A minority at the border: EU Enlargement and the Ukrainian minority in Poland

East European Politics and Societies

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 475-502

  Vermeersch, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Ethnic mobilization; EU enlargement; National minorities; Poland; Ukrainian minority

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547376494     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: 15338371     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325407303793     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 66-67.
2. See http://www.frontex.europa.eu.
3. See http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/policy_en.htm.
4. Official numbers come from the 2002 official census, reported in G wny Urzad Statistyczny, Narodowy spis powszechny ludnoci i mieszka. Raport z wynikw (Warsaw, Poland, 2003). There is some controversy surrounding these figures. Since Ukrainians were dispersed over the Polish territory after World War II and were made subject to linguistic assimilation, there is a discussion as to whether language (the ability to speak Ukrainian or the tendency to use Ukrainian as a language of preference) should be considered as a necessary attribute of Ukrainian identity. Matters are further complicated by recent immigration from Ukraine and the high rate of intermarriages between Poles and Ukrainians. See, for example, Agata Grny and Ewa Kpika, Mixed Marriages in Migration from the Ukraine to Poland, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 30: 2 (2004). 353-72.
5. See Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed, 60-66.
6. See Erin K. Jenne, Ethnic Bargaining. The Paradox of Minority Empowerment ( Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007).
7. Representative works in this field are Hanspeter Kriesi et al., eds., New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis (London: UCL Press, 1995).
8. Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
9. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures and Cultural Framings ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 ).
10. Doug McAdam, Conceptual Origins, Current Problems, Future Directions
11. in McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, 23-40.
12. For essential work on this last topic, see Robert Benford and David A. Snow, Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment, Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000). 611-39
13. McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements; and David S. Meyer, Protest and Political Opportunities, Annual Review of Sociology 30 (2004). 125-45.
14. See Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics ( Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998 ).
15. See John A. Guidry, Michael D. Kennedy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds., Globalizations and Social Movements: Culture, Power, and the Transnational Public Sphere ( Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000 ).
16. Thomas Risse and Kathryn Sikkink, The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction, in T. Risse, S. C. Ropp, and K. Sikkink, eds., The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 1-38.
17. See Judith Kelley, Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives ( Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004 ).
18. Romano Prodi, A Wider EuropeA Proximity Policy as the Key to Stability. ( Speech delivered at the Sixth ECSA-World Conference, Peace, Security and Stability International Dialogue and the Role of the EU, Brussels, Belgium, 5-6 December 2002.)
19. Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Article on the Occasion of the Inauguration of the New President of Ukraine, http://www.delukr.cec.eu.int/site/page34090.html (accessed 22 January 2005 ).
20. Judy Batt, Managing the New External Borders. ( Paper presented at the Conference on Legitimacy and Accountability in the European Union after Nice, Institute of European Law, University of Birmingham, UK, 6 July 2001.)
21. Liam O'Dowd and Thomas M. Wilson, Frontiers of Sovereignty in the New Europe, in Liam O'Dowd and Thomas M. Wilson, eds., Borders, Nations and States (Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1996). 13.
22. Sandra Lavenex, Migration and the EU's New Eastern Border: Between Realism and Liberalism, Journal of European Public Policy 8: 1 (2001). 24-42.
23. For a fuller treatment of this issue, see Peter Vermeersch, EU Enlargement and Immigration Policy in Poland and Slovakia, Communist and Post-Communist Studies 38: 2 (2005). 71-88.
24. See Lesya Fediv, Pole-axed, Transitions Online, 30 January 2004.
25. See also Andrzej Miszczuk, Pogranicze polsko-ukraiskie a polityka zagraniczna III RP, in Ryszard Stemplowksi and Adriana elazo, eds., Polskie pogranicza a polityka zagraniczna u progu XXI wieku (Warsaw, Poland: Polski Instytut Spraw Midzynarodowych, 2002). 263-80.
26. O'Dowd and Wilson, Frontiers of Sovereignty, 1.
27. Kataryna Wolczuk and Roman Wolczuk, Poland and Ukraine. A Strategic Partnership in a Changing Europe? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2002). esp. 6-28.
28. Vermeersch, EU Enlargement and Immigration Policy, 84.
29. In 2004, the new visa regime caused huge waiting lines at the Polish consulates in Ukraine. The press reported complaints of corruption. For a discussion, see Jagienka Wilczak, Wizy za dewizy, Polityka 25: 2457 (2004). 30-33.
30. Wacaw Radziwinowicz, Polska bdzie mediowa na Ukrainie? Gazeta Wyborcza, 5 April 2007. 26. Wolczuk and Wolczuk, Poland and Ukraine, 3.
31. Chris Hann, Postsocialist Nationalism: Rediscovering the Past in Southeast Poland, Slavic Review 57: 4 (1998). 843.
32. Timothy Snyder, ' To Resolve the Ukrainian Problem Once and for All': The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947, Journal of Cold War Studies 1: 2 (1999). 88.
33. Sir Walter Napier's speech delivered in 1932 at the UK's Royal Institute of International Affairs is a good illustration. He said, The tasks which the Poles had taken upon themselves was to constitute out of the various races within their territories a united State which, though composed of several nationalities, would be imbued with Western ideals of civilization and would form a bulwark against the westward trend of Bolshevik principles.... It is difficult to escape the conclusion that so far Polish efforts have resulted in increasing rather than in lessening the racial ill-feeling (Walter Napier, The Ukrainians in Poland: An Historical Background, International Affairs 11:3[1932]: 408-9).
34. Mirosaw Czech, Kwestia ukraiska w III Rzeczypospolitej, In Ukraicy w Polsce 1989-1993: Kalendarium, dokumenty, informacje (Warsaw, Poland: Zwizek Ukraicw w Polsce, 1993). 268-89.
35. Czech, Kwestia ukraiska, 268.
36. Snyder, To Resolve the Ukrainian Problem, 86-120.
37. Czech, Kwestie ukraiska, 269.
38. In elections in 1993 and 1997, other candidates representing the Ukrainian minority were elected as MPs from lists of the liberal Freedom Union (UW) and the Alliance of the Democratic Left (SLD).
39. Ukraiskie Towarzystwo Spoeczno-Kulturalne, 1989 luty 26, WarszawaRaport Ukraiskiego Towarzystwa Spoeczno-Kulturalnego pt. 'Ukraicy w Polsce Ludowej,' in Ukraicy w Polsce 1989-1993, 86.
40. Czech, Kwestia ukraiska, 275.
41. Quoted in the editorial of The Ukrainian Weekly, 12 May 2002.
42. Joanna Konieczna, Polacy-Ukraicy, Polska-Ukraina. Paradoksy stosunkw ssiedzkich. ( Working paper published by the Batory Foundation, Warsaw, Poland, 2003.)
43. These documents are available from the following Web sites: http://www.mswia.gov.pl/ spr_oby_mn3.html, http://www.sejm.gov.pl/komisje/ www_mne.htm, http://www.sejm.gov.pl/ komisje/www_sue.htm.
44. Articles 23 and 24 of Law 141, Ustawa o mniejszociach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o jzyku regionalnym (Dziennik Ustaw nr. 17). The current representatives of the Ukrainian minority in this body are Piotr Tyma and Grzegorz Kuprianowicz.
45. Komisja do Spraw Unii Europejskiej, Biuletyn nr. 4190 / IV, 19 February 2005.
46. Komisja do Spraw Unii Europejskiej, Biuletyn nr. 3471 / IV, 23 July 2004.
47. Nathaniel Copsey and Aleks Szczerbiak, The Future of Polish-Ukrainian Elections: Evidence from the June 2004 European Parliament Election Campaign in Poland. ( Working paper 48, Sussex European Institute, UK, 2005.)
48. See http://www.interklasa.pl/portal/dokumenty/r_mowa/.
49. David S. Meyer, Protest and Political Opportunities, Annual Review of Sociology 30 (2004). 125-45.