Using small, temporary seismic networks for investigating tectonic deformation: Brittle deformation and evidence for strike-slip faulting in Bhutan

Seismological Research Letters

Volumn 78, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 446-453

  Velasco, A A ^a   Gee, V L ^a   Rowe, C ^a   Grujic, D ^b   Hollister, L S ^c   Hernandez, D ^a   Miller, K C ^a   Tobgay, T ^a,d   Fort, M ^e   Harder, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO   (United States)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Geological Survey of Bhutan   (Bhutan)

^e NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547213867     PISSN: 08950695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1785/gssrl.78.4.446     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Andronicos, C. L., A. A. Velasco, and J. M. Hurtado (2007). Large scale deformation in the India-Asia collision constrained by earthquakes and topography. Terra Nova 19, 105-119
2. Bilham, R., and P. England (2001). Plateau pop-up during the great 1897 Assam earthquake. Nature 410, 806-809.
3. Beaumont, C., R. A. Jamieson, M. H. Nguyen, and B. Lee (2001). Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature 414, 738-742.
4. Beaumont, C., R. A. Jamieson, M. H. Nguyen, and S. Medvedev (2004). Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with application to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, B06406, doi:10.1029/2003JB002809.
5. Bhargava, O. N. (1995). The Bhutan Himalaya: A geological account. Geological Survey of India, Special Publication 39, 245 pps.
6. Bratt, S. R., and T. C. Bache (1988). Locating events with a sparse network of regional arrays. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78, 780-798.
7. Burchfiel, B. C. (2004). New technology; new geological challenges. GSA Today 14, 4-9.
8. Cattin, R., G. Martelet, P. Henry, J. P. Avouac, M. Diament, and T. R. Shakya. (2001). Gravity anomalies, crustal structure and thermomechanical support of the Himalaya of central Nepal. Geophysical Journal International 147, 381-392.
9. Chen, W.-P., and P. Molnar (1983). Focal depths of intracontinental and intraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermal and mechanical properties of the lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 88, 4,183-4,214.
10. Chen, W.-P., and P. Molnar (1990). Source parameters of earthquakes and intraplate deformation beneath the Shillong Plateau and the northern Indoburman ranges. Journal of Geophysical Research 95 (B8) (10 August), 12,527-12,552.
11. Clark, M. K., M. A. House, L. H. Royden, K. X. Whipple, B. C. Burchfiel, X. Zhang, and W. Tang (2005). Late Cenozoic uplift of southeastern Tibet. Geology 33, 525-528.
12. Clark, M. K., and L. H. Royden (2000). Topographic ooze; Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow. Geology 28, 703-706.
13. Davidson, C., D. E. Grujic, L. S. Hollister, and S. M. Schmid (1997). Metamorphic reactions related to decompression and synkinematic intrusion of leucogranite, High Himalayan Crystallines, Bhutan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 15, 593-612.
14. De, R., and J. R. Kayal (2003). Seismotectonic model of the Sikkim Himalaya: Constraint from microearthquake surveys. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93, 1,395-1,400.
15. Drukpa, D., A. A. Velasco, and D. I. Doser (2006). Seismicity in the Kingdom of Bhutan (1937-2003): Evidence for crustal transcurrent deformation. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, B06301, doi:10.1029/2004JB003087.
16. Duncan, C., J. Masek, and E. Fielding (2003). How steep are the Himalaya? Characteristics and implications of along-strike topographic variations. Geology 31, 75-78.
17. Edwards, M. A., and T. M. Harrison (1997). When did the roof collapse? Late Miocene north-south extension in the high Himalaya revealed by Th-Pb monazite dating of the Khula Kangri Granite. Geology 25, 543-546.
18. Engdahl, E. R., R. Van der Hilst, and R. Buland (1998). Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, 722-743.
19. Gansser, A. (1983). Geology of the Bhutan Himalaya. Basel, Switzerland: Birkbäuser Verlag, 181 pps.
20. Grujic, D., C. Beaumont, R. A. Jamieson, and M. H. Nguyen (2004). Types of processes in crustal channels evidenced by along-strike variations in the tectonic style of the Himalayas and by numerical models. In Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation of Lower-mid Crust in Continental Collision Zones, M. P. Searle, R.D. Law, and L. Godin, ed. London: Geological Society of London.
21. Grujic, D., M. Casey, C. Davidson, L. S. Hollister, R. Kuendig, T. L. Pavlis, and S. M. Schmid (1996). Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in Bhutan: Evidence from quartz microfabrics, in uplift and exhumation of metamorphic rocks. Tectonophysics 260, 21-43.
22. Grujic, D., L. S. Hollister, and R. R. Parrish (2002). Himalayan metamorphic sequence as an orogenic channel: Insight from Bhutan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 198, 177-191.
23. Haines, S. S., S. L. Klemperer, L. Brown, J. Guo, J. Mechie, R. Meissner, A. Ross, and W. Zhao (2003). INDEPTH III seismic data: From surface observations to deep crustal processes in Tibet. Tectonics 22 (1), 1001, doi:10.1029/2001TC001305.
24. Harrison, T. M., P. Copeland, W. S. F. Kidd, and A. Yin (1992). Raising Tibet. Science 255, 1,663-1,670.
25. Hauck, M. L., K. D. Nelson, L. D. Brown, W. Zhao, and A. R. Ross (1998). Crustal structure of the Himalayan orogen at 90 degrees east longitude from project INDEPTH deep reflection profiles. Tectonics 17, 481-500.
26. Hodges, K. V., J. M. Hurtado, and K. X. Whipple (2001). Southward extrusion of Tibetan crust and its effect on Himalayan tectonics. Tectonics 20, 799-809.
27. Hollister, L. S., and D. Grujic (2006). Pulsed channel flow in Bhutan. In Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, ed. R. D. Law, M. P. Searle, and L. Godin, 415-423, London: Geological Society of London Special Publication.
28. Kennett, B. L. N., and E. R. Engdahl (1991). Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification. Geophysical Journal International 105, 429-465.
29. Klemperer, S. (2)06). Crustal flow in Tibet: A review of geophysical evidence for the physical state of Tibetan lithosphere. In Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones, ed. R. D. Law, M. P. Searle, and L. Godin, 39-70. London: Geological Society of London Special Publication.
30. Kissling, E., W. L. Ellsworth, D. Eberhart-Phillips, and U, Kradolfer (1994). Initial reference models in local earthquake tomography. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 19,635-19,646.
31. Lahr, J. C. (1999), HYPOELLIPSE: A Computer Program for Determining Local Earthquake Hypocentral Parameters, Magnitude, and First-motion Pattern (Y2K Compliant Version), 1999 Version 1.0. USGS Open-File Report 99-0023.
32. Larson, K. M., R. Burgmann, R. Bilham, and J. T. Freymueller (1999). Kinematics of the India-Eurasia collision zone from GPS measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 1,077-1,093.
33. Mitra, S., K. Priestley, A. K. Bhattacharyya, and V. K. Gaut (2005). Crustal structure and earthquake focal depths beneath Northeastern India and southern Tibet. Geophysical Journal International 160, 227-248.
34. Monsalve, G., A. Sheehan, V. Schulte-Pelkum, S. Rajaure, M. R. Pandey, and F. Wu (2006). Seismicity and one-dimensional velocity structure of the Himalayan collision zone: Earthquakes in the crust and upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, doi:10.1025/ 2005JB004062.
35. Nelson, K. D., Z. Wenjin, L. D. Brown, J. Kuo, Che Jinkai, Liu Xianwen, S. L. Klemperer, Y. Makovsky, R. Meissner, J. Mechie, R. Kind, F. Wenzel, J. Ni, J. Nabelek, Chen Leshou, Tan Handong, Wei Wenbo, A. G. Jones, J. Booker, M. Unsworth, W. S. F. Kidd, M. Hauck, D. Alsdorf, A. Ross, M. Cogan, Changde Wu, E. A. Sandvol, M. Edwards (1996). Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet; synthesis of Project INDEPTH results, Science 274 (6 December), 1,684-1,688.
36. Pandey, M. R., R. P. Tandukar, J. P. Avouac, J. Vergne, and T. Heritier (1999). Seismotectonics of the Nepal Himalaya from a local seismic network. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 17, 703-712.
37. Rajendran, C. P., K. Rajendran, B. P. Duarah, S. Baruah, and S. A. Earnest (2004). Interpreting the style of faulting and paleoseismicity associated with the 1897 Shillong, northeast India, earthquake: Implications for regional tcctonism. Tectonics 23, TC4009, doi:10.1029/2003TC001605.
38. Romanowicz, B. A. (1982). Constraints on the structure of the Tibet Plateau from pure phase velocity and Q of surface waves. Journal of Geopbysical Research 87, 6,865-6,883.
39. Schultz, C. A., S. C. Meyers, J. Hipp, and C.J. Young (1998). Nonstationary Bayesian kriging: A predictive technique to generate spatial corrections for seismic detections, location, and identification. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, 1,275-1,288.
40. Seeber, L., and J. Armbruster (1981). Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. In Earthquake Prediction: An International Review, ed. D. W. Simpson and P. G. Richards, 259-277. Maurice Ewing Series no. 4. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
41. Steck, L. K., A. A. Velasco, A. H. Cogbill, and H. J. Patton (2001). Improving regional seismic event location in China. Pure and Applied Geophysics 158, 211-240.
42. Sun, Y., D. Morgan, and M. N. Toksoz (2003). 3D P and S velocity models for the crust and uppermost mantle of China by Monte-Carlo adaptive moving window inversion. Seismological Research Letters 74, 202-203.
43. Tapponnier, P., Z. Xu, F. Roger, B. Meyer, N. Arnaud, G. Wittlinger, and J. Yang (2001). Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau. Science 294 1,671-1,677.
44. Wobus, C., A. Heimsath, K. Whipple, and K. Hodges (2005). Active out-of-sequence thrust faulting in the central Nepalese Himalaya. Nature 434 (21 April), 1,008-1,011 (21 April 2005) doi:10.1038/nature03499.
45. Zhao, W. L., and W. J. Morgan (1987). Injection of Indian crust into Tibetan lower crust: A two-dimensional finite element model study. Tectonics 6, 489-504.
46. Zhao, W., K. D. Nelson, J. Che, J. Guo, D. Lu, C. Wu, X. Liu, L. D. Brown, M. L. Hauck, J. T. Kuo, S. Klemperer, and Y. Makovsky (1993). Deep seismic reflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneath southern Tibet. Nature 366, 557-559.