Experimental values

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 45, 2007, Pages 67-88

  Rajan, Kaushik Sunder ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 34547309570     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Samiran Nundy and Chandra Gulhati, 'A New Colonialism? - Conducting Clinical Trials in India', New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 352, no. 16 (2005), pp. 1633-6.
2. Clinical trials have become a site of keen interest in the anthropology of science. See especially Melinda Cooper, Brian Salter and Amanda Dickins, 'China and the Global Stem Cell Bioeconomy: An Emerging Political Strategy?', Regenerative Medicine, vol. 1, no. 5 (2006);
3. Joseph Dumit, Drugs for Life, Durham, NC forthcoming;
4. Jill Fisher, 'Human Subjects in Medical Experiments', in Sal Restivo, ed., Science, Technology and Society, Oxford 2005;
5. Wen-Hua Kuo, 'Japan and Taiwan in the Wake of Bio-Globalization: Drugs, Race and Standards', PhD dissertation, MIT 2005;
6. Adriana Petryna, 'Ethical Variability: Drug Development and Globalizing Clinical Trials', American Ethnologist, vol. 32, no. 2 (2005), pp. 183-97;
7. and Petryna, 'Drug Development and the Ethics of the Globalized Clinical Trial', Princeton Institute for Advanced Study Occasional Paper 22 (Oct 2005).
8. Indeed, law and policy scholars Tracy Lewis, Jerome Reichman and Anthony So have argued for public funding of clinical trials as a crucial mechanism to make essential therapeutics more accessible - and therefore to move health away from being an abstract market value towards being about healthiness. See Tracy Lewis, Jerome Reichman and Anthony So, 'The Case for Public Funding and Public Oversight of Clinical Trials', The Economists' Voice, vol. 4, no. 1 (2007).
9. For the Healthcare Financial Management Association's figures, see Jennifer Jones and Alan Zuckerman, 'Clinical Research Trials: Creating Competitive and Financial Advantages', Managing the Margin Newsletter, available at www.hfma.org.
10. This is an example of what Etienne Balibar has described as the continual expansion of the value form and the infinite process of accumulation. Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities, London and New York 1992, p. 180.
11. Petryna, 'Drug Development'.
12. A. T. Kearney Report, 'Make Your Move: Taking Clinical Trials to the Best Location', 2006; available at www.atkearney.com.
13. As cited by the Indian Brand Equity Federation, available at www.ibef.org. These figures include contract work that is generated domestically as well as by foreign sponsors - not just clinical-trial activity, but also the manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
14. According to a speech given by M. K. Bhan, director of the Department of Biotechnology, inaugurating the BioAsia 2006 conference in Hyderabad, 9 February 2006. The day before, the Department's budget had been increased by 25 per cent, indicating both the serious prioritization of biotech by the Indian government and that lack of resources is no longer the issue when it comes to certain types of science and technology in India.
15. NASSCOM - McKinsey Report, 2002; available at www.nasscom.in.
16. A. T. Kearney Report, 'Make Your Move'.
17. Also essential to capacity building is the establishment of human-resource infrastructure, likewise the infrastructure for managing data generated by the trials.
18. Petryna, 'Ethical Variability', 'Drug Development'.
19. Interview with the author, 24 February 2006.
20. Ramesh Mashelkar, the head of the committee that wrote this report, was from 1995 until his retirement in 2006 Director-General of India's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). He has been one of India's most influential science policy-makers since independence, responsible in large measure for the aggressive embrace of global market values by the country's scientific establishment. For a longer account of Mashelkar and CSIR, see my Biocapital: The Constitution of Postgenomic Life, Durham, NC 2006, especially Chapter 5. The Mashelkar Report can be viewed at www. biospectrumindia.com.
21. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice [1971], Cambridge MA 1999.
22. In contrast, Kristin Peterson has found in her research in Nigeria that the dominant issue is access to drugs. Meanwhile, the ethical/regulatory infrastructure is far from robust.
23. Interview with the author, 27 February 2006.
24. For a more extensive elaboration of this logic, see Melinda Cooper, Surplus Life: Biotechnics and the Transformation of Capital, Seattle forthcoming.
25. Joseph Dumit, 'Drugs, Algorithms, Markets and Surplus Health', Lively Capital workshop paper presented at University of California, Irvine, 2006.
26. Dumit, 'Drugs, Algorithms, Markets and Surplus Health'.
27. Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume One, translated by Ben Fowkes, Harmondsworth 1976.
28. Sunder Rajan, 'Subjects of Speculation: Emergent Life Sciences and Market Logics in the us and India', American Anthropologist, vol. 107, no. 1 (2005), pp. 19-30.
29. See also Biocapital, Chapter 2.
30. For an account of the violence against hawkers in Mumbai, see Arvind Rajagopal, 'The Menace of Hawkers', in Katherine Verdery and Caroline Humphrey, eds, Property in Question: Value Transformation in the Global Economy, Oxford 2004.
31. Manjula Padmanabhan, Harvest, London 2003;
32. Patricia Grace, Baby No-Eyes, Honolulu 1998.
33. David Harvey, The New Imperialism, Oxford 2003.
34. Joseph Dumit and Kaushik Sunder Rajan, 'Biocapital, Surplus Health and the End(s) of Biopolitics', manuscript in preparation.
35. Joseph Dumit, 'Living in the Aggregate: Accumulating Prognoses, Growing Markets, Experimental Subjects'. Paper presented at American Anthropology Association meeting, San Jose, 2006.
36. Except that direct-to-consumer advertising, an important strategy in the US, is not allowed in India. Instead, such marketing is aimed exclusively at physicians. Stefan Ecks, 'Global Citizenship Inc: Big Pharma and "Depression Awareness" in Urban India', Asian Biotechnologies workshop paper presented at Honolulu, 2006.