-
1
-
-
84858109278
-
-
http://innovateamerica.org/webscr/report.asp.
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
34547441659
-
-
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html (2007 version).
-
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html (2007 version).
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
84858083350
-
-
http://www.ostp.gov/html/ACIBooklet.pdf
-
http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2006/aci; http://www.ostp.gov/html/ACIBooklet.pdf.
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
59849116482
-
-
For an overview of the role IT and the Internet in promoting innovation, see, Information Technology and Innovation Foundation
-
For an overview of the role IT and the Internet in promoting innovation, see Digital Prosperity, Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 2007, http://www.itif.org/index.php?id=34
-
(2007)
Digital Prosperity
-
-
-
5
-
-
84858083349
-
-
http://www.nsf.gov/od/oci/CI_Vision_March07.pdf.
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
34547421515
-
-
See, for example, An Operations Cyberinfrastructure: Using Cyberinfrastructure and Operations Research to Improve Productivity in the Enterprise, Report on a Workshop held in Washington, D.C., August 30-31, 2004, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, http://www. optimization-online.org/OCI/OCI.pdf.
-
See, for example, An Operations Cyberinfrastructure: Using Cyberinfrastructure and Operations Research to Improve Productivity in the Enterprise, Report on a Workshop held in Washington, D.C., August 30-31, 2004, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, http://www. optimization-online.org/OCI/OCI.pdf.
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
34547434478
-
-
http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2007/nsf07547/nsf07547.htm. Meanwhile, the Bush Administration has defunded the Technology Administration in the Department of Commerce, including its Office of Technology Policy.
-
http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2007/nsf07547/nsf07547.htm. Meanwhile, the Bush Administration has defunded the Technology Administration in the Department of Commerce, including its Office of Technology Policy.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
34547481174
-
-
Although these two models are transactional and central, they are augmented by long-term support for human capital and favorable tax treatment of R&D
-
Although these two models are transactional and central, they are augmented by long-term support for human capital and favorable tax treatment of R&D.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
34547462300
-
The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and University-Industry Technology Transfer: A Policy Model for Other Governments?
-
See, Brian Kahin and Dominique Foray editors, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press
-
See David C. Mowery and Bhaven Sampat, "The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and University-Industry Technology Transfer: A Policy Model for Other Governments?" In: Brian Kahin and Dominique Foray (editors). Advancing Knowledge and the Knowledge Economy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2006.
-
(2006)
Advancing Knowledge and the Knowledge Economy
-
-
Mowery, D.C.1
Sampat, B.2
-
10
-
-
34547491004
-
-
While it is fair to say that Bayh-Dole is an accepted policy, it is still subject to criticism for various reasons. It has been criticized for compromising the integrity, for the lack of breakthrough medicine, and for creating unrealistic expectations for university licensing programs
-
While it is fair to say that Bayh-Dole is an accepted policy, it is still subject to criticism for various reasons. It has been criticized for compromising the integrity, for the lack of breakthrough medicine, and for creating unrealistic expectations for university licensing programs.
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
34547394601
-
-
working paper, 2007
-
Arti Rai, John R. Allison, Bhaven Sampat, and Colin Crossman, "University Software Ownership: Technology Transfer or Business as Usual?" working paper, 2007.
-
University Software Ownership: Technology Transfer or Business as Usual
-
-
Rai, A.1
Allison, J.R.2
Sampat, B.3
Crossman, C.4
-
12
-
-
34547437972
-
-
See discussion in Brian Kahin, RFC 1192, Commercialization of the Internet, http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1192.
-
See discussion in Brian Kahin, RFC 1192, "Commercialization of the Internet," http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1192.
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
34547477421
-
-
The NSFNET funding program also used a sophisticated three-tiered model that differentiated in terms of subsidy and policies toward interconnection and use. The national backbone was fully subsidized under a single cooperative agreement with NSF-specified acceptable use policy; regional networks were partially subsidized; and universities were eligible for a small one-time grant to connect to a regional network
-
The NSFNET funding program also used a sophisticated three-tiered model that differentiated in terms of subsidy and policies toward interconnection and use. The national backbone was fully subsidized under a single cooperative agreement with NSF-specified acceptable use policy; regional networks were partially subsidized; and universities were eligible for a small one-time grant to connect to a regional network.
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
0003472129
-
-
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Executive Summary
-
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Economic and Social Impacts of Electronic Commerce, 1998, "Executive Summary," http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/12/1944883.pdf.
-
(1998)
Economic and Social Impacts of Electronic Commerce
-
-
-
16
-
-
11544281054
-
Information Technology and Information Infrastructure
-
E.g, the High Performance Computing and Communications Program, the National Research and Education Network, and the National Information Infrastructure Initiative. See, Lewis M. Branscomb editor, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press
-
E.g., the High Performance Computing and Communications Program, the National Research and Education Network, and the National Information Infrastructure Initiative. See Brian Kahin, "Information Technology and Information Infrastructure," In: Lewis M. Branscomb (editor). Empowering Technology: Implementing a U.S. Policy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993.
-
(1993)
Empowering Technology: Implementing a U.S. Policy
-
-
Kahin, B.1
-
17
-
-
0003584982
-
-
For a contemporaneous perspective on IT and scientific research, see, Computer Science and Technology Board, Washington, D.C, National Academies Press
-
For a contemporaneous perspective on IT and scientific research, see National Collaborators: Applying Information Technology for Scientific Research, Computer Science and Technology Board, Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 1993.
-
(1993)
National Collaborators: Applying Information Technology for Scientific Research
-
-
-
19
-
-
34547442175
-
-
See Privacy Working Group of the Information Infrastructure Task Force (IITF), Principles for Providing and Using Personal Information, draft, 4 May 1994; Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights [of the Information Infrastructure Task Force], Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure, preliminary draft, July 1994 [Green Paper], available at http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/ bytopic/intprop/ipwg/. Despite the title, the latter dealt almost exclusively with copyright; see discussion below.
-
See Privacy Working Group of the Information Infrastructure Task Force (IITF), "Principles for Providing and Using Personal Information," draft, 4 May 1994; Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights [of the Information Infrastructure Task Force], Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure, preliminary draft, July 1994 ["Green Paper"], available at http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/ bytopic/intprop/ipwg/. Despite the title, the latter dealt almost exclusively with copyright; see discussion below.
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
34547478504
-
-
This was less true under the common carrier model of telephony where carriers were expected not to control the content of transmissions. Under the end-to-end architecture of the Internet, the carrier does not even control the functionality of Internet services e.g, e-mail, file transfer, the Web
-
This was less true under the common carrier model of telephony where carriers were expected not to control the content of transmissions. Under the "end-to-end" architecture of the Internet, the carrier does not even control the functionality of Internet services (e.g., e-mail, file transfer, the Web).
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
34547415846
-
-
It was coordinated at an international level by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, a project under a DARPA contract to the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California. The IANA functions were built into the newly formed ICANN in 1999.
-
It was coordinated at an international level by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, a project under a DARPA contract to the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California. The IANA functions were built into the newly formed ICANN in 1999.
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
84858107621
-
Global Information Infrastructure: Agenda for Cooperation
-
"Global Information Infrastructure: Agenda for Cooperation," 1994, http://www.ntia.doc.gov/reports/giiagend.html.
-
(1994)
-
-
-
24
-
-
34547480094
-
-
The IETF remains very active, although within a more technologically mature, slower-moving commercial environment with many participants representing companies with billions of dollars at stake
-
The IETF remains very active, although within a more technologically mature, slower-moving commercial environment with many participants representing companies with billions of dollars at stake.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
33947329396
-
Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War
-
July-September
-
Andrew L. Russell, '"Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, volume 28, number 3 (July-September 2006), pp. 48-61, http://www.computer.org/portal/cms_docs_annals/annals/content/promo2.pdf.
-
(2006)
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
, vol.28
, Issue.3
, pp. 48-61
-
-
Russell, A.L.1
-
26
-
-
34547413194
-
-
There are of course important exceptions such as public safety standards, but these are very different from IT standards. In Europe, standards policy has been an important adjunct to market integration. China has come to understand the role of standards in supporting its economic advantage in low-cost manufacturing
-
There are of course important exceptions such as public safety standards, but these are very different from IT standards. In Europe, standards policy has been an important adjunct to market integration. China has come to understand the role of standards in supporting its economic advantage in low-cost manufacturing.
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
34547443769
-
-
Courts often uphold the contracts if the user has to agree in some affirmative manner that is more than just hitting the return key, such as clicking a box. But that does not mean that the court will hold all the provisions enforceable, especially if they are unexpected, punitive, or unconscionable
-
Courts often uphold the contracts if the user has to agree in some affirmative manner that is more than just hitting the return key - such as clicking a box. But that does not mean that the court will hold all the provisions enforceable, especially if they are unexpected, punitive, or unconscionable.
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
34547425091
-
-
UCITA was opposed by consumer groups, libraries, state attorney generals, and others. Maryland and Virginia enacted UCITA before the battle was fully joined, while other states enacted anti-UCITA bomb shelter legislation to protect their citizens from the reach of UCITA. Patrick Thibodeau, Anti-UCITA Measures Outnumber State Adoptions, Computerworld (9 June 2003), http://www.computerworld.com/ governmenttopics/government/legislation/story/0,10801,81884,00.html.
-
UCITA was opposed by consumer groups, libraries, state attorney generals, and others. Maryland and Virginia enacted UCITA before the battle was fully joined, while other states enacted anti-UCITA "bomb shelter" legislation to protect their citizens from the reach of UCITA. Patrick Thibodeau, "Anti-UCITA Measures Outnumber State Adoptions," Computerworld (9 June 2003), http://www.computerworld.com/ governmenttopics/government/legislation/story/0,10801,81884,00.html.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
34547474793
-
-
This use of the term open innovation has been advanced by Henry Chesborough in his book of that title (Harvard Business School Press, 2003) and subsequent work
-
This use of the term "open innovation" has been advanced by Henry Chesborough in his book of that title (Harvard Business School Press, 2003) and subsequent work.
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
0012467946
-
-
American Intellectual Property Lawyers Association
-
American Intellectual Property Lawyers Association, Report of the Economic Survey 2005.
-
(2005)
Report of the Economic Survey
-
-
-
31
-
-
34547426132
-
-
So obtaining patents has become for many people and companies an end in itself, They try to patent things that other people or companies will unintentionally infringe and then they wait for those companies to successfully bring products to the marketplace, They gamble that people will infringe these patents without ever learning anything from the patentee, and without interfering with any effort by the patentee to commercially exploit their invention. The long delays in the patent office work to their benefit by keeping the eventual coverage of their patents indefinite while others produce products
-
So obtaining patents has become for many people and companies an end in itself.... They try to patent things that other people or companies will unintentionally infringe and then they wait for those companies to successfully bring products to the marketplace. ... They gamble that people will infringe these patents without ever learning anything from the patentee, and without interfering with any effort by the patentee to commercially exploit their invention. The long delays in the patent office work to their benefit by keeping the eventual coverage of their patents indefinite while others produce products.
-
-
-
-
32
-
-
34547428736
-
-
Competition and Intellectual Property Law and Policy in the Knowledge-Based Economy: Hearings Before the Federal Trade Commission, 28 February 2002 statement of Robert Barr, Vice President, Worldwide Patent Counsel, Cisco Systems, Inc, available at http://www.ftc.gov/opp/intellect/ barrrobert.doc
-
[Competition and Intellectual Property Law and Policy in the Knowledge-Based Economy: Hearings Before the Federal Trade Commission, 28 February 2002 (statement of Robert Barr, Vice President, Worldwide Patent Counsel, Cisco Systems, Inc.) available at http://www.ftc.gov/opp/intellect/ barrrobert.doc].
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
34547453509
-
-
If prior art is disclosed early, it may be used in a reexamination where the patentee can color the way it is cited. If it is cited in the patent, it loses its evidentiary value as something that the patent examiner clearly missed -and instead looks like something that the examiner considered ineffective in invalidating the patent
-
If prior art is disclosed early, it may be used in a reexamination where the patentee can color the way it is cited. If it is cited in the patent, it loses its evidentiary value as something that the patent examiner clearly missed -and instead looks like something that the examiner considered ineffective in invalidating the patent.
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
34547413728
-
-
As expressed in the vision statement
-
As expressed in the vision statement:
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
34547453009
-
-
Interoperable, open technology standards will be used as the primary mechanism to support the further development of interoperable, open, extensible networked resources and VOs. Ideally, standards for data representation and communication, connection of computing resources, authentication, authorization, and access should be open, internationally employed, and accepted by multiple research and education communities....
-
Interoperable, open technology standards will be used as the primary mechanism to support the further development of interoperable, open, extensible networked resources and VOs. Ideally, standards for data representation and communication, connection of computing resources, authentication, authorization, and access should be open, internationally employed, and accepted by multiple research and education communities....
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
34547412695
-
-
The use of standards creates economies of scale and scope for developing and deploying common resources, tools, software, and services that enhance the use of cyberinfrastructure in multiple science and engineering communities. This approach allows maximum interoperability and sharing of best practices. A standards-based approach will ensure that access to cyberinfrastructure will be independent of operating systems; ubiquitous, and open to large and small institutions. Together, Web services and service-oriented architectures are emerging as a standard framework for interoperability among various software applications on different platforms. They provide important characteristics such as standardized and well-defined interfaces and protocols, ease of development, and reuse of services and components, making them potential central facets of the cyberinfrastructure software ecosystem, p. 35
-
The use of standards creates economies of scale and scope for developing and deploying common resources, tools, software, and services that enhance the use of cyberinfrastructure in multiple science and engineering communities. This approach allows maximum interoperability and sharing of best practices. A standards-based approach will ensure that access to cyberinfrastructure will be independent of operating systems; ubiquitous, and open to large and small institutions. Together, Web services and service-oriented architectures are emerging as a standard framework for interoperability among various software applications on different platforms. They provide important characteristics such as standardized and well-defined interfaces and protocols, ease of development, and reuse of services and components, making them potential central facets of the cyberinfrastructure software ecosystem. [p. 35]
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
84858090906
-
-
For the scope of the cyberinfrastructure research agenda, see
-
For the scope of the cyberinfrastructure research agenda, see http://www.nsf.gov/od/oci/reports.jsp.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
84858090899
-
-
There is an interagency National Coordinating Office for Networking and Information Technology Research and Development, but it has no coordinating group on cyberinfrastructure
-
There is an interagency National Coordinating Office for Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (http://www.nitrd.gov/), but it has no coordinating group on cyberinfrastructure.
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
34547419928
-
-
In contrast, the 1992 Advisory Commission on Patent Reform was set up not to address patent reform in the present sense but as political groundwork towards international harmonization. The university representative on the Advisory Commission resigned in protest of the recommendation that the U.S. allow prior user rights (as other countries did) to allow companies to continue using secret processes after someone else has secured a patent on the process. While the Commission did not intend to address software patents, it was forced to do so, and 60 percent of the comments it received addressed only the patentability of software.
-
In contrast, the 1992 Advisory Commission on Patent Reform was set up not to address patent reform in the present sense but as political groundwork towards international harmonization. The university representative on the Advisory Commission resigned in protest of the recommendation that the U.S. allow prior user rights (as other countries did) to allow companies to continue using secret processes after someone else has secured a patent on the process. While the Commission did not intend to address software patents, it was forced to do so, and 60 percent of the comments it received addressed only the patentability of software.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
84858090903
-
-
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/doc/ipnii/.
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
34547480625
-
PTO and USTR favored similar legislation, while NSF and other research agencies opposed it
-
Following passage of the European Database Directive in early
-
Following passage of the European Database Directive in early 1996, PTO and USTR favored similar legislation, while NSF and other research agencies opposed it. Bills were introduced in 1996 and subsequent years but were never enacted.
-
(1996)
Bills were introduced in 1996 and subsequent years but were never enacted
-
-
-
42
-
-
34547412696
-
-
Domain names were a point of intersection between trademark and network administration. They would become the main focal point for a number of issues around ICANN, the poster child for Internet governance, which today is still tethered to the U.S. Department of Commerce despite the objections of much of the world
-
Domain names were a point of intersection between trademark and network administration. They would become the main focal point for a number of issues around ICANN, the poster child for Internet governance, which today is still tethered to the U.S. Department of Commerce despite the objections of much of the world.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
34547486710
-
-
The first of three areas discussed is determinations of patentability, which points to the explosion of varieties of prior art in electronic form and raises questions about how they would be treated. The paper assumes that patents would remain canonically embodied in paper, and that digital conversion would remain a value-added service by the private sector. However, the White House soon demanded that the PTO put patents directly on the Internet.
-
The first of three areas discussed is "determinations of patentability," which points to the explosion of varieties of prior art in electronic form and raises questions about how they would be treated. The paper assumes that patents would remain canonically embodied in paper, and that digital conversion would remain a value-added service by the private sector. However, the White House soon demanded that the PTO put patents directly on the Internet.
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
34547432345
-
-
The second area, infringement determinations, refers to a technical legal issue that once kept software on media from being patented directly. Running software on a computer could be an infringement, but this meant that only users were direct infringers, and vendors were at best contributory infringers. This issue was resolved the following year when the PTO reversed course and decided that the printed matter exception did not apply to software on a disk, so it could be patented, allowing the patentee to sue the producer of infringing software directly.
-
The second area, "infringement determinations," refers to a technical legal issue that once kept software on media from being patented directly. Running software on a computer could be an infringement, but this meant that only users were direct infringers, and vendors were at best contributory infringers. This issue was resolved the following year when the PTO reversed course and decided that the "printed matter" exception did not apply to software on a disk, so it could be patented, allowing the patentee to sue the producer of infringing software directly.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
34547397722
-
-
State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc., 149 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 1998);
-
State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc., 149 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 1998);
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
34547426133
-
-
AT&T Corp. v. Excel Communications, Inc. 172 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 1999).
-
AT&T Corp. v. Excel Communications, Inc. 172 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 1999).
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
84925010240
-
-
Adam B. Jaffe and Josh Lerner, Innovation and Its Discontents: How our Broken Patent System is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What to Do About It. Princeton, N.J, Princeton University Press, 2004
-
Adam B. Jaffe and Josh Lerner, Innovation and Its Discontents: How our Broken Patent System is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What to Do About It. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
84858087623
-
NSF middleware initiative goes beyond science
-
28 May, at
-
Nancy Weil, "NSF middleware initiative goes beyond science," InfoWorld (28 May 2004), at http://www.infoworld.com/article/04/05/28/ HNnsf_1.html.
-
(2004)
InfoWorld
-
-
Weil, N.1
-
49
-
-
34547408579
-
-
For example, BT, the British telecom giant, claimed to own hyperlinks and sued an Internet provider to enforce its claim
-
For example, BT, the British telecom giant, claimed to own hyperlinks and sued an Internet provider to enforce its claim.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
84858103152
-
Watchdog Group Says Patent For Online Testing Should Be Invalidated,
-
21 April, at
-
Dan Carnevale, "Watchdog Group Says Patent For Online Testing Should Be Invalidated," Chronicle of Higher Education (21 April 2006), at http://chronicle.com/weekly/v52/i33/33a04402.htm;
-
(2006)
Chronicle of Higher Education
-
-
Carnevale, D.1
-
51
-
-
33745289704
-
Colleges Plan to Oppose Company That Claims Patents on Streaming Media,
-
18 November, at
-
"Colleges Plan to Oppose Company That Claims Patents on Streaming Media," Chronicle of Higher Education (18 November 2005), at http://chronicle.com/weekly/v52/i13/13a03702.htm
-
(2005)
Chronicle of Higher Education
-
-
-
52
-
-
84858109305
-
-
http://www.openinventionnetwork.com/.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
34547481653
-
-
Mere use of patented technology is a direct infringement. IBM has avoided liability by working with partners, such as Red Hat, that are willing to distribute Linux to corporate customers
-
Mere use of patented technology is a direct infringement. IBM has avoided liability by working with partners, such as Red Hat, that are willing to distribute Linux to corporate customers.
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
84858083328
-
-
See
-
See http://dotank.nyls.edu/communitypatent/
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
34547492534
-
-
and the operational site, http://www.peertopatent.org/.
-
and the operational site, http://www.peertopatent.org/.
-
-
-
-
56
-
-
34547413727
-
Peer to Patent: Collective Intelligence and Intellectual Property Reform
-
For an in-depth analysis, see, Fall, available at
-
For an in-depth analysis, see Beth Simone Noveck, "Peer to Patent: Collective Intelligence and Intellectual Property Reform," Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, volume 20, number 1 (Fall 2006), p. 123, available at http://ssm.com/abstract-898840.
-
(2006)
Harvard Journal of Law and Technology
, vol.20
, Issue.1
, pp. 123
-
-
Simone Noveck, B.1
-
58
-
-
34547397189
-
-
Antitrust Enforcement and Intellectual Property Rights: Promoting Innovation and Competition: A Report Issued By the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (April 2007), pp. 53-56, http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/hearings/ip/222655.pdf.
-
Antitrust Enforcement and Intellectual Property Rights: Promoting Innovation and Competition: A Report Issued By the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (April 2007), pp. 53-56, http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/hearings/ip/222655.pdf.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
84858083070
-
-
IBM, Issue Paper: Toward an Open Standards Based Innovation Economy, 2005; Consumer Project on Technology, Proposed WIPO Protocol for the Development of Open Standards (PDOS) Version 1.0
-
IBM, Issue Paper: Toward an Open Standards Based Innovation Economy, 2005; Consumer Project on Technology, "Proposed WIPO Protocol for the Development of Open Standards (PDOS) Version 1.0," http://www.cptech.org/a2k/pdos.doc.
-
-
-
|