The quality and safety of ambulatory medical care: Current and future prospects

American Journal of Medical Quality

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 274-288

  Moskowitz, Eric J ^a   Nash, David B ^a  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMBULATORY CARE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; INFORMATION SYSTEM; MEDICAL ERROR; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; REVIEW; SAFETY;

AMBULATORY CARE; HUMANS; INFORMATION SYSTEMS; MEDICAL ERRORS; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; SAFETY; SAFETY MANAGEMENT;

EID: 34547399461     PISSN: 10628606     EISSN: 1555824X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1062860607303255     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Adair R., Callies L., Lageson J., Hanzel KL, Streitz SM, Gantert SC Posting guidelines: a practical and effective way to promote appropriate hypertension treatment. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005 ; 31 (4). 227-232.
2. Audet AM, Davis K., Schoenbaum SC Adoption of patient-centered care practices by physicians: results from a national survey. Arch Intern Med. 2006 ; 166 (7). 754-759.
3. Baron RJ Personal metrics for practice: how'm I doing ? N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 353 (19). 1992-1993.
4. Batalden PB, Nelson EC, Edwards WH, Godfrey MM, Mohr JJ Microsystems in health care, part 9: developing small clinical units to attain peak performance. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (11). 575-585.
5. Batalden PB, Nelson EC, Mohr JJ, et al. Microsystems in health care, part 5: how leaders are leading. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (6). 297-308.
6. Bergeson SC, Dean JD A systems approach to patient-centered care. JAMA. 2006 ; 296 (23). 2848-2851.
7. Boohaker EA, Ward RE, Uman JE, McCarthy BD. Patient notification and follow-up of abnormal test results: a physician survey. Arch Intern Med. 1996 ; 156 (3). 327-331.
8. Budnitz DS, Pollock DA, Weidenbach KN, Mendelsohn AB, Schroeder TJ, Annest JL National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA. 2006 ; 296 (15). 1858-1866.
9. Deswal A., Petersen NJ, Urbauer DL, Wright SM, Beyth R. Racial variations in quality of care and outcomes in an ambulatory heart failure cohort. Am Heart J. 2006 ; 152 (2). 348-354.
10. Dovey SM, Meyers DS, Phillips RL, et al. A preliminary taxonomy of medical errors in family practice. Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 ; 11 (3). 233-238.
11. Elder NC, Dovey SM Classification of medical errors and preventable adverse events in primary care: a synthesis of the literature [published correction appears in J Fam Pract. 2002 ; 51 (12). 1079 ].
12. J Fam Pract. 2002 ; 519 (11). 927-932.
13. Elder NC, Vonder Meulen M, Cassedy A. The identification of medical errors by family physicians during outpatient visits. Ann Fam Med. 2004 ; 2 (2). 125-129.
14. Feifer C., Ornstein SM Strategies for increasing adherence to clinical guidelines and improving patient outcomes in small primary care practices. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2004 ; 30 (8). 432-441.
15. Forster AJ, Murff HJ, Peterson JF, Gandhi TK, Bates DW The incidence and severity of adverse events affecting patients after discharge from the hospital. Ann Intern Med. 2003 ; 138 (3). 161-167.
16. Forster AJ, Murff HJ, Peterson JF, Gandhi TK, Bates DW Adverse drug events occurring following hospital discharge. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 ; 20 (4). 317-323.
17. Friedman AL, Geoghegan SR, Sowers NM, Kulkarni S., Formica RN Jr. Medication errors in the outpatient setting: classification and root cause analysis. Arch Surg. 2007 ; 142 (3). 278-283.
18. Gandhi TK, Bartel SB, Shulman LN, et al. Medication safety in the ambulatory chemotherapy setting. Cancer. 2005 ; 104 (11). 2477-2483.
19. Gandhi TK, Burstin HR, Cook EJ, et al. Drug complications in outpatients. J Gen Intern Med. 2000 ; 15 (3). 149-154.
20. Gandhi TK, Cook EF, Puopolo AL, Burstin HR, Haas JS, Brennan TA Inconsistent report cards: assessing the comparability of various measures of the quality of ambulatory care. Med Care. 2002 ; 40 (2). 155-165.
21. Gandhi TK, Kachalia A., Thomas EJ, et al. Missed and delayed diagnoses in the ambulatory setting: a study of closed malpractice claims. Ann Intern Med. 2006 ; 145 (7). 488-496.
22. Gandhi TK, Sittig DF, Franklin M., Sussman AJ, Fairchild DG, Bates DW Communication breakdown in the outpatient referral process. J Gen Intern Med. 2000 ; 15 (9). 626-631.
23. Gandhi TK, Weingart SN, Borus J., et al. Adverse drug events in ambulatory care. N Engl J Med. 2003 ; 348 (16). 1556-1564.
24. Gandhi TK, Weingart SN, Seger AC, et al. Outpatient prescribing errors and the impact of computerized prescribing. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 ; 20 (9). 837-841.
25. Godfrey MM, Nelson EC, Wasson JH, Mohr JJ, Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 3: planning patient-centered services. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (4). 159-170.
26. Gurwitz JH, Field TS, Harrold LR, et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA. 2003 ; 289 (9). 1107-1116.
27. Hammons T., Piland NF, Small SD, Hatlie MJ, Burstin HR Ambulatory patient safety: what we know and need to know. J Ambul Care Manage. 2003 ; 26 (1). 63-82.
28. Hanlon JT, Maher RL, Lindblad CI, et al. Comparison of methods for detecting potential adverse drug events in frail elderly inpatients and outpatients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001 ; 58 (17). 1622-1626.
29. Hanna D., Griswold P., Leape LL, Bates DW Communicating critical test results: safe practice recommendations. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005 ; 31 (2). 68-80.
30. Hibbard JH, Peters E., Slovic P., Tusler M. Can patients be part of the solution? views on their role in preventing medical errors. Med Care Res Rev. 2005 ; 62 (5). 601-616.
31. Hickner JM, Fernald DH, Harris DM, Poon EG, Elder NC, Mold JW Issues and initiatives in the testing process in primary care physician offices. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005 ; 31 (2). 81-89.
32. Hildebrandt DE, Westfall JM, Fernald DH, Pace WD Harm resulting from inappropriate telephone triage in primary care. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006 ; 19 (5). 437-442.
33. Holmboe E., Kim N., Cohen S., et al. Primary care physicians, office-based practice, and the meaning of quality improvement. Am J Med. 2005 ; 118 (8). 917-922.
34. Honigman B., Lee J., Rothschild J., et al. Using computerized data to identify adverse drug events in outpatients. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2001 ; 8 (3). 254-266.
35. Huber TP, Godfrey MM, Nelson EC, Mohr JJ, Campbell C., Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 8: developing people and improving work life: what front-line staff told us. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (10). 512-522.
36. Hurley JS, Roberts M., Solberg LI, et al. Laboratory safety monitoring of chronic medications in ambulatory care settings. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 ; 20 (4). 331-333.
37. Kaissi A., Kralewski J., Curoe A., Dowd B., Silversmith J. How does the culture of medical group practices influence the types of programs used to assure quality of care? Health Care Manage Rev. 2004 ; 29 (2). 129-138.
38. Kaissi A., Kralewski J., Dowd B., Heaton A. The effect of the fit between organizational culture and structure on medication errors in medical group practices. Health Care Manage Rev. 2007 ; 32 (1). 12-21.
39. Kosnik LK, Espinosa JA Microsystems in health care, part 7: the microsystem as a platform for merging strategic planning and operations. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (9). 452-459.
40. Kripalani S., LeFevre F., Phillips CO, Williams MV, Basaviah P., Baker DW Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians. JAMA. 2007 ; 297 (8). 831-841.
41. Ma J., Stafford RS Quality of US outpatient care: temporal changes and racial/ethnic disparities. Arch Intern Med. 2005 ; 165 (12). 1354-1361.
42. Miller MR, Pronovost PJ, Burstin HR Pediatric patient safety in the ambulatory setting. Ambul Pediatr. 2004 ; 4 (1). 47-54.
43. Modak I., Sexton JB, Lux TR, Helmreich RL, Thomas EJ Measuring safety culture in the ambulatory setting: the Safety Attitudes QuestionnaireAmbulatory version. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 ; 22 (1). 1-5.
44. Mohr JJ, Barach P., Cravero JP, et al. Microsystems in health care, part 6: designing patient safety into the microsystem. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (8). 401-408.
45. Moore LG, Wasson JH, Johnson DJ, Zettek J. The emergence of Ideal Micro Practices for patient-centered, collaborative care. J Ambulatory Care Manage. 2006 ; 29 (3). 215-221.
46. Nelson EC, Batalden PB, Homa K., et al. Microsystems in health care, part 2: creating a rich information environment. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (1). 5-15.
47. Nelson EC, Batalden PB, Huber TP, et al. Microsystems in health care, part 1: learning from high-performing front-line clinical units. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2002 ; 28 (9). 472-493.
48. Pace WD Measuring a safety culture: critical pathway or academic activity? J Gen Intern Med. 2007 ; 22 (1). 155-156.
49. Pace WD, Staton EW, Higgins GS, Main DS, West DR, Harris DM Database design to ensure anonymous study of medical errors: a report from the ASIPS collaborative. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2003 ; 10 (6). 531-540.
50. Persell SD, Heiman HL, Weingart SN, et al. Understanding of drug indications by ambulatory care patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004 ; 61 (23). 2523-2527.
51. Phillips RL, Dovey SM, Graham D., Elder NC, Hickner JM Learning from different lenses: reports of medical errors in primary care by clinicians, staff, and patients. J Patient Saf. 2006 ; 2: 140-146.
52. Plews-Ogan ML, Nadkarni MM, Forren S., et al. Patient safety in the ambulatory setting: a clinician-based approach. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 ; 19 (7). 719-725.
53. Poon EG, Gandhi TK, Sequist TD, Murff HJ, Karson AS, Bates DW I wish I had seen this test result earlier! dissatisfaction with test result management systems in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2004 ; 164 (20). 2223-2228.
54. Raebel MA, Lyons EE, Andrade SE Laboratory monitoring of drugs at initiation of therapy in ambulatory care. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 ; 20 (12). 1120-1126.
55. Reeder L. Outpatient medication safety moving to the forefront. Qual Improve Patient Saf. 2004 ; 4 (5). 1-5.
56. Royal S., Smeaton L., Avery AJ, Hurwitz B., Sheikh A. Interventions in primary care to reduce medication related adverse events and hospital admissions: systematic review and meta-analysis. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006 ; 15 (1). 23-31.
57. Schauberger CW, Larson P. Implementing patient safety practices in small ambulatory care settings. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2006 ; 32 (8). 419-425.
58. Simon JS, Rundall TG, Shortell SM Drivers of electronic medical record adoption among medical groups. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005 ; 31 (11). 631-639.
59. Smith DH, Perrin N., Feldstein A., et al. The impact of prescribing safety alerts for elderly persons in an electronic medical record. Arch Intern Med. 2006 ; 166 (10). 1098-1104.
60. Solberg LI, Hurley JS, Roberts MH, et al. Measuring patient safety in ambulatory care: potential for identifying medical group drug-drug interaction rates using claims data. Am J Manag Care. 2004 ; 10 (11,pt1). 753-759.
61. Sung S., Forman-Hoffman V., Wilson MC, Cram P. Direct reporting of laboratory test results to patients by mail to enhance patient safety. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 ; 21 (10). 1075-1078.
62. Vila H., Soto R., Cantor AB, Mackey D. Comparative outcomes analysis of procedures performed in physician offices and ambulatory surgery centers. Arch Surg. 2003 ; 138 (9). 991-995.
63. Wachter RM Is ambulatory patient safety just like hospital safety, only without the stat? Ann Intern Med. 2006 ; 145 (7). 547-549.
64. Wasson JH, Godfrey MM, Nelson EC, Mohr JJ, Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 4: planning patient-centered care. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (5). 227-237.
65. Waterman AD, Gallagher TH, Garbutt J., Waterman BM, Fraser V., Burroughs TE Brief report: hospitalized patients' attitudes about and participation in error prevention. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 ; 21 (4). 367-370.
66. Weingart SN, Price J., Duncombe D., et al. Patient-reported safety and quality of care in outpatient oncology. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2007 ; 33 (2). 83-94.
67. Weisbart ES, Greenberg HE Toward safer prescribing: history, challenges, and potential solutions in outpatient medication safety. PT. 2005 ; 30: 451-455.
68. Wilf-Miron R., Lewenhoff I., Benyamini Z., Aviram A. From aviation to medicine: applying concepts of aviation safety to risk management in ambulatory care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003 ; 12 (1). 35-39.
69. Zhan C., Arispe I., Kelley E., et al. Ambulatory care visits for treating adverse drug effects in the United States, 1995-2001. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005 ; 31 (7). 372-378.
70. Hammons T., Piland NF, Small SD, Hatlie MJ, Burstin HR Ambulatory patient safety: what we know and need to know. J Ambulatory Care Manage. 2003 ; 26 (1). 63-82.
71. Miller MR, Pronovost PJ, Burstin HR Pediatric patient safety in the ambulatory setting. Ambul Pediatr. 2004 ; 4 (1). 47-54.
72. Vila H., Soto R., Cantor AB, Mackey D. Comparative outcomes analysis of procedures performed in physician offices and ambulatory surgery centers. Arch Surg. 2003 ; 138 (9). 991-995.
73. Wachter RM Is ambulatory patient safety just like hospital safety, only without the stat? Ann Intern Med. 2006 ; 145 (7). 547-549.
74. Deswal A., Petersen NJ, Urbauer DL, Wright SM, Beyth R. Racial variations in quality of care and outcomes in an ambulatory heart failure cohort. Am Heart J. 2006 ; 152 (2). 348-354.
75. Ma J., Stafford RS Quality of US outpatient care: temporal changes and racial/ethnic disparities. Arch Intern Med. 2005 ; 165 (12). 1354-1361.
76. Dovey SM, Meyers DS, Phillips RL, et al. A preliminary taxonomy of medical errors in family practice. Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 ; 11 (3). 233-238.
77. Elder NC, Dovey SM Classification of medical errors and preventable adverse events in primary care: a synthesis of the literature. J Fam Pract. 2002 ; 51: 927-932.
78. Elder NC, Vonder Meulen M, Cassedy A. The identification of medical errors by family physicians during outpatient visits. Ann Fam Med. 2004 ; 2 (2). 125-129.
79. Forster AJ, Murff HJ, Peterson JF, Gandhi TK, Bates DW The incidence and severity of adverse events affecting patients after discharge from the hospital. Ann Intern Med. 2003 ; 138 (3). 161-167.
80. Gandhi TK, Kachalia A., Thomas EJ, et al. Missed and delayed diagnoses in the ambulatory setting: a study of closed malpractice claims. Ann Intern Med. 2006 ; 145 (7). 488-496.
81. Hildebrandt DE, Westfall JM, Fernald DH, Pace WD Harm resulting from inappropriate telephone triage in primary care. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006 ; 19 (5). 437-442.
82. Phillips RL, Dovey SM, Graham D., Elder NC, Hickner JM Learning from different lenses: reports of medical errors in primary care by clinicians, staff, and patients. J Patient Saf. 2006 ; 2: 140-146.
83. Budnitz DS, Pollock DA, Weidenbach KN, Mendelsohn AB, Schroeder TJ, Annest JL National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA. 2006 ; 296 (15). 1858-1866.
84. Forster AJ, Murff HJ, Peterson JF, Gandhi TK, Bates DW Adverse drug events occurring following hospital discharge. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 ; 20 (4). 317-323.
85. Friedman AL, Geoghegan SR, Sowers NM, Kulkarni S., Formica RN Jr. Medication errors in the outpatient setting: classification and root cause analysis. Arch Surg. 2007 ; 142 (3). 278-283.
86. Gandhi TK, Bartel SB, Shulman LN, et al. Medication safety in the ambulatory chemotherapy setting. Cancer. 2005 ; 104 (11). 2477-2483.
87. Gandhi TK, Burstin HR, Cook EJ, et al. Drug complications in outpatients. J Gen Intern Med. 2000 ; 15 (3). 149-154.
88. Gandhi TK, Weingart SN, Borus J., et al. Adverse drug events in ambulatory care. N Engl J Med. 2003 ; 348 (16). 1556-1564.
89. Gurwitz JH, Field TS, Harrold LR, et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA. 2003 ; 289 (9). 1107-1116.
90. Hanlon JT, Maher RL, Lindblad CI, et al. Comparison of methods for detecting potential adverse drug events in frail elderly inpatients and outpatients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001 ; 58 (17). 1622-1626.
91. Hurley JS, Roberts M., Solberg LI, et al. Brief report: laboratory safety monitoring of chronic medications in ambulatory care settings. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 ; 20 (4). 331-333.
92. Kaissi A., Kralewski J., Dowd B., Heaton A. The effect of the fit between organizational culture and structure on medication errors in medical group practices. Health Care Manage Rev. 2007 ; 32 (1). 12-21.
93. Persell SD, Heiman HL, Weingart SN, et al. Understanding of drug indications by ambulatory care patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004 ; 61 (23). 2523-2527.
94. Raebel MA, Lyons EE, Andrade SE Laboratory monitoring of drugs at initiation of therapy in ambulatory care. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 ; 20 (12). 1120-1126.
95. Reeder L. Outpatient medication safety moving to the forefront. Qual Improvement Patient Saf. 2004 ; 4 (5). 1-5.
96. Royal S., Smeaton L., Avery AJ, Hurwitz B., Sheikh A. Interventions in primary care to reduce medication related adverse events and hospital admissions: systematic review and meta-analysis. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006 ; 15 (1). 23-31.
97. Solberg LI, Hurley JS, Roberts MH, et al. Measuring patient safety in ambulatory care: potential for identifying medical group drug-drug interaction rates using claims data. Am J Manag Care. 2004 ; 10 (11,pt1). 753-759.
98. Weisbart ES, Greenberg HE Toward safer prescribing: history, challenges, and potential solutions in outpatient medication safety. PT. 2005 ; 30: 451-455.
99. Zhan C., Arispe I., Kelley E., et al. Ambulatory care visits for treating adverse drug effects in the United States, 1995-2001. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005 ; 31 (7). 372-378.
100. Pace WD, Staton EW, Higgins GS, Main DS, West DR, Harris DM Database design to ensure anonymous study of medical errors: a report from the ASIPS collaborative. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2003 ; 10 (6). 531-540.
101. Plews-Ogan ML, Nadkarni MM, Forren S., et al. Patient safety in the ambulatory setting: a clinician-based approach. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 ; 19 (7). 719-725.
102. Gandhi TK, Weingart SN, Seger AC, et al. Outpatient prescribing errors and the impact of computerized prescribing. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 ; 20 (9). 837-841.
103. Honigman B., Lee J., Rothschild J., et al. Using computerized data to identify adverse drug events in outpatients. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2001 ; 8 (3). 254-266.
104. Simon JS, Rundall TG, Shortell SM Drivers of electronic medical record adoption among medical groups. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005 ; 31 (11). 631-639.
105. Smith DH, Perrin N., Feldstein A., et al. The impact of prescribing safety alerts for elderly persons in an electronic medical record. Arch Intern Med. 2006 ; 166 (10). 1098-1104.
106. Adair R., Callies L., Lageson J., Hanzel KL, Streitz SM, Gantert SC Posting guidelines: a practical and effective way to promote appropriate hypertension treatment. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005 ; 31 (4). 227-232.
107. Feifer C., Ornstein SM Strategies for increasing adherence to clinical guidelines and improving patient outcomes in small primary care practices. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2004 ; 30 (8). 432-441.
108. Boohaker EA, Ward RE, Uman JE, McCarthy BD. Patient notification and follow-up of abnormal test results: a physician survey. Arch Intern Med. 1996 ; 156 (3). 327-331.
109. Gandhi TK, Sittig DF, Franklin M., Sussman AJ, Fairchild DG, Bates DW Communication breakdown in the outpatient referral process. J Gen Intern Med. 2000 ; 15 (9). 626-631.
110. Hanna D., Griswold P., Leape LL, Bates DW Communicating critical test results: safe practice recommendations. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005 ; 31 (2). 68-80.
111. Hickner JM, Fernald DH, Harris DM, Poon EG, Elder NC, Mold JW Issues and initiatives in the testing process in primary care physician offices. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2005 ; 31 (2). 81-89.
112. Kripalani S., LeFevre F., Phillips CO, Williams MV, Basaviah P., Baker DW Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians. JAMA. 2007 ; 297 (8). 831-841.
113. Poon EG, Gandhi TK, Sequist TD, Murff HJ, Karson AS, Bates DW I wish I had seen this test result earlier! dissatisfaction with test result management systems in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2004 ; 164 (20). 2223-2228.
114. Sung S., Forman-Hoffman V., Wilson MC, Cram P. Direct reporting of laboratory test results to patients by mail to enhance patient safety. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 ; 21 (10). 1075-1078.
115. Hibbard JH, Peters E., Slovic P., Tusler M. Can patients be part of the solution? views on their role in preventing medical errors. Med Care Res Rev. 2005 ; 62 (5). 601-616.
116. Waterman AD, Gallagher TH, Garbutt J., Waterman BM, Fraser V., Burroughs TE Brief report: hospitalized patients' attitudes about and participation in error prevention. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 ; 21 (4). 367-370.
117. Weingart SN, Price J., Duncombe D., et al. Patient-reported safety and quality of care in outpatient oncology. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2007 ; 33 (2). 83-94.
118. Batalden PB, Nelson EC, Edwards WH, Godfrey MM, Mohr JJ Microsystems in health care, part 9: developing small clinical units to attain peak performance. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (11). 575-585.
119. Batalden PB, Nelson EC, Mohr JJ, et al. Microsystems in health care, part 5: how leaders are leading. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (6). 297-308.
120. Bergeson SC, Dean JD A systems approach to patient-centered care. JAMA. 2006 ; 296 (23). 2848-2851.
121. Godfrey MM, Nelson EC, Wasson JH, Mohr JJ, Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 3: planning patient-centered services. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (4). 159-170.
122. Huber TP, Godfrey MM, Nelson EC, Mohr JJ, Campbell C., Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 8: developing people and improving work life: what front-line staff told us. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (10). 512-522.
123. Kosnik LK, Espinosa JA Microsystems in health care, part 7: the microsystem as a platform for merging strategic planning and operations. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (9). 452-459.
124. Mohr JJ, Barach P., Cravero JP, et al. Microsystems in health care, part 6: designing patient safety into the microsystem. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (8). 401-408.
125. Moore LG, Wasson JH, Johnson DJ, Zettek J. The emergence of Ideal Micro Practices for patient-centered collaborative care. J Ambulatory Care Manage. 2006 ; 29 (3). 215-221.
126. Nelson EC, Batalden PB, Homa K., et al. Microsystems in health care, part 2: creating a rich information environment. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (1). 5-15.
127. Nelson EC, Batalden PB, Huber TP, et al. Microsystems in health care, part 1: learning from high-performing front-line clinical units. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2002 ; 28 (9). 472-493.
128. Wasson JH, Godfrey MM, Nelson EC, Mohr JJ, Batalden PB Microsystems in health care, part 4: planning patient-centered care. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003 ; 29 (5). 227-237.
129. Baron RJ Personal metrics for practice: how'm I doing ? N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 353 (19). 1992-1993.
130. Gandhi TK, Cook EF, Puopolo AL, Burstin HR, Haas JS, Brennan TA Inconsistent report cards: assessing the comparability of various measures of the quality of ambulatory care. Med Care. 2002 ; 40 (2). 155-165.
131. Schauberger CW, Larson P. Implementing patient safety practices in small ambulatory care settings. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2006 ; 32 (8). 419-425.
132. Wilf-Miron R., Lewenhoff I., Benyamini Z., Aviram A. From aviation to medicine: applying concepts of aviation safety to risk management in ambulatory care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003 ; 12 (1). 35-39.
133. Audet AM, Davis K., Schoenbaum SC Adoption of patient-centered care practices by physicians: results from a national survey. Arch Intern Med. 2006 ; 166 (7). 754-759.
134. Holmboe E., Kim N., Cohen S., et al. Primary care physicians, office-based practice, and the meaning of quality improvement. Am J Med. 2005 ; 118 (8). 917-922.
135. Kaissi A., Kralewski J., Curoe A., Dowd B., Silversmith J. How does the culture of medical group practices influence the types of programs used to assure quality of care? Health Care Manage Rev. 2004 ; 29 (2). 129-138.
136. Modak I., Sexton JB, Lux TR, Helmreich RL, Thomas EJ Measuring safety culture in the ambulatory setting: the Safety Attitudes QuestionnaireAmbulatory version. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 ; 22 (1). 1-5.
137. Pace WD Measuring a safety culture: critical pathway or academic activity? J Gen Intern Med. 2007 ; 22 (1). 155-156.