige Beschreibung von einer schröcklichen Mordthat
    • Brednich
    • Warhafftige Beschreibung von einer schröcklichen Mordthat, in Brednich, Liedpublizistik, no. 121;
    • Liedpublizistik , Issue.121
  • 97
    • 85033653167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warhafftige Zeitung / so niemals erhört
    • Brednich
    • Warhafftige Zeitung / So niemals erhört, in Brednich, Liedpublizistik, no. 117;
    • Liedpublizistik , Issue.117
  • 107
    • 85033646796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolfgang Harms and Michael Schilling, eds., 2 vols. Tübingen
    • Wolfgang Harms and Michael Schilling, eds., Die Sammlung der Zentralbibliothek in Zürich: Kommentierte Ausgabe, 2 vols. (Tübingen, 1997), 2: nos. 39, 40, 41, pp. 76-79.
    • (1997) Die Sammlung der Zentralbibliothek in Zürich: Kommentierte Ausgabe , vol.2 , Issue.39-41 , pp. 76-79
  • 110
    • 79953888356 scopus 로고
    • Walter L. Strauss, ed., 4 vols. New York
    • Interestingly, one exception to this rule in my sample is very early, in a broadside from 1534. Here the killer of a priest confessed that he had planned the crime several times before, "aber alles inn yhm selbs gedacht / was wiltu thun / thun es nit / vnd also vnderlassen bleyben / biß er doch zu letst leyder also volbracht hab" (but thought to himself, what are you doing, don't do it, and so left it undone, until unfortunately at last he carried it out). Max Geisberg, The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1500-1550, Walter L. Strauss, ed., 4 vols. (New York, 1974), 4: 1207. This kind of entry into the criminal's mind was not imitated by later sixteenth-century accounts, which instead offered formulaic references to the devil and sin.
    • (1974) The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1500-1550 , vol.4 , pp. 1207
    • Geisberg, M.1
  • 114
    • 85033653696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warhafftige Beschreibung von einer schröcklichen Mordthat
    • Brednich
    • For example, Warhafftige Beschreibung von einer schröcklichen Mordthat, in Brednich, Liedpublizistik, no. 121,
    • Liedpublizistik , Issue.121
  • 115
    • 85033653167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warhafftige Zeitung / so niemals erhört
    • Brednich
    • and Warhafftige Zeitung / So niemals erhört, in Brednich, Liedpublizistik, no. 117.
    • Liedpublizistik , Issue.117
  • 118
    • 85033641668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • praised the "frommen Herren" (worthy lords) who sent men out to find the culprit, Wick F22.23, ZB
    • Similarly, the author of Ein warhafftig vnnd doch Erbermlich Geschicht . . . zu Dürssenreit praised the "frommen Herren" (worthy lords) who sent men out to find the culprit, Wick F22.23, p. 304, ZB.
    • Ein Warhafftig Vnnd Doch Erbermlich Geschicht... Zu Dürssenreit , pp. 304
  • 120
    • 85033656437 scopus 로고
    • Ein grausame Erschröckenliche Geschicht / so geschehen ist im Obern grawen Pundt...
    • Augsburg, Strauss
    • Ein grausame Erschröckenliche Geschicht / So geschehen ist im Obern grawen Pundt . . . (Augsburg, 1593), in Strauss, German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 2: 493.
    • (1593) German Single-Leaf Woodcut , vol.2 , pp. 493
  • 121
    • 85033651859 scopus 로고
    • Ware Abcontrafectung ainer erbärmlichen / vnd erschröcklichen Newen Zeytung / so sich zu Erlingen / 4. Meil Wegs von Augspurg... verlauffen..
    • Augsburg, Strauss
    • Ware Abcontrafectung ainer erbärmlichen / vnd erschröcklichen Newen Zeytung / so sich zu Erlingen / 4. Meil Wegs von Augspurg . . . verlauffen . . . (Augsburg, 1589), in Strauss, German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 3: 948.
    • (1589) German Single-Leaf Woodcut , vol.3 , pp. 948
  • 122
    • 3843150300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • For England in the seventeenth century, Malcolm Gaskill reports cases in which court testimony echoed the conventions established in printed narratives. Gaskill, Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2000), 222-23.
    • (2000) Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England , pp. 222-223
    • Gaskill1
  • 126
    • 85033658277 scopus 로고
    • Zwo vnerhörte vnd schröckliche Zeitungen / Die erste / wie daß ein Kauffmans Sohn sich an eine Dienstmagd verlobt..
    • Brednich, based on a Dutch edition ("Gedruckt nach der Niderlandischen Copey")
    • Zwo vnerhörte vnd schröckliche Zeitungen / Die erste / wie daß ein Kauffmans Sohn sich an eine Dienstmagd verlobt . . . (1650), in Brednich, Liedpublizistik, no. 120, based on a Dutch edition ("Gedruckt nach der Niderlandischen Copey").
    • (1650) Liedpublizistik , Issue.120
  • 129
    • 85033635425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (title page mutilated), Wick F29.110 [improvident father, hunger]
    • See, for example, Die Drit / von einem Küffer Christoff Bihl . . . (title page mutilated), Wick F29.110 [improvident father, hunger];
    • Die Drit / Von Einem Küffer Christoff Bihl...
  • 141
    • 85033651407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "inn vergiessung menschen bluts / so grausame / erschrockenliche sachen etwan vor zeiten auch / aber je lenger je mer vff heütigen tag sich zu tragendt / vnd begebent. Also das nit allein die jenigen / so ein anderen etwas verwandt (wiewol wir in der warheit alle brüder vnd schwesteren sind) die hend ein anderen inn dem blut wäschen / sonders auch die aller nechsten blutsfreündt . . . Vor wenig jaren hat ein vatter seinen leiblichen son / vmb einer eintzigen gufen willern erstochen. Vber wenig jar härnach ein son seinen vatter / von wegen seiner treüwen warnung steinhert zu todt gehauwen." Füglin, Beschreibung eines grausamen Mordts, 15-16.
    • Beschreibung Eines Grausamen Mordts , pp. 15-16
    • Füglin1
  • 146
    • 60949963598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rebhorn, ed. and trans., Ithaca, N.Y.
    • Rebhorn, ed. and trans., Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric (Ithaca, N.Y., 2000);
    • (2000) Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric
  • 148
    • 56249105729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Against the Rule of Reason: Praise of Passion from Petrarch to Luther to Shakespeare to Herbert
    • Gail Kern Paster, Katherine Rowe, and Mary Floyd-Wilson, eds. Philadelphia
    • See Richard Strier, "Against the Rule of Reason: Praise of Passion from Petrarch to Luther to Shakespeare to Herbert," in Reading the Early Modern Passions: Essays in the Cultural History of Emotion, Gail Kern Paster, Katherine Rowe, and Mary Floyd-Wilson, eds. (Philadelphia, 2004), 23-42.
    • (2004) Reading the Early Modern Passions: Essays in the Cultural History of Emotion , pp. 23-42
    • Strier, R.1
  • 152
    • 0034137362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Animated Pain of the Body
    • February
    • See, for example, the discussion in Esther Cohen, "The Animated Pain of the Body," AHR 105, no. 1 (February 2000): 65-66;
    • (2000) AHR , vol.105 , Issue.1 , pp. 65-66
    • Cohen, E.1
  • 157
    • 0004232363 scopus 로고
    • Chicago
    • I have space here to discuss only a small selection from recent scholarship and have focused particularly on some works that take the genre itself as a focus of study. A number of scholars have made effective use of crime reports as sources for social and cultural history. See, for example, Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago, 1992);
    • (1992) City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London
    • Walkowitz, J.R.1
  • 163
    • 77956451786 scopus 로고
    • 'Last Dying Speeches': Religion, Ideology, and Public Execution in Seventeenth-Century England
    • May
    • See J. A. Sharpe, "'Last Dying Speeches': Religion, Ideology, and Public Execution in Seventeenth-Century England," Past and Present, no. 107 (May 1985): 144-67;
    • (1985) Past and Present , Issue.107 , pp. 144-167
    • Sharpe, J.A.1
  • 164
    • 34447504616 scopus 로고
    • Deeds Against Nature: Cheap Print, Protestantism and Murder in Early Seventeenth Century England
    • Kevin Sharpe and Lake, eds., Stanford, Calif.
    • Peter Lake, "Deeds Against Nature: Cheap Print, Protestantism and Murder in Early Seventeenth Century England," in Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England, Kevin Sharpe and Lake, eds., (Stanford, Calif., 1993), 257-83.
    • (1993) Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England , pp. 257-283
    • Lake, P.1
  • 168
    • 0011017693 scopus 로고
    • Law and Morality in Seventeenth-Century England
    • February
    • See Cynthia B. Herrup, "Law and Morality in Seventeenth-Century England," Past and Present, no. 106 (February 1985): 102-23.
    • (1985) Past and Present , Issue.106 , pp. 102-123
    • Herrup, C.B.1
  • 169
    • 56249137482 scopus 로고
    • William Chappell and J. W. Ebsworth, eds., 8 vols. rpt. ed., New York
    • Roxburghe Ballads, 1:182, BL; reprinted with slight variations in William Chappell and J. W. Ebsworth, eds., The Roxburghe Ballads, 8 vols. (1869; rpt. ed., New York, 1966), 1: 554-58.
    • (1869) The Roxburghe Ballads , vol.1 , pp. 554-558
  • 170
    • 85033643093 scopus 로고
    • The Bloody-minded Husband
    • (c. 1690), Hyder E. Rollins, ed., 8 vols. Cambridge, Mass.
    • "The Bloody-minded Husband" (c. 1690), in The Pepys Ballads, Hyder E. Rollins, ed., 8 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1929-32), 5: 288;
    • (1929) The Pepys Ballads , vol.5 , pp. 288
  • 171
    • 56249096809 scopus 로고
    • W. G. Day, ed., 5 vols. Cambridge
    • facsimile in W. G. Day, ed., The Pepys Ballads, 5 vols. (Cambridge, 1987), 2: 194.
    • (1987) The Pepys Ballads , vol.2 , pp. 194
  • 172
    • 85033637307 scopus 로고
    • The Unnatural Husband
    • Rollins
    • "The Unnatural Husband" (1695), in Rollins, Pepys Ballads, 7: 90-91;
    • (1695) Pepys Ballads , vol.7 , pp. 90-91
  • 174
    • 85033639402 scopus 로고
    • The Inhumane Butcher of Leaden-Hall Market
    • Rollins
    • "The Inhumane Butcher Of Leaden-Hall Market" (1697), in Rollins, Pepys Ballads, 7: 259-61;
    • (1697) Pepys Ballads , vol.7 , pp. 259-261
  • 176
    • 56249099978 scopus 로고
    • Anne Wallens Lamentation
    • Hyder E. Rollins, ed. Cambridge
    • T. Platte, "Anne Wallens Lamentation" (1616), in A Pepysian Garland, Hyder E. Rollins, ed. (Cambridge, 1922), 84-88.
    • (1616) A Pepysian Garland , pp. 84-88
    • Platte, T.1
  • 177
    • 85033660241 scopus 로고
    • The bloody Miller
    • Rollins
    • "The bloody Miller" (1684), in Rollins, Pepys Ballads, 3: 119-22;
    • (1684) Pepys Ballads , vol.3 , pp. 119-122
  • 178
  • 179
    • 85033650331 scopus 로고
    • The Unnatural Mother
    • Rollins
    • "The Unnatural Mother" (1680), in Rollins, Pepys Ballads, 3: 43-46;
    • (1680) Pepys Ballads , vol.3 , pp. 43-46
  • 180
  • 184
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    • Der unglückliche Mörder: Zur Kriminalgeschichte der deutschen Spätaufklärung
    • Holger Dainat notes this trend already in such eighteenth-century titles as "Blutschänder, Mordbrenner und Mörder zugleich, den Gesetzen nach, und doch ein Jüngling von edler Seele" (A man guilty of incest, arson, and murder all together according to the law, and yet a youth of noble soul) and "Mörderin, Unkeusche, Mordbrennerin, und doch ein gutes, nur Mitleid werthes Mädchen" (Murderess, unchaste woman, arsonist, and yet a good girl, worthy only of pity). See Holger Dainat, "Der unglückliche Mörder: Zur Kriminalgeschichte der deutschen Spätaufklärung," Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie 107, no. 4 (1988), 519n.
    • (1988) Zeitschrift für Deutsche Philologie , vol.107 , Issue.4
    • Dainat, H.1
  • 189
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    • Rogues, Rascals and Scoundrels: The Underworld Literature of Early America
    • Fall
    • Daniel E. Williams, "Rogues, Rascals and Scoundrels: The Underworld Literature of Early America," American Studies 24, no. 2 (Fall 1983): 5-19.
    • (1983) American Studies , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 5-19
    • Williams, D.E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.