Durability of marble cladding - A comprehensive literature review

Journal of ASTM International

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2007, Pages

  Grelk, B ^a   Christiansen, C ^a   Schouenborg, B ^b   Malaga, K ^b  

^a RAMBOLL   (Denmark)

^b SP TECHNICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SWEDEN   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Bowing; Cladding; Design; Deterioration; Durability; Finlandia hall; Inspection; Limestone; Marble; Thin veneer

Indexed keywords

LOAD BEARING ELEMENTS; MARBLE CLADDING; NATURAL STONE; PROCESSING TECHNIQUE; TRADE ASSOCIATIONS;

BENDING (FORMING); BUILDING MATERIALS; DEGRADATION; LIMESTONE; STANDARDIZATION;

MARBLE;

EID: 34547184003     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1546962X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1520/JAI100857     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Stocksiefen, W., "Absturzgefährdete Altfassaden," Fliesen und Platten, No. 10, 1989.
2. Stocksiefen, W., "Hinterlüftete Fassenbekleidung mit Marmorplatten. Konkave Verformung, Rissbildung, Ausbrühe," Bauschäden-Sammlung, Band, 8, 1991, pp. 76-78.
3. Stocksiefen, W., "Marmorschäden: Analyse und Therapie," Naturstein, Vol. 12, 1996, pp. 154-157.
4. Winkler, E. M., Stone in Architecture, Springer Verlag, 1994, 300+ pp.
5. Winkler, E. M., "Properties of Marble as Building Veneer," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., Vol. 33, No. 2, 1996, pp. 215-218.
6. Chin, I. A., Ed., "Seminar on Recladding of the Amoco Building" in Chicago, Illinois, Proceedings, Chicago Committee on High Rise Buildings, Report no. 15, 1995.
7. Chin, I. R., "Common Causes of Failures of Stone Claddings on Buildings," Dimension Stone Cladding: Design, Construction, Evaluation and Repair, ASTM STP 1394, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000, pp. 151-161.
8. Jornet, A., and Rück, P., "Bowing of Carrara Marble Slabs: A Case Study," Quarry-Laboratory-Monument, International Congress, Pavia 2000, pp. 355-360.
9. Logan, J. M., et al., "A Case Study of the Properties of Marble as Building Veneer," Int. J. Rock Mech. Min, Sci. Geomech. Abstr., Vol. 30, No. 7, 1993, pp. 1531-1537.
10. Logan, J. M., "Laboratory and Case Studies of Thermal Cycling and Stored Strain on the Stability of Selected Marbles: A Case Study of the Properties of Marble as Building Veneer," Environ. Geol., Vol. 46, 2004, pp. 456-467.
11. Koch, A., and Siegesmund, S., "Bowing of Marble Panels: On-site Damage Analysis from the Oeconomicum Building at Göttingen (Germany)," Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies, Geological Society Special Publication No. 205, London 2002.
12. Yates, T., Brundin, J. A., Goltermann, P., and Grelk, B., "Observations from the Inspection of Marble Cladding in Europe," Proceedings of the International Conference on Dimension Stone 2004, 14-17 June, Prague, Czech Republic, 2004.
13. Bouineau, A., and Perrier, R., "Faudra-t-il renoncer aux facades en marbre agrafe," Les Camiers Techniques ou Batiment, No. 147, 1995, pp. 32-35.
14. Bouineau, A., et al, "La decohesion granulaire maladie des revêtements de facades en marbre," Mines et Carrières - Industrie Minérale, 1995, pp. 69-77.
15. Cohen, J. M., and Monteiro, P. J. M., "Durability and Integrity of Marble Cladding. A State-of-the-art Review," J. Perform. Constr. Facil., Vol. 5, No. 2, 1991, pp. 113-124.
16. Feddema, J. J., and Meierding, T. C., "Marble Weathering and Air Pollution in Philadelphia," Atmos. Environ., Vol. 21, No. 1, 1987, pp. 143-157.
17. Cooke, R. U., et al, "Using Gravestones to Assess Changing Rates of Weathering in the United Kingdom," Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, Vol. 20, 1995, pp. 531-546.
18. Srinivas, S. Y., et al., "Weathering Rates of Marble in Laboratory and Outdoor Conditions," J. Environ. Eng., 1996, pp. 856-863.
19. Hirschwald, J., "Die Prüfung der Natürlichen Bausteine auf Ihre Wetterbestandigkeit," Berlin, Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1908, pp. 675.
20. Hirschwald, J., "Bautechnische Gesteinuntersuchungen," Mitteilungen aus dem Mineralog.-Geolog, Institut der Kgl. Technischen Hochschule Berlin, 1. Jahrgang 1910, Heft 1.
21. Kessler, D. W., "Physical and Chemical Tests on the Commercial Marbles of the United States," Technological papers of the Bureau of Standards No. 123, 1919, pp. 54.
22. Kieslinger, A., "Verwitterungserscheinungen an Marmor und dichtem Kalkstein," Architectur und Bautechnik, No. 23, 1930.
23. Kieslinger, A., "Gesteinskundliche Untersuchungen an alten Grabsteinen. Geologie und Bauwesen," Wien, 1934, Vol. 6.
24. Kieslinger, A., "Zerstörungen an Steinbauten - Ihre Ursachen und ihre Abwehr," Leipzig und Wien, Franz Deuticke, 1932.
25. Grimm, W.-D., "Observations and Refelctions on the Deformation of Marble Objects Caused by Structural Breaking-up," Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Band 150, Teil 2, Themenheft: Marmor-Konservierung, Stuttgart, 1999, pp. 195-235 (in German).
26. Winkler, E. M., "Buttressed Expansion in Granitic Rocks in the Field and on Buildings," 4th Internationales Kolloquium Werkstoffwissenschaften und Bauinstandsetzen, Esslingen, 1999, pp. 537-542.
27. Mauko, A., Mittic, B., Maldenovic, A., and Grelk, B., "Deterioration of the Granodiorite Natural Stone Façade - Case Example Maximarket, Ljubljana," RMZ-Materials and Geoenvironment, Vol. 53, No. 1, 2006, pp. 23-37.
28. TEAM, "Testing and Assessment of Marble and Limestone," Final Technical Report, 2005, EC-Project: TEAM-G5RD-CT-2000-00233.
29. Bain, G. W., "Geological, Chemical and Physical Problems in the Marble Industry," American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Technical Publication No. 1261, 1940, 16 pp.
30. Farrar, B., "Recladding City Hall," City of Richmond, Virginia. RichmondGov.com, 2000.
31. TEAM, "Building Inspections," 2001. EC-Project: TEAM-G5RD-CT-2000-00233, Publication No. 2.
32. Zimmermann, G., "Schäden an Belägen und Bekleidungen mit Keramik- und Werksteinplatten," Schadenfreies Bauen, Band 25, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart, 2001, pp. 70-73.
33. Erlin, B., "Contribution to a Better Understanding of the Mechanism Causing Dishing Failures of the Carrara Marble When Used for Outside Building Facades," Symposium on Dimension Stone Cladding: Design, Evaluation, Construction and Repair, ASTM STP 1394, New Orleans, 27 Octorber 1999, pp. 71-78.
34. Suenson, E., "Byggematerialer," (Building Materials), 3rd ed., Natursten. Jul. Gjellerups Forlag, Copenhagen, 1942, pp. 36-38 and 126-139.
35. Alnæs, L., Koch, A., Schouenborg, B., Åkesson, U., and Moen, K., "Influence of Rock and Mineral Properties on the Durability of Marble Panels," Proceedings of the International Conference on Dimension Stone 2004, 14-17 June, Prague, Czech Republic, 2004.
36. Zeizig, A., et al., "Thermal Expansion and Its Control on the Durability of Marbles," Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies, Geological Society Special Publication No. 205, London, 2002.
37. Grelk, B., Goltermann, P., Koch, A., and Alnœs, L., "The Laboratory Testing of Potential Bowing and Expansion of Marble," Proceedings, Dimension Stone 2004 "New Perspectives for a Traditional Building Material, "14-17 June 2004, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 253-260.
38. Mustonen, J., "Finlandia-Talon julkisivujen korjaus," Rakennusinsinööri-päivät, RIL K160-1993, 1993, pp. 61-68.
39. Jokinen, M., Finlandia Hall, Helsinki, Docomomo, Preservation Technology Dossier 6, "Stone in Modern Buildings-Principle of Cladding," April 2003, pp 64-70.
40. Hook, G., "Look Out Below - The Amoco Building Cladding Failure," Progressive Architecture, No. 75, 1994, pp. 58-62.
41. Leksø, H., "Holdbarhed af marmor facadeplader (Durability of Marble Claddings, in Danish)," Master Thesis, Danish Technological University, Copenhagen, 2002.
42. Brundin, J. A., and Grelk, B., "Detailed Inspection of the Marble Facades on Malmo City Hall," (In Swedish with a short English summary), Malmo City, Sweden, Internal report, 2004.
43. Schouenborg, B., et al., "Bow Test for Cladding Panels of Marble (in Swedish)," NORDTEST project 1443-99, SP REPORT 2000:20, ISBN 91-7848-829-X, ISSN 0284-5172.
44. Karhapää, E., et al, "Weather Resistance Tests with Carrara Type White Marble," VTT, Building Technology, Concrete and Minerals Technology, Internal Report 2, RTE5-IR-2, 1994.
45. Bortz, S. A., et al., "Some Field Problems with Thin Veneer Building Stones," New Stone Technology, Design, and Construction for Exterior Wall Systems, ASTM STP 996, B. Donaldson, Ed., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1988, pp. 11-31.
46. Cheng, R. J., and Castillo, R., "A Study of Marble Deterioration at City Hall, Schenectady, New York," J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., Vol. 34, No. (1), 1984, pp. 15-19.
47. Levy, M., et al., "Bowing of thin marble," Stone Industries, 1994, pp. 44-50.
48. Pauly, A. B., "Fassadenbekleidung mit hinterlüfteten Marmorplatten," Bauschäden-Sammlung, Band, 12, 1999.
49. Perrier, R., and Bouineau, A., "La decohesion granulaire menace pour les facades en marbre," Le Mausolee 9, 1995.
50. Royer-Carfagni, G., "Some Considerations on the Warping of Marble Facades: The Example of Alvar Aalto's Finland Hall in Helsinki," Constr. Build. Mater., Elsevier, Vol. 13, pp. 449-457.
51. Ruedrich, J., Weiss, T., and Siegesmund, S., "Deterioration Characteristics of Marbles from the Marmorpalais Potsdam," Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 152, 2001, pp. 637-664.
52. Thomasen, S. E., and Ewart, C. E., "Durability of Thin-set Marble," Proceedings, 3rd International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1984, pp. 313-323.
53. Turner, A., "Repair to Jones Hall's Weak Facade Walls Nearing End $24 Million Project Enters Final Phase." Houston Chronicle, Monday, June 23rd, 2003.
54. Wedhorn, L., "Marmor Platten die sich biegen," Stein, No. 1, 1992.
55. Winkler, E. M., "Weathering of Crystalline Marble at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago," APT Bulletin (The Assoc. Preservation Technoco, Vol. XXIII, No. 4), 1991.
56. Góralczyk, S., "Deformation and Defects of Marble and Limestone Cladding," Swiat Kamienia, Poland, 2003.
57. Kellermeyer, K., and Chin, I. R., "Lessons Learned from Investigations of Over 500 Distressed Masonry and Stone Facades," Proceedings of Symposium on Performance of Building Constructions, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1983, pp. 152-164.
58. Weiss, T., et al, "Microfabric of Fresh and Weathered Marbles and Its Implication on the Weathering Phenomena Observed at the Marmorpalais in Potsdam," Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Band 150, Teil 2, Themenheft: Marmor-Konservierung, Stuttgart 1999, pp. 313-332.
59. Adams, E., "Wintry Discontent (Finlandia City Hall)," Architecture, October 1998.
60. Stieglitz, M., "Restoring Aalto Landmark Leaves Few Stones Unturned," Historic Preservation News, March-April 1992.
61. NT Build 500 Cladding Panels, "Field Method for Measurement of Bowing," Published by Nordtest, Tekniikantie 12, Espoo, Finland - www.nordtest.org, 2002.
62. Cavalucci, F., et al., "Mechanical Decay Process in Lapideous Materials (Carrara Marbles): Preliminary Study of Creep Phenomena," Proceedings, 4th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean, 1997, pp. 91-100.
63. Erlin, B., "When is a Bow Not a Bow?" Stone World, 1989, pp. 86-88.
64. Broceo, D., et al., "Air Pollution in Rome and Its Role in the Deterioration of Porous Building Materials," Durability Build, Mater., Vol. 5, 1988, pp. 393-408.
65. Cheng, R. J., Hwu, J. R., Kim, T. J., and Leu, S.-M., "Deterioration of Marble Structures - The Role of Acid rain," Anal. Chem., Vol. 59, No. 2, 1987, pp. 104A-106A.
66. Fassina, V., "Environmental Pollution in Relation to Deterioration of Stone," Air Pollution and Conservation. Safeguarding Our Architectural Heritage, Elsevier, 1988, pp. 133-174.
67. Mara Project, Final report 30.4.2001, unpublished.
68. Cantisani, E., et al, "Relationship Between Microstructure and Physical Properties of White Apuan Marbles: Inferences on Weathering Durability," Periodico di Mineralogia, Vol. 69, No. 3, 2000, pp. 257-268.
69. Molli, G., Conti, P, Giorgetti, G., Meccheri, M., and Oesterling, M., "Microfabric Study on the Deformational and Thermal History of the Alpi Apuane Marbles (Carrara Marbles)," J. Struct. Geol., Vol. 22, 2000, pp. 1809-1825.
70. Molli, G., and Heilbrunner, R., "Microstructures Associated with Static and Dynamic Recrystallization of Carrara Marble (Alpi Apuane, NW Tuscany, Italy)," Geologie en Mijnbouw, Vol. 78, 1999, pp. 119-126.
71. Barsotelli, M., et al, "Microfabric and Alteration in Carrara Marble: A Preliminary Study," Science and Technology for Cultural Heritage, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1998, pp. 115-126.
72. Åkesson, U., Lindqvist, J. E., Schouenborg, B., and Grelk, B., "Relationship Between Microstructure and Bowing Properties of Calcite Marble Claddings," Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., Vol. 65, No. 1, 2006, pp. 73-79.
73. NT Build 499 Cladding Panels, "Test for Bowing," Published by Nordtest, Tekniikantie 12, Espoo, Finland - www.nordtest.org, 2002.