The 222Rn activity concentration, external radiation dose and air ion production rates in a boreal forest in Finland between March 2000 and June 2006

Boreal Environment Research

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 265-278

  Hirsikko, Anne ^a   Paatero, Jussi ^b   Hatakka, Juha ^b   Kulmala, Markku ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547210106     PISSN: 12396095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Arvela H. 1995. Residential radon in Finland: sources, variation, modelling and dose comparisons. STUK-A124, STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki.
2. 210Pb at Galveston and College Station, Texas. J. Geophys, Res. 98: 20555-20571.
3. 222Rn in the Netherlands and the effect of meteorological variables. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 69: 17-18.
4. Dal Maso M., Kulmala M., Riipinen I., Wagner R., Hussein T., Aalto P.P. & Lehtinen K.E.J. 2005. Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 323-336.
5. Dhanorkar S. & Kamra A.K. 1994. Diurnal variation of ionization rate close to ground. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 18523-18526.
6. Eisenbud M. 1987. Environmental radioactivity from natural, industrial, and military sources. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, USA.
7. Fontan J., Birot A., Blanc D., Bouville A. & Druilhet A. 1966. Measurement of the diffusion of radon, thoron and their radioactive daughter products in the lower layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Tellus 18: 623-632.
8. 222Rn concentrations outdoors and indoors: a review. Health Phys. 45: 289-302.
9. Hakola H., Tarvainen V., Laurila T., Hiltunen V., Hellén H. & Keronen P. 2003. Seasonal variation of VOC concentrations above a boreal coniferous forest. Atmos. Environ. 37: 1623-1634.
10. Hari P. & Kulmala M. 2005. Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR II). Boreal Env. Res. 10: 315-322.
11. Hatakka J., Paatero J., Viisanen Y. & Mattsson R. 1998. Variations of external radiation due to meteorological and hydrological factors in central Finland. Radiochemistry 40: 534-538.
12. Hirsikko A., Laakso L., Hõrrak U., Aalto P.P., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2005. Annual and size dependent variation of growth rates and ion concentrations in boreal forest. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 357-369.
13. Hirsikko A., Bergman T., Laakso L., Dal Maso M., Riipinen I., Hõrrak U. & Kulmala M. 2006. Identification and classification of the formation of intermediate ions measured in boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 6: 9187-9212.
14. Hõrrak U., Salm J. & Tammet H. 2003. Diurnal variation in the concentration of air ions of different mobility classes in a rural area. J. Geophys. Res. 108(D20), 4653, doi:10.1029/2002JD003240.
15. Hämeri K., Väkevä M., Aalto P.P., Kulmala M., Swietlicki E., Zhou J., Seidl W., Becker E. & O'Dowd C.D. 2001. Hygroscopic and CCN properties of aerosol paeticles in boreal forests. Tellus 53B: 359-379.
16. Israel H. 1970. Atmospheric electricity, vol. 1: Fundamentals, conductivity, ions. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
17. Kulmala M., Dal Maso M., Mäkelä J.M., Pirjola L., Väkevä M., Aalto P., Miikkulainen P, Hämeri K. & O'Dowd C.D. 2001a. On the formation, growth and composition of nucleation mode particles. Tellus 53B: 479-490.
18. Kulmala M., Hämeri K., Aalto P.P., Mäkelä J.M., Pirjola L., Nilsson E.D., Buzorius G., Rannik Ü., Dal Maso M., Seidl W., Hoffman T., Janson R., Hansson H.-C., Viisanen Y., Laaksonen A. & O'Dowd C.D. 2001b. Overview of the international project on biogenic aerosol formation in the boreal forest (BIOFOR). Tellus 53B: 324-343.
19. Kulmala M. 2003. How particles nucleate and grow. Science 302: 1000-1001.
20. Kulmala M., Vehkamäki H., Petäjä T., Dal Maso M., Lauri A., Kerminen V.-M., Birmili W. & McMurry P.H. 2004a. Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: A review of observations. J. Aerosol Sci. 35: 143-176.
21. Kulmala M., Laakso L., Lehtinen K.E.J., Riipinen I., Dal Maso M., Anttila T., Kerminen V.-M., Hõrrak U., Vana M. & Tammet H. 2004b. Initial steps of aerosol growth. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4: 2553-2560.
22. Kulmala M., Lehtinen K. E. J. & Laaksonen A. 2006. Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 787-793.
23. Laakso L., Kulmala M. & Lehtinen K.E.J. 2003. Effect of condensation rate enhancement factor on 3-nm (diameter) particle formation in binary ion-induced and homogeneous nucleation. J. Geophys. Res. 108(D18), 4574, doi:10.1029/2003JD003432.
24. Laakso L., Petäjä T., Lehtinen K.E.J., Kulmala M., Paatero J., Hõrrak U., Tammet H. & Joutsensaari J. 2004. Ion production rate in a boreal forest based on ion, particle and radiation measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4: 1933-1943.
25. Laakso L., Gagné S., Petäjä T., Hirsikko A., Aalto P., Kulmala M. & Kerminen V.-M. 2007. Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 1333-1345.
26. 210 in ground level air in Finland. J. Geophys. Res. 75: 1741-1744.
27. Mattsson R., Paatero J. & Hatakka J. 1996. Automatic alpha/beta analyser for air filter samples - absolute determination of radon progeny by pseudo-coincidence techniques. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 63: 133-139.
28. Mustonen R. (ed.) 2006. Surveillance of environmental radiation in Finland. Annual report 2005. STUK-B-TKO 7. STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki.
29. Observations of Radioactivity 1982, 1984. Observations of radioactivity no. 22. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki.
30. 210Pb measured in northern Finland. Health Phys. 79: 691-696.
31. Paatero J., Hatakka J., Mattsson R. & Lehtinen I. 1994. A comprehensive station for monitoring atmospheric radioactivity. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 54: 33-39.
32. Pirjola L., Kulmala M., Wilck M., Bischoff A., Stratmann F. & Otto E. 1999. Formation of sulphuric acid aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei: an expression for significant nucleation and model comparison. J. Aerosol Sci. 30: 1079-1094.
33. Porstendörfer J. 1994. Properties and behaviour of radon and thoron and their decay products in the air. J. Aerosol Sci. 25: 219-263.
34. Porstendörfer J. & Reineking A. 1999. Radon: characteristics in air and dose conversion factors. Health Phys. 76: 300-305.
35. Stranden E., Kolstad A.K. & Lind B. 1984. The influence of moisture and temperature on radon exhalation. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 7: 55-58.
36. Tammet H. 1995. Size and mobility of nanometer particles, clusters and ions. J. Aerosol Sci. 26: 459-475.
37. Tammet H. 1998. Reduction of air ion mobility to standard conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 103: 13 933-13 937.
38. Tammet H. 2004. Balanced scanning mobility analyzer, BSMA. In: Kasahara M. & Kulmala M. (eds.), Nucleation and atmospheric aerosols 2004, 16th International Conference, Kyoto University Press, Japan, pp. 294-297.
39. Tammet H. 2006. Continuous scanning of the mobility and size distribution of charged clusters and nanometer particles in atmospheric air and the Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzer BSMA. Atmos. Res. 82: 523-535.
40. Tammet H., Hõrrak U., Laakso L. & Kulmala M. 2006. Factors of ion balance in coniferous forest according to measurements in Hyytiälä, Finland. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 3377-3390.
41. Tanskanen P.J. 1965. On the variation of cosmic ray meson intensity at sea level in connection with atmospheric disturbances. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. AVI 185; 1-96.
42. Vartiainen E., Kulmala M., Ehn M., Hirsikko A., Junninen H., Petäjä T., Sogacheva L., Kuokka S., Hillamo R., Skorokhod A., Belikov I., Elansky N. & Kerminen V.-M. 2007. Ion and particle number concentrations and size distributions along the Trans-Siberian railroad. Boreal Env. Res. 12: 375-396.
43. Wilhelmova L., Tomasek M. & Stukheil K. 1995. Monitoring of krypton-85 activity in the atmosphere around Prague. Environ. Monit. Assess. 34: 145-149.
44. Yu F. & Turco R.P. 2000. Ultrafine aerosol formation via ionmediated nucleation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27: 883-886.