Critical research agendas for peace: The missing link in the study of international relations

Alternatives

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 247-276

  Richmond, Oliver P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Conflict; Critical research; International relations; Peace; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547338992     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437540703200205     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Etymology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
2. Michael Howard, The Invention of Peace and War (London: Profile Books, 2000), pp. 1-2.
3. Here Howard is paraphrasing, on the flyleaf of his book, a famous quotation by Sir Henry Maine, International Law (New York: Henry Holt, 1888), p. 8.
4. However, Kelly argues that where there is war societies also have well developed strategies for peacemaking. Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000).
5. Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man's Burden," McClure's Magazine 12 (February 1899).
6. George Orwell, 1984 (London: Signet, 1969), p. 164. This was the party slogan.
7. "The Allegory of the Cave," The Republic of Plato, trans. Francis MacDonald Cornford (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1941).
8. Lassa Oppenheim, International Law (vols. 1, 2, 1st ed., 1905/6).
9. For an overview of this concept, see in particular, Roland Paris, At War's End (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 40-51.
10. See, among others, Peter Wallensteen, ed., Peace Research: Achievements and Challenges (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1988);
11. Johan Galtung, Essays in Peace Research (Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 1975);
12. John Burton, World Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972);
13. John Macmillan, "Whose Democracy, Which Peace," paper presented at ECPR (Marburg, 18-21 September 2003);
14. Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security (London: Zed Books, 2001);
15. Vivienne Jabri, Discourses on Violence (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996);
16. Richard Falk, On Humane Governance (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995).
17. J. Lederach, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1997).
18. It must be pointed out here that this study essentially only deals with this rich Westernized discourse which alludes to the nature of peace, if only indirectly.
19. See here the very important contribution made by Rasmussen on the question of Western constructions of peace. Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen, The West, Civil Society, and the Construction of Peace (London: Palgrave, 2003), esp. p. 13.
20. Raymond Aron, Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations (London: Transaction, 2003 [1966]), p. 151.
21. Saint Augustine, City of God, XIX, 13, 1, (London: Penguin Classics, 1991).
22. Pope Paul VI, "The Fostering Of Peace And The Promotion Of A Community Of Nations," Pastoral Constitution On The Church In The Modern World, Gaudium Et Spes (Chapter V, 78, 7 December 1965), para. 4.
23. For more on this see Tzetvan Todorov, "Right to Intervene or Duty to Assist," in Nicolas Owen, ed., Human Rights, Human Wrongs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 30.
24. Edward N. Luttwak, Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. xi.
25. Ibid., pp. 57-59.
26. David Barash, Approaches to Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 63.
27. See Edward W. Said, Orientalism (London: Routledge, 1978), esp. Introduction.
28. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 (New York: Pantheon, 1980), p. 30:
29. Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge (London: Tavistock Publications, 1972), p. 205.
30. By this I mean post-Gramscian plural hegemonies. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, eds., Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1971), pp. 56-59.
31. See among others, Jabri, note 8;
32. R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
33. J. Lederach, note 8, Hiekki Patomaki and Teivo Teivainen, A Possible World (London: Zed Books, 2004);
34. Roland Bleiker, "The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory," Millennium 30, no. 3 (2001);
35. Carolyn Nordstrom, Fieldwork Under Fire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
36. See in particular, Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society (London: Palgrave, 1998).
37. A. C. F. Beales, The History of Peace: A Short Account of the Organised Movements for International Peace (London: Bell and Sons, 1931), p. v.
38. Ibid., p. v.
39. Ibid., p. 334.
40. See Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse, and Hugh Miall, Contemporary Conflict Resolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Polity Press, 2005), pp. 32-54.
41. See Quincy Wright, The Study of War (University of Chicago Press, 1964), esp. pp. xiv, 266.
42. David Mitrany, "A Working Peace System" in his The Functional Theory of Politics (London: Martin Robertson, 1975), p. 132.
43. Galtung, note 8, p. 29.
44. Cited in Ramsbotham, Woodhouse, and Miall, note 26, p. 40. See also Kenneth W. Boulding, Stable Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978).
45. John Dollard, Leonardo W. Doob, Neal E. Miller, O. H. Mowrer, and Robert R. Sears, Frustration and Aggression (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939).
46. Morton Deutsch, The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 17.
47. For the latest version of his argument see, Johan Galtung, Peace By Peaceful Means Peace And Conflict, Development And Civilization (London: Sage, 1996), p. viii. See also Roland Paris, note 7, p. 58.
48. Galtung, Peace by Peaceful Means, note 33.
49. Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper, 1954).
50. Edward E. Azar, The Management of Protracted Social Conflict (Hampshire, UK: Dartmouth Publishing, 1990), pp. 10-12.
51. Ibid., p. 9.
52. Ibid., p. 155.
53. Johan Galtung, "International Development in Human Perspective," in John Burton, ed., Conflict: Human Needs Theory (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990), p. 311;
54. John Burton, Resolving Deep Rooted Conflict: A Handbook (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1987), p. 23.
55. See A. Rapoport, The Origins of Violence (New York: Paragon House, 1989).
56. J. Burton and F. Dukes, eds., Conflict: Readings in Management and Resolution (London: Macmillan. 1990), p. 2.
57. A. Curle, Another Way: Positive Response to Contemporary Conflict (Oxford: John Carpenter, 1994); Ramsbotham, Woodhouse, Miall, note 26, p. 52.
58. Elise Boulding, "Peace Praxis: The Craft and Skills of Doing Peace," Building a Global Civic Culture: Educating for an Interdependent World (New York: Columbia Teachers College Press, 1990), pp. 140-159.
59. See Kevin Avruch, Peter W. Black, and Joseph A. Scimecca, eds., Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives (London: Greenwood Press, 1991).
60. M. Lebaron, "Mediation and Multicultural Reality," Peace and Conflict Studies 5, no. 1 (1998): 43.
61. Vamik Volkan and Mark Harris, "Negotiating a Peaceful Separation," Mind and Human Interaction 4, no. 1 (1992): 20-39.
62. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1939), p. 10.
63. Aron, note 11, pp. 151, 173.
64. For more on these conceptualizations, see Martin Ceadal, Thinking about Peace and War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 4-5.
65. K. Holsti, Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), esp. Chapter 13.
66. See also Ramsbotham, Woodhouse, and Miall, note 26, pp. 36-37.
67. Holsti, note 50, p. 347.
68. Ian Clark, The Post-Cold War Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001):
69. G. John Ikenberry, After Victory (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 216-241.
70. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Penguin, 1992).
71. Ikenberry, note 52, p. xiii.
72. Andrew Williams, Failed Imagination? New World Orders of the Twentieth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998);
73. Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished (London: Routledge, 2005).
74. Rasmussen, note 10.
75. Ken Booth, ed., Critical Security Studies and World Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2005).
76. Ibid.
77. Ernesto Laclau, Emancipation(s) (London: Verso, 1996), p. 122.
78. Ibid., p. 122.
79. Jabri, note 8, p. 150.
80. See also her forthcoming book, War and the Transformation of Global Politics (London: Palgrave, 2006).
81. Andrew Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community, (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press), p. 16.
82. See also Christopher Farrands, "Language and the Possibility of Inter-community Understanding," Global Society 1, no. 1 (2000).
83. Duffield, note 8.
84. See, for example, Linklater, note 62;
85. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (Cambridge, Mass.: Polity Press 1995);
86. Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski, International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996);
87. Mervyn Frost, Ethics in International Relations A Constitutive Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
88. Oliver P. Richmond, Maintaining Order, Making Peace (London: Palgrave, 2002).
89. Jabri, note 8, p. 4.
90. Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Differend: Phrases in Dispute (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), p. xi.
91. For more on this challenge see Roland Bleiker, "Art After 9/11," Alternatives 31, no. 1 (2006), pp. 77-99.
92. Bleiker, note 21, p. 150.
93. This phrase echoes the Nazi appellation of "decadent art," but not by design.
94. Christine Sylvester, Feminist Theory and IR in a Postmodern Era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
95. Walker, note 21.
96. For a fascinating exposition of this insight into abstraction see Christine Sylvester, "Art, Abstraction, and IR," Millennium 30, no. 3 (2001): 540.
97. Ibid., p. 541.
98. See also Sandra Harding, Is Science Multicultural? (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
99. Paul Feyerabend, Conquest of Abundance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), pp. 223-224, cited in Sylvester, note 72, p. 541.
100. Ibid., p. 542.
101. Alison Watson, "Seen But Not Heard," New Political Economy 9, no. 1 (2004).
102. See Roland Bleiker, "Forget IR Theory," Alternatives 22, no. 1 (1997): 57-85;
103. David Cambell, Writing Security (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992);
104. James Der Derian, On Diplomacy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987).
105. Bleiker, "The Aesthetic Turn," note 21, p. 510.
106. See, among others, Christine Sylvester, "Bare Life as Development/ Post-Colonial Problematic," The Geographical Journal 172, no. 1 (2006): 66-77:
107. J. Briggs and J. Sharp, "Indigenous Knowledge and Development," Third World Quarterly 25 (2004): 661-676;
108. Mark Duffield, "Social Reconstruction and the Radicalisation of Development," Development and Change 33 (2002): 1049-1071.
109. See Sylvester, note 79, p. 67.
110. She draws upon Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998).
111. Rajeev Patel and Philip McMichael, "Third Worldism and the Lineages of Global Fascism," Third World Quarterly 25, no.1 (2004): 231-254.
112. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (London: Penguin, 1967), pp. 132-138.
113. See Stephen Chan, Peter Mandaville, and Roland Bleiker, The Zen of IR (London: Palgrave, 2001).
114. Said, note 18, p. 291.
115. Patel and McMichael, note 81, p. 235.
116. Cited in ibid., p. 239.
117. See Carolyn Nordstrom, Shadows of War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
118. Boutros Boutros Ghali, Agenda for Peace (New York: United Nations, 1992).
119. High Level Panel Report, www.un.org./secureworld/, 2004:
120. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, "The Responsibility to Protect," Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001.
121. John Ruggie. "Collective Goods and Future International Collaboration," American Political Science Review 66 (September 1972): 874-893.
122. Michel Foucault, "Governmentality," in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, eds., The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentalily (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991), pp. 87-104.
123. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1 (London: Penguin, 1990 [1976]).
124. For a critique, see Stanley Hoffman. World Disorders (Lunham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998), p. 61.
125. Robert Cox, "Postscript 1985," in Robert Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), p. 242.
126. Francis Fukuyama, State Building: Governance and Order in the Twenty First Century (London: Profile, 2004), p. 141.
127. All of these scenarios were witnessed during the course of field-work and consultations conducted during 2003-2005.
128. See Oliver P. Richmond, The Transformation of Peace (London: Palgrave), Chapter 5.
129. See also UN Secretary General's Report on Timor-Leste pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1690, 8 August 2006, esp. paras. 34-35.
130. See the comparison in House of Commons International Development. Committee, Conflict and Development: Peacebuilding and Post-conflict Reconstruction, Sixth Report of Session 2005-06 (London: House of Commons, 17 October 2006).
131. Agamben, note 80.