The relationships between body mass and body image and relative autonomy for exercise among adolescent males and females

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 836-853

  Markland, David ^a   Ingledew, David K ^a  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Body size; Discrepancies; Physical activity; Self determination

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547220945     PISSN: 14690292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.11.002     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Aiken L.S., and West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions (1991), Sage, Newbury Park, CA
2. Anton S.D., Perri M.G., and Riley J.R. Discrepancy between actual and ideal body images. Impact on eating and exercise behaviours. Eating Behaviours 1 (2000) 153-160
3. Berg F.M. Afraid to eat: Children and teens in weight crisis. Nutrition in Clinical Care 2 (1999) 380-381
4. Cash T.F., Novy P.L., and Grant J.R. Why do women exercise? Factor analysis and further validation of the Reasons for Exercise Inventory. Perceptual and Motor Skills 78 (1994) 539-544
5. Cash T.F., and Pruzinsky T. Body images: Development, deviance and change (1990), Guilford, New York
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC growth charts (2000), United States National Center for Health Statistics, US Department of Health and Human Services
7. Cohn L.D., and Adler N.E. Female and male perceptions of ideal body shapes: Distorted views among Caucasian college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly 16 (1992) 69-79
8. Connell, J. P., Ryan, R. M. (1985, April). Internalization and self-regulation: From theory to assessment. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Toronto, Canada.
9. Cusumano D.L., and Thompson J.K. Body image and body shape ideals in magazines: Exposure, awareness, and internalization. Sex Roles 37 (1997) 701-721
10. Deci E.L., and Ryan R.M. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior (1985), Plenum, New York
11. Deci E.L., and Ryan R.M. A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In: Deinstbier R. (Ed). Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (1991), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 237-288
12. Deci E.L., and Ryan R.M. The "what" and the "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry 11 (2000) 227-268
13. Department of Health. The health survey for England (2002), The Stationary Office, London
14. Fallon A.E., and Rozin P. Sex differences in perceptions of desirable body shape. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 94 (1985) 102-105
15. Field A.E., Carmargo C.A., Taylor C.B., Berkey C.S., Roberts S.B., and Colditz G.A. Peer, parent, and media influences on the development of weight concerns and frequent dieting among preadolescent and adolescent girls and boys. Pediatrics 107 (2001) 54-60
16. Furnham A., and Calnan A. Eating disturbance, self-esteem, reasons for exercising, and body weight dissatisfaction in adolescent males. European Eating Disorders Review 6 (1998) 58-72
17. Gardner R.M., Sorter R.G., and Friedman B.N. Developmental changes in children's body images. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 12 (1997) 1019-1036
18. Godin G., and Shephard R.J. A simple method to assess exercise behaviour in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences 10 (1985) 141-146
19. Grolnick W.S., and Ryan R.M. Autonomy in children's learning: An experimental and individual difference investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 890-898
20. Hagger M.S., Chatzisarantis N.L.D., and Biddle S.J.H. The influence of autonomous and controlling motives on physical activity intentions within the Theory of Planned Behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology 7 (2002) 283-297
21. Ingledew D.K., Hardy L., and de Sousa K. Body shape dissatisfaction and exercise motivations. Journal of Sports Sciences 13 (1995) 60
22. Ingledew, D.K., Markland, D. (2006). The role of motives in exercise participation. Manuscript submitted for publication.
23. Ingledew D.K., Markland D., and Medley A. Exercise motives and stages of change. Journal of Health Psychology 3 (1998) 477-489
24. Ingledew D.K., and Sullivan G. Effects of body mass and body image on exercise motives in adolescence. Psychology of Exercise and Sport 3 (2002) 323-338
25. Jacobs D.R., Ainsworth B.E., Hartman T.J., and Leon A.S. A simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25 (1993) 81-91
26. Kimm S.Y.S., Glynn N.W., Kriska A.M., Fitzgerald S.L., Aaron D.J., Similo S.L., et al. Longitudinal changes in physical activity in a biracial cohort during adolesence. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 32 (2000) 1445-1454
27. Kristjansdottir G., and Vilhjalmsson R. Sociodemographic differences in patterns of sedentary and physically active behavior in older children and adolescents. Acta Paediatrica 90 (2001) 429-435
28. Landry J.B., and Solmon M.A. African American women's self-determination across the Stages of Change for Exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26 (2004) 457-469
29. Lenart E.B., Goldberg J.P., Bailey S.M., and Dallal G.E. Current and ideal physique choices in exercising and nonexercising college women from a pilot athletic image scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills 81 (1995) 831-848
30. Lindeman A.K. Quest for ideal weight: Costs and consequences. Medicine and Science in Sports Medicine 31 (1999) 1135-1140
31. Lynch S.M., and Zellner D.A. Figure preferences in two generations of men: The use of figure drawings illustrating differences in muscle mass. Sex Roles 40 (1999) 833-843
32. Markland, D. (1999). Internally informational versus internally controlling exercise motives and exercise enjoyment: The mediating role of self-determination. In: P. Parisi, F. Pigozzi, G. Prinzi (Eds.), Sport science '99 in Europe. Proceedings of the 4th annual congress of the European college of sport science (pp. 214). Rome: University Institute of Motor Sciences.
33. Markland D., and Ingledew D.K. The measurement of exercise motives: Factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory. British Journal of Health Psychology 2 (1997) 361-376
34. Markland, D., Ingledew, D.K. (2007). Exercise participation motives: A self-determination theory perspective. In: M. Hagger, N.L.D. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Self-determination theory in sport and exercise. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
35. Markland D., and Tobin V. A modification of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26 (2004) 191-196
36. McCabe M.P., and Ricciardelli L.A. Parent, peer and media influences on body image and strategies to both increase and decrease body size among adolescent boys and girls. Adolescence 36 (2001) 225-240
37. McCabe M.P., and Ricciardelli L.A. Body image and strategies to lose weight and increase muscle among boys and girls. Health Psychology 22 (2003) 39-46
38. McCabe M.P., and Ricciardelli L.A. A longitudinal study of body change strategies among adolescent males. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 32 (2003) 105-113
39. McCreary D.R., and Sasse D.K. An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of the American College of Health 48 (2000) 297-304
40. McCreary D.R., Sasse D.K., Saucier D.M., and Dorsch K.D. Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial validity of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in men and women. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 5 (2004) 49-58
41. McDonald K., and Thompson J.K. Eating disturbance, body image dissatisfaction, and reasons for exercising: Gender differences and correlational findings. International Journal of Eating Disorders 11 (1992) 289-292
42. Mei Z., Grummer-Strawn L.M., Pietrobelli A., Goulding A., Goran M.I., and Dietz W.H. Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75 (2002) 978-985
43. Morrison T.G., Morrison M.A., Hopkins C., and Rowan E.T. Muscle mania: Development of a new scale examining the drive for muscularity in Canadian males. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 5 (2004) 30-39
44. Mullan E., and Markland D. Variations in self-determination across the stages of change for exercise in adults. Motivation and Emotion 21 (1997) 349-362
45. Mullan E., Markland D., and Ingledew D.K. A graded conceptualisation of self-determination in the regulation of exercise behaviour: Development of a measure using confirmatory factor analytic procedures. Personality and Individual Differences 23 (1997) 745-752
46. Muth J.L., and Cash T.F. Body-image attitudes: What differences does gender make?. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27 (1997) 1438-1452
47. Noles S.W., Cash T.F., and Winstead B.A. Body image, physical attractiveness and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 53 (1985) 88-94
48. Pedhazur E.J., and Schmelkin L.P. Measurement, design, and analysis: An integrated approach (1991), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.
49. Polivy J., Garner D.M., and Garfinkel P.E. Causes and consequences of the current preference for thin female physiques. In: Herman C.P., Zanna M.P., and Higgins E.T. (Eds). Physical appearance, stigma, and social behavior: The Ontario Symposium (1986), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 89-112
50. Pope H.G., Gruber A.J., Mangweth B., Bureau B., deCol C., Jouvent R., et al. Body image perception among men in three countries. American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2004) 1297-1301
51. Prentice A.M., and Jebb S.A. Beyond body mass index. Obesity Reviews 2 (2001) 141-147
52. Presnell K., Bearman S.K., and Stice E. Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls: A prospective study. International Journal of Eating Disorders 36 (2004) 389-401
53. Raudenbush B., and Zellner D.A. Nobody's satisfied: Effects of abnormal eating behaviors and actual and perceived weight status on body image satisfaction in males and females. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 16 (1997) 95-110
54. Ricciardelli L.A., and McCabe M.P. Children's body image concerns and eating disturbance. Clinical Psychology Review 21 (2001) 325-344
55. Richards M.H., Boxer A.M., Petersen A.C., and Albrecht R. Relation of weight to body image in pubertal girls and boys from two communities. Developmental Psychology 26 (1990) 313-321
56. Rolland K., Farnill D., and Griffiths R.A. Children's perceptions of their current and ideal body sizes and body mass index. Perceptual and Motor Skills 82 (1996) 651-656
57. Rose E.A., Markland D., and Parfitt G. The development and initial validation of the Exercise Causality Orientations Scale. Journal of Sports Sciences 19 (2001) 445-462
58. Rosen J. Body image disturbance in eating disorders. In: Cash T.F., and Pruzinsky T. (Eds). Body images (1990), Guilford Press, New York 190-216
59. Rosenblum G.D., and Lewis M. The relations among body image, physical attractiveness and body mass in adolescence. Child Development 70 (1999) 50-64
60. Ryan R.M., and Deci E.L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist 55 (2000) 68-78
61. Ryckman R.M., Robbins M.A., Kazcor L.M., and Gold J.A. Male and female raters' stereotyping of male and female physiques. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15 (1989) 244-251
62. Smith B.L., Handley P., and Eldredge D.A. Sex differences in exercise motivations and body-image satisfaction among college students. Perceptual and Motor Skills 86 (1998) 723-732
63. Smolak L., and Levine M.P. A two-year follow-up of a primary prevention program for negative body image and unhealthy weight regulation. Eating Disorders 9 (2001) 313-325
64. Stice E. A review of the evidence for a sociocultural model of bulimia nervosa and an exploration of the mechanisms of action. Clinical Psychology Review 14 (1994) 633-661
65. Stunkard A., Sorenson T., and Schlusinger F. Use of the Danish adoption register for the study of obesity and thinness. In: Kety S., Rowland L.P., Sidman R.L., and Matthysse S.W. (Eds). The genetics of neurological and psychiatric disorders (1983), Raven Press, New York 115-120
66. Telama R., and Yang X. Decline of physical activity from youth to young adulthood in Finland. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 32 (2000) 1617-1622
67. Thompson J.K., and Altabe M.N. Psychometric qualities of the Figure Rating Scale. International Journal of Eating Disorders 10 (1991) 615-619
68. Thompson J.K., Altabe M., Johnson S., and Stormer S.M. Factor analysis of multiple measures of body image disturbance: Are we all measuring the same construct?. International Journal of Eating Disorders 16 (1994) 311-315
69. Vallerand R.J., and Ratelle C.F. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A hierarchical model. In: Deci E.L., and Ryan R.M. (Eds). Handbook of self-determination research (2002), University of Rochester Press, Rochester NY 37-63
70. Wilson P.M., and Rodgers W.M. The relationship between perceived autonomy support, exercise regulations and behavioral intentions in women. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 5 (2004) 229-242
71. Wilson P.M., Rodgers W.M., Blanchard C., and Gesell J. The relationship between psychological needs, self-determined motivation, exercise attitudes, and physical fitness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 11 (2003) 2373-2392
72. Wilson P.M., Rodgers W.M., and Fraser S.N. Examining the psychometric properties of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 6 (2002) 1-21
73. Wiseman C.V., Gray J.J., Mosimann J.E., and Ahrens A.H. Cultural expectations of thinness in women: An update. International Journal of Eating Disorders 11 (1992) 86-89