MT+, integrating magnetotellurics to determine earth structure, physical state, and processes

Surveys in Geophysics

Volumn 28, Issue 2-3, 2007, Pages 121-167

  Bedrosian, Paul A ^a  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cooperative inversion; Integrated interpretation; Inverse problems; Magnetotellurics

Indexed keywords

CORRELATION METHODS; IMAGING TECHNIQUES; INVERSE PROBLEMS; TELLURIC PROSPECTING;

COOPERATIVE INVERSION; INTEGRATED INTERPRETATION; MAGNETOTELLURICS;

GEOPHYSICS;

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; DATA SET; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; INVERSE PROBLEM; MAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD; MANTLE STRUCTURE; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 34547167474     PISSN: 01693298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10712-007-9019-6     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (181)

1. Abraham AC, Francis D, Polvé M (2001) Recent alkaline basalts as probes of the lithospheric mantle roots of the Northern Canadian Cordillera. Chem Geol 175:361-386
2. Ádám A (2005) Graphite/graphitic rocks as cause of the electric conductivity anomaly and their relationship to the tectonics - a review. Acta Geod Geoph Hung 40:391-411
3. Ague J, Park J, Rye DM (1998) Regional metamorphic dehydration and seismic hazard. Geophys Res Lett 25:4221-4224
4. Allmendinger RW, Gubbels T (1996) Pure and simple shear plateau uplift, Altiplano-Puna, Argentina and Bolivia. Tectonophysics 259:1-13
5. Almeida E, Monteiro Santos F, Mateus A, Heise W, Pous J (2005) Magnetotelluric measurements in SW Iberia: New data for the Variscan crustal structures. Geophys Res Lett 32, doi:10.1029/2005GL022596
6. Alsdorf D, Nelson D (1999) Tibetan satellite magnetic low: Evidence for widespread melt in the Tibetan crust? Geology 27:943-946
7. Aprea C, Unsworth M, Booker J (1998) Resistivity structure of the Olympic Mountains and Puget Lowlands. Geophys Res Lett 25:109-112
8. Archie GE (1942) The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics. Trans Am Inst Min Metall Pet Eng 146:54-62
9. Argand E (1924) La tectonique de l'Asie. Int Geol Congr Rep Sess 13:170-373
10. Arzate JA, Mareschal M, Livelybrooks D (1995) Electrical image of the subducting Cocos plate from magnetotelluric observations. Geology 23:703-706
11. Aster RC, Borchers B, Thurber C (2005) Parameter estimation and inverse problems. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington
12. Baba K, Chave AD, Evans RL, Hirth G, Mackie RL (2006) Mantle dynamics beneath the East Pacific Rise at 17°S: Insights from the mantle electromagnetic and tomography (MELT) experiment. J Geophys Res 111, doi:10.1029/2004JB003598
13. Bailey RC (1990) Trapping of aqueous fluids in the deep crust. Geophys Res Lett17:1129-1132
14. Bauer K, Schulze A, Ryberg T, Sobolev SV, Weber MH (2003) Classification of lithology from seismic tomography: A case study from the Messum igneous complex, Namibia. J Geophys Res 108, doi:10.1029/2001JB001073
15. Beaumont C, Jamieson RA, Nguyen MH, Lee B (2001) Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel. Nature 414:738-742
16. Bedrosian PA, Unsworth MJ, Fei W (2001) Structure of the Altyn Tagh Fault and Daxue Shan from magnetotelluric surveys: Implications for faulting associated with the rise of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics 20:474-486
17. Bedrosian PA, Unsworth MJ, Egbert G (2002) Magnetotelluric imaging of the creeping segment of the San Andreas Fault near Hollister. Geophys Res Lett 29, doi:10.1029/2001GL014119
18. Bedrosian P, Unsworth M, Egbert G, Thurber C (2004) Geophysical images of the creeping San Andreas Fault: Implications for the role of crustal fluids in the earthquake process. Tectonophysics 358, doi:10.1016/ j.tecto.2004.02.010
19. Bedrosian PA, Maercklin N, Weckmann U, Bartov Y, Ryberg T, Ritter O (2007) Lithology-derived structure classification from the joint interpretation of magnetotelluric and seismic models. Geophys J Int, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03440.x
20. Bercovici D, Karato S (2003) Whole mantle convection and the transition-zone water filter. Nature 425:39-43
21. Bevington PR, Robinson DK (1992) Data reduction and error analysis for the physical sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York
22. Boerner DE, Kurtz RD, Craven JA (1996) Electrical conductivity and Paleo-Proterozoic foredeeps. J Geophys Res 101:13775-13791
23. Booker JR, Favetto A, Pomposiello MC (2004) Low electrical resistivity associated with plunging of the Nazca flat slab beneath Argentina. Nature 429:399-403
24. Borevsky L, Milanovsky S, Yakovlev L (1995) Fluid-thermal regime in the crust - superdeep drilling data. In: Barbier E, Frye G, Iglesias E, Palmason G (eds) Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress. International Geothermal Association, Auckland, pp 975-981
25. Bosch M (1999) Lithology tomography: From plural geophysical data to lithology estimation. J Geophys Res 104:749-766
26. Bosch M, Zamora M, Utama W (2002) Lithology discrimination from physical rock properties. Geophysics 67:573-581
27. Brasse H, Laezaeta P, Rath V, Schwalenberg K, Soyer W, Haak V (2002) The Bolivian Altiplano conductivity anomaly. J Geophys Res 107, doi:10.1029/ 2001JB000391
28. Bruhn D, Siegfried R, Schilling F (2004) Electrical resistivity of dehydrating serpentinite. Paper presented at the tectonophysics session of the American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, 13-17 December 2004
29. Burnham CW (1997) Magmas and hydrothermal fluids. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, vol 63. John Wiley, New York, p 123
30. Cagniard L (1953) Basic theory of the magnetotelluric method of geophysical prospecting. Geophysics 18:605-635
31. Christensen NI, Mooney WD (1995) Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view. J Geophys Res 100:9761-9788
32. Clark M, Royden L (2000) Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow. Geology 28:703-706
33. Cook FA, Jones AG (1995) Seismic reflections and electrical conductivity: A case of Holmes's curious dog? Geology 23:141-144
34. Crawford WC, Webb SC (2002) Variations in the distribution of magma in the lower crust and at the Moho beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9°-10°fN. Earth Plan Sci Let 203:117-130
35. Crawford WC, Webb SC, Hildebrand JA (1999) Constraints on melt in the lower crust and Moho at the East Pacific Rise, 9°48°N, using seafloor compliance measurements. J Geophys Res 104:2923-2939
36. de Groot-Hedlin C, Constable S (1990) Occam's inversion to generate smooth, two-dimensional models for magnetotelluric data. Geophysics 55:1613-1624
37. Dell'Aversana P (2001) Integration of seismic, MT, and gravity data in a thrust belt interpretation. First Break 19:335-341
38. Dewey J, Burke K (1973) Tibetan, Variscan and Precambrian reactivation: product of continental collision. J Geol 81:683-692
39. Dietrich CR, Newsam GN (1997) Fast and exact simulation of stationary Gaussian processes through circulant embedding of the covariance matrix. SIAM J Sci Comput 18:1088-1107
40. Dunn RA, Toomey DR, Solomon SC (2000) Three-dimensional seismic structure and physical properties of the crust and shallow mantle beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9°30′ N. J Geophys Res 105:23,537-23,555
41. Emmermann R, Lauterjung J (1997) the German Continental Deep Drilling Program KTB: Overview and major results. J Geophys Res 102:18,179-18,201
42. England PC, Houseman GA (1989) Extension during continental convergence, with application to the Tibetan Plateau. J Geophys Res 94:17,561-17,579
43. Evans RL, Hirth G, Baba K, Forsyth D, Mackie R (2005) Geophysical evidence from the MELT area for compositional controls on oceanic plates. Nature 437, doi:10.1038/nature04014
44. Falgàs E, Ledo J, Benjumea B, Marcuello A, Queralt P, Teixidó T (2006) AMT and seismic assessment of a deltaic aquifer system. Paper presented at the 18th International Workshop on Electromagnetic Induction in the Earth, El Vendrell, Spain 17-23 Spain 2006
45. Finn C (1990) Geophysical constraints on Washington convergent margin structure. J Geophys Res 95:19,533-19,546
46. Fischer MA, Nokleberg WJ, Ratchkovski NA, Pellerin L, Glen JM, Brocher TM, Booker J (2004) Geophysical investigation of the Denali fault and Alaska Range orogen within the aftershock zone of the October-November 2002, M = 7.9 Denali fault earthquake. Geology 32, doi:10.1130/G20127.1
47. Francheteau J, Jaupart C, Shen XJ, Kang WH, Lee DL, Bai JC, Wei HP, Deng HY (1984) High heat flow in Southern Tibet. Nature 307:32-36
48. Gallardo L, Meju M (2007) Joint two-dimensional cross-gradient imaging of magnetotelluric and seismic traveltime data for structural and lithological classification. Geophys J Int, doi:10.1111/ j.1365-246X.2007.03366.x
49. Gardner GHF, Gardner LW, Gregory AR (1974) Formation velocity and density: The diagnostic basics for stratigraphic traps. Geophysics 39:770-780
50. Glover PWJ, Vine FJ (1995) Beyond KTB-Electrical conductivity of the deep continental crust. Surv Geophys 16:5-36
51. Gough DI (1986) Seismic reflectors, conductivity, water and stress in the continental crust. Nature 323:143-144
52. Grapes RH (1995) Uplift and exhumation of Alpine Schist, Southern Alps, New Zealand: Thermobarometric constraints. NZ J Geol Geophys 38:525-534
53. Guéguen Y, Palciauskas V (1994) Introduction to the physics of rocks. Princeton University Press, New Jersey
54. Haak V, Hutton VRS (1986) Electrical resistivity in continental lower crust. In: Dawson JB (ed) The nature of the lower continental crust, vol 23. Geological Society, Special Publication, London, pp 35-49
55. Haber E, Oldenburg D (1997) Joint inversion: A structural approach. Inverse Problems 13:63-77
56. Haberland C, Rietbrock A (2001) Attenuation tomography in the western central Andes: A detailed insight into the structure of a magmatic arc. J Geophys Res 106:11151-11167
57. Haberland C, Rietbrock A, Schurr B, Brasse H (2003) Coincident anomalies of seismic attenuation and electrical resistivity beneath the southern Bolivian Altiplano plateau. Geophys Res Lett 30, doi:10.1029/2003GL017492
58. Hamza VM, Muñoz M (1996) Heat flow map of South America. Geothermics 25:599-646
59. Hashin J, Shtrikman S (1962) A variational approach to the theory of effective magnetic permeability of multiphase materials. J Appl Phys 33:3125-3131
60. Heinson GS, Direen NG, Gill RM (2006) Magnetotelluric evidence for a deep-crustal mineralizing system beneath the Olympic Dam iron oxide copper-gold deposit, southern Australia. Geology 34:573-576
61. Henry S, Pollack H (1988) Terrestrial heat flow above the Andean subduction zone in Bolivia and Peru. J Geophys Res 93:15,153-15,162
62. Hermance JF (1979) The electrical conductivity of materials containing partial melt: A simple model from Archie's law. Geophys Res Lett 6:613-616
63. Höppner F, Klawonn F, Kruse R, Runkler T (1999) Fuzzy cluster analysis: Methods for classification, data analysis and image recognition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc
64. Hoffmann-Rothe A, Ritter O, Janssen C (2004) Correlation of electrical conductivity and structural damage at a major strike-slip fault in northern Chile. J Geophys Res, doi:10.1029/2004JB003030
65. Hoversten GM, Constable SC, Morrison HF (2000) Marine magnetotellurics for base-of-salt mapping: Gulf of Mexico field test at the Gemini structure. Geophysics 65:1476-1488
66. Hyndman RD, Hyndman DW (1968) Water saturation and high electrical conductivity in the lower continental lower crust. Earth Planet Sci Lett 4:427-432
67. Hyndman RD, Shearer PM (1989) Water in the lower continental crust: modelling magnetotelluric and seismic reflection results. Geophys J Int 98:343-365
68. Hyndman DW, Harris JM, Gorelick SM (1994) Coupled seismic and tracer test inversion for aquifer property characterization. Water Resour Res 30:1965-1977
69. Irifune T, Ringwood AE (1987) Phase transformations in primitive MORB and pyrolite compositions to 25 GPa and some geophysical implications. In: Manghnani MH, Syono Y (eds) High-pressure research in mineral physics. Am Geophys Union Geophys Monograph, vol 39, pp 231-242
70. Jiracek GR, Haak V, Olsen KH (1995) Practical magnetotellurics in a continental rift environment. In: Olsen KH (ed) Continental rifts: evolution, structure, tectonics. Developments in geotechtonics, vol 25. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, pp 103-129
71. Jödicke H (1992) Water and graphite in the earth's crust - an approach to interpretation of conductivity models. Surv Geophys 13:381-407
72. Jones AG (1987) MT and reflection: An essential combination. Geophys J R Astr Soc 89:7-18
73. Jones AG (1992) Electrical conductivity of the continental lower crust. In: Fountain DM, Arculus RJ, Kay RW (eds) Continental lower crust. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam
74. Jones AG (1998) Waves of the future: Superior inferences from collocated seismic and electromagnetic experiments. Tectonophysics 286:273-298
75. Jones AG (1999) Imaging the continental upper mantle using electromagnetic methods. Lithos 48:57-80
76. Karato S (1990) The role of hydrogen in the electrical conductivity of the upper mantle. Nature 347:272-273
77. Kariya KA, Shankland TJ (1983) Electrical conductivity of dry lower crustal rocks. Geophysics 48:52-61
78. Keller (1987) Resistivity characteristics of geological targets. In: Naibighian M (ed) Electromagnetic methods in applied geophysics. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa Oklahoma, pp 13-51
79. Key K, Constable S (2002) Broadband marine MT exploration of the East Pacific Rise at 9°50′ N. Geophys Res Lett 29, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL016035
80. Key K, Constable SC, Weiss CJ (2006) Mapping 3D salt using the 2D marine magnetotelluric method: Case study from Gemini Prospect, Gulf of Mexico. Geophysics 71:B17-B27
81. Kind R et al (1996) Evidence from earthquake data for a partially molten crustal layer in Southern Tibet. Science 274:1692-1694
82. Klotz J (2000) Geodätische Untersuchungen zur Deformation aktiver Kontinentalränder. Habilitationsschrift, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Technical University, Berlin
83. Kremenetsky AA, Ovchinnikov LN (1986) The Precambrian continental crust: its structure, composition, and evolution as revealed by deep drilling in the USSR. Precambrian Res 33:11-43
84. Kurtz RD, DeLaurier JM, Gupta JC (1986) A magnetotelluric sounding across Vancouver Island detects the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. Nature 321:596-599
85. Lanczos C (1997) Linear differential operators. Dover Publications, Mineola
86. Lebedev EB, Khitarov NI (1964) Dependence on the beginning of melting of granite and the electrical conductivity of its melt on high water vapor pressure. Geochem Int 1:193-197
87. Ledo J, Jones AG (2005) Upper mantle temperature determined from combining mineral composition, electrical conductivity laboratory studies and magnetotelluric field observations: Application to the intermontane belt, Northern Canadian Cordillera. Earth Planet Sci Lett 236:258-268
88. Lemonnier C, Marquis G, Perrier F, Avouac J-P, Chitraker G, Kafle B, Gautam U, Tiware D, Bano M (1999) Electrical structure of the Himalaya of Central Nepal: High conductivity around the mid-crustal ramp along the MHT. Geophys Res Lett 26:3261-3264
89. Li S, Unsworth MJ, Booker JR, Wei W, Tan H, Jones AG (2003) Partial melt or aqueous fluid in the mid-crust of Southern Tibet? Constraints from INDEPTH magnetotelluric data. Geophys J Int 153:289-304
90. Linde N, Binley A, Tryggvason A, Pedersen LB, Revil A (2006) Improved hydrogeophysical characterization using joint inversion of cross-hole electrical resistance and ground-penetrating radar traveltime data. Water Resour Res 42, doi:10.1029/2006WR005131
91. Lines LR, Schultz AK, Treitel S (1988) Cooperative inversion of geophysical data. Geophysics 53:8-20
92. Luque FJ, Pasteris JD, Wopenka B, Rodas M, Barrenechea JF (1998) Natural fluid-deposited graphite: Mineralogical characteristics and mechanisms of formation. Am J Sci 298:471-498
93. Makovsky Y, Klemperer SL (1999) Measuring the seismic properties of Tibetan bright spots: Free aqueous fluid in the Tibetan middle crust. J Geophys Res 104:10,795-10,825
94. Marquardt DW (1970) Generalized inverse, ridge regression, biased linear, and nonlinear estimation. Techtonometrics 12:591-612
95. Marquis G, Hyndman RD (1992) Geophysical support for aqueous fluids in the deep crust: Seismic and electrical relationships. Geophys J Int 110:91-105
96. Maurer H, Holliger K, Boerner DE (1998) Stochastic regularization: smoothness or similarity? Geophys Res Lett 25, doi:/10.1029/98GL02183
97. Maercklin N (2004) Seismic structure of the Arava Fault, Dead Sea Transform. PhD. thesis, University of Potsdam, Potsdam
98. Maercklin N, Bedrosian PA, Haberland C, Ritter O, Ryberg T, Weber M, Weckmann U (2005) Characterizing a large shear-zone with seismic and magnetotelluric methods: The case of the Dead Sea Transform. Geophys Res Lett 32, doi:10.1029/2005GL022724
99. MacQueen J (1967) Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In: Proc 5th Berkeley Symp on Mathem Stat and Prob, University of California, Berkeley, 281:297
100. Manglik A, Verma SK (1998) Delineation of sediments below flood basalts by joint inversion of seismic and magnetotelluric data. Geophys Res Lett 25:4015-4018
101. Mechie J, Sobolev SV, Ratschbacher L, Babeyko AY, Bock G, Jones AG, Nelson KD, Solon KD, Brown LD, Zhao W (2004) Precise temperature estimation in the Tibetan crust from seismic detection of the α-β quartz transition. Geology 32, doi:10.1130/G20367.1
102. Menke W (1984) Geophysical data analysis: Discrete inverse theory. Academic Press, New York
103. Merzer AM, Klemperer SL (1992) High electrical conductivity in a model lower crust with unconnected, conductive, seismically reflective layers. Geophys J Int 108:895-905
104. Métivier F, Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, Meyer B (1998) Northeastward growth of the Tibet Plateau deduced from balanced reconstruction of two depositional areas: The Qaidam and Hexi Corridor Basins, China. Tectonics 17:823-842
105. Meyer B, Tapponnier P, Boujot L, Métivier F, Gaudemer Y, Peltzer G, Shunmin G, Zhitai C (1998) Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai, lithospheric mantle subduction, and oblique, strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibetan Plateau. Geophys J Int 135:1-47
106. Molnar P (1988) A review of geophysical constraints on the deep structure of the Tibetan Plateau, the Himalayas and the Karakorum and their tectonic implications. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser A 326:33-88
107. Monteiro Santos FA, Sultan SA, Represas P, El Sorady AL (2006) Joint inversion of gravity and geoelectrical data for groundwater and structural investigation: Application to the northwestern part of Sinai, Egypt. Geophys J Int 165:705-718
108. Mosegaard K, Sambridge M (2002) Monte Carlo analysis of inverse problems. Inverse Problems 18:29-54
109. Mosegaard K, Tarantola A (2002) Probabilistic approach to inverse problems. In: International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology. Academic Press, San Diego
110. Muñoz G, Rath V (2006) Beyond smooth inversion: The use of nullspace projection for the exploration of non-uniqueness in MT. Geophys J Int 164:301-311
111. Nelson KD et al (1996) Partially molten middle crust beneath Southern Tibet: Synthesis of project INDEPTH results. Science 274:1684-1688
112. Nesbitt BE (1993) Electrical resistivities of crustal fluids. J Geophys Res 98:4301-4310
113. Nolasco R, Tarits P, Filloux J, Chave A (1998) Magnetotelluric imaging of the Society Islands hotspot. J Geophys Res 103:287-309
114. Nover G, Stoll JB, von der Gönna J (2005) Promotion of graphite formation by tectonic stress - a laboratory stress experiment. Geophys J Int 160:1059-1067
115. Ogawa Y, Mishina M, Goto T, Satoh H, Oshiman N, Kasaya T, Takahashi Y, Nishitani T, Sakanaka S, Uyeshima M, Takahashi Y, Honkura Y, Matsushima M (2001) Magnetotelluric imaging of fluids in intraplate earthquakes zones, NE Japan back arc. Geophys Res Lett 28:3741-3744
116. Orange AS (1989) Magnetotelluric exploration for hydrocarbons. Proc IEEE 77:287-317
117. Paasche H, Tronicke J (2007) Cooperative inversion of 2D geophysical data sets: A zonal approach based on fuzzy c-means cluster analysis. Geophysics 72:35-39
118. Paasche H, Tronicke J, Holliger K, Green AG, Maurer HR (2006) Interpretation of diverse physical-property models: Subsurface zonation and petrophysical parameter estimation based on fuzzy c-means cluster analysis. Geophysics 71:33-44
119. Palacky GJ (1987) Resistivity characteristics of geological targets. In: Naibighian M (ed) Electromagnetic methods in applied geophysics. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, pp 53-129
120. Park SK, Mackie RL (2000) Resistive (dry?) lower crust in an active orogen, Nanga Parbat, northern Pakistan. Tectonophysics 316:359-380
121. Park SK, Biasi GP, Mackie RL, Madden TR (1991) Magnetotelluric evidence for crustal suture zones bounding the southern great Valley, California. J Geophys Res 90:353-376
122. Park SK, Thompson SC, Rybin A, Batalev V, Bielinski R (2003) Structural constraints in neotectonic studies of thrust faults from the magnetotelluric method, Kochor Basin, Kyrgyz Republic. Tectonics 22, doi:10.1029/2001TC001318
123. Parker RL (1980) The inverse of electromagnetic induction: Existence and construction of solutions based on incomplete data. J Geophys Res 85:4421-4428
124. Parker RL (1994) Geophysical inverse theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton
125. Parsons T, Blakely RJ, Brocher TM (2003) A simple algorithm for sequentially incorporating gravity observations in seismic traveltime tomography. In: Klemperer SL, Ernst WG (eds) The lithosphere of western North America and its geophysical characterization, vol 7. International Book Series, pp 404-417
126. Quist AS, Marshall WL (1968) Electrical conductivity of aqueous sodium chloride solutions from 0 to 800° and at pressures to 4000 bars. J Phys Chem 72:784-793
127. Raab S, Hoth P, Huenges E, Müller HJ (1998) Role of sulfur and carbon in the electrical conductivity of the middle crust. J Geophys Res 103:9681-9689
128. Rietbrock A, ANCORP Research Group (1999) Velocity structure and seismicity in the central Andes of northern Chile and southern Bolivia. Paper presented at the tectonophysics session of the American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, December 1999
129. Ritter O, Ryberg T, Weckmann U, Hofmann-Rothe A, Abueladas A, Garfunkel Z, DESERT Research Group (2003a) Geophysical images of the Dead Sea Transform in Jordan reveal an impermeable barrier for fluid flow. Geophys Res Lett 30, doi:10.1029/2003GL017541
130. Ritter O, Weckmann U, Vietor T, Haak V (2003b) A magnetotelluric study of the Damara Belt in Namiba: 1. Regional scale conductivity anomalies. Phys Earth Planet Int 138:71-90
131. Rodi W, Mackie RL (2001) Nonlinear conjugate gradients algorithm for 2-D magnetotelluric inversion. Geophysics 66:174-187
132. Roecker S, Thurber C, McPhee D (2004) Joint inversion of gravity and arrival time data from Parkfield: New constraints on structure and hypocenter locations near the SAFOD drill site. Geophys Res Lett 31, doi:10.1029/2003GL019396
133. Ross JV, Bustin RM (1990) The role of strain energy in creep graphitization of anthracite. Nature 343:58-60
134. Satpal O, Singh P, Sar D, Chatterjee SM, Sawai S (2006) Integrated interpretation for sub-basalt imaging in Saurashtra Basin, India. Leading Edge 25:882-885
135. Scales JA, Smith ML, Treitel S (2001) Geophysical inverse theory. Samizdat Press, Golden
136. Schalkoff R (1992) Pattern recognition: Statistical, structural, and neural approaches. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 364 pp
137. Schilling FR, Partzsch GM, Brasse H, Schwarz G (1997) Partial melting below the magmatic arc in the central Andes deduced from geoelectromagnetic field experiments and laboratory data. Phys Earth Planet Inter 103:17-32
138. Schmeling H (1986) Numerical models on the influence of partial melt on elastic, anelastic, and electrical properties of rocks. Part II: electrical conductivity. Phys Earth Planet Int 43:123-136
139. Schwalenberg K, Rath V, Haak V (2002) Sensitivity studies applied to a 2-D resistivity model from the central Andes. Geophys J Int 150:673-686
140. Shankland TJ, Ander MA (1983) Electrical conductivity, temperatures, and fluids in the lower crust. J Geophys Res 88:9475-9484
141. Sibson RH (1994) Crustal stress, faulting and fluid flow. In: Parnell J (ed) Geofluids: Origin, migration and evolution of fluids in sedimentary basins, vol 78. Geol Soc Spec Publ, London, pp 69-84
142. Simpson F, Bahr K (2005) Practical magnetotellurics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
143. Solon KD (2000) Electromagnetic images of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone of central Tibet: From INDEPTH magnetotelluric data. M.S. thesis, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, 81 pp
144. Solon KD, Jones AG, Nelson KD, Unsworth MJ, Kidd WF, Wei W, Tan H, Jin S, Deng M, Booker JR, Li S, Bedrosian P (2005) Structure of the crust in the vicinity of the Bangong-Nujiang suture in central Tibet from INDEPTH magnetotelluric data. J Geophys Res 110, doi:10.1029/2003JB002405
145. Stesky RM, Breace WF (1973) Electrical conductivity of serpentinized rocks to 6 kilobars. J geophys Res 78:7614-7621
146. Symons NP, Crosson RS (1997) Seismic velocity structure of the Puget Sound region from 3D nonlinear tomography. Geophys Res Lett 24:2593-2596
147. Tauber S, Banks R, Ritter O, Weckmann U (2003) A high-resolution magnetotelluric survey of the Iapetus Suture Zone in southwest Scotland. Geophys J Int 153:548-568
148. Telford WM, Geldart LP, Sheriff RE, Keys DA (1976) Applied geophysics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
149. Thompson AB, Connelly JA (1990) Metamorphic fluids and anomalous porosities in the lower crust. Tectonophysics 182:47-55
150. Tikhonov AN (1950) On the determination of the electric characteristics of deep layers of the Earth's crust. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 73:295-297 [Reprinted in Vozoff, 1986]
151. Tikhonov AN, Arsenin VY (1979) Methods for solving ill-posed problems. Nauka, Moscow
152. Torgersen T (1990) Crustal-scale fluid transport. Eos Trans AGU 71:1-13
153. Tronicke J, Holliger K, Barrash W, Knoll MD (2004) Multivariate analysis of cross-hole georadar velocity and attentuation tomograms for aquifer zonation. Water Resour Res 40, doi:10.1029/2003WR002031
154. Tuncer V, Unsworth MJ, Sirapunvaraporn W, Craven JA (2006) Exploration for unconformity-type uranium deposits with audiomagnetotelluric data: a case study from the McArthur River mine, Saskatchewan, Canada. Geophysics 71:201-209
155. Tyburczy JA, Waff HS (1983) Electrical conductivity of molten basalt and andesite to 25 kbar pressure: geophysical significance and implications for charge transport and melt structure. J Geophys Res 88:2413-2430
156. Unsworth MJ, Malin PE, Egbert GD, Booker JR (1997) Internal structure of the San Andreas fault zone at Parkfield, California. Geology 25:359-362
157. Unsworth M, Bedrosian P, Eisel M, Egbert G, Siripunvaraporn W (2000a) Along strike variations in the electrical structure of the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield, California. Geophys Res Lett 27:3021-3024
158. Unsworth MJ, Lu X, Watts MD (2000b) CSAMT exploration at Sellafield: characterization of a potential radioactive waste disposal site. Geophysics 65:1070-1079
159. Unsworth MJ, Jones AG, Wei W, Marquis G, Gokarn SG, Spratt JE, INDEPTH-MT Team (2005) Crustal rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet inferred from magnetotelluric data. Nature 438, doi:10.1038/ nature04154
160. Vozoff K (ed) (1986) Magnetotelluric methods. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Geophysical reprint series, No 5, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 763 pp
161. Vozoff K (1991) The magnetotelluric method. In: Naibighian M (ed) Electromagnetic methods in applied geophysics. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma
162. Waff HS, Weill DF (1975) Electrical conductivity of magmatic liquids: effects of temperature, oxygen fugacity, and composition. Earth Planet Sci Lett 28:254-260
163. Waff HE, Rygh JT, Livelybrooks DW, Clingman WW (1988) Results of a magnetotelluric transect across western Oregon: crustal resistivity structure and the subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate. Earth Planet Sci Lett 87:313-324
164. Walcott RI (1998) Models of oblique compression: late Cenozoic tectonics of the South Island of New Zealand. Rev Geophys 36:1-26
165. Wannamker PE (1986) Electrical conductivity of water-undersaturated crustal melting. J Geophys Res 91:6321-6327
166. Wannamaker PE (2000) Comment on "The petrologic case for a dry lower crust" by Bruce W. D. Yardley and John. W. Valley. J Geophys Res 105:6057-6064
167. Wannamaker PE, Doerner WM (2002) Crustal structure of the Ruby Mountains and southern Carlin Trend region, Nevada, from magnetotelluric data. Ore Geol Rev 21:185-210
168. Wannamaker PE, Booker JR, Jones AG, Chave AD, Filloux JH, Waff HS, Law LK (1989) Resistivity cross section through the Juan de Fuca subduction system and its tectonic implications. J Geophys Res 94:14127-14144
169. Wannamaker PE, Jiracek GR, Stodt JA, Caldwell TG, Gonzalez VM, McKnight JD, Porter AD (2002) Fluid generation and pathways beneath an active compressional orogen, the New Zealand Southern Alps, inferred from magnetotelluric data. J Geophys Res 107, doi:10.1029/2001JB000186
170. Wei W, Unsworth M, Jones A, Tan H, Nelson D, Booker J, Chen L, Li S, Solon K, Bedrosian P, Jin S, Deng M, Ledo J, Kay D, Roberts B (2001) Widespread fluids in the Tibetan Crust. Science 292:716-718
171. Willett SD, Beaumont C (1994) Subduction of Asian lithospheric mantle beneath Tibet inferred from models of continental collision. Nature 369:642-645
172. Withers R, Eggers D, Fox T, Crebs T (1994) A case study of integrated hydrocarbon exploration through basalt. Geophysics 59:1666-1679
173. Xiao W, Unsworth MJ (2006) Structural imaging in the Rocky Mountain foothills (Alberta) using magnetotelluric exploration. AAPG Bull 90:321-333
174. Xu Y, Shankland TJ (1999) Electrical conductivity of orthopyroxene and its high pressure phases. Geophys Res Lett 26:2645-2648
175. Xu Y, Poe BT, Shankland TJ, Rubie DC (1998) Electrical conductivity of olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite under upper-mantle conditions. Science 280:1415-1418
176. Yardley BWD (1986) Is there water in the deep continental crust? Nature 323:111
177. Yardley BWD, Valley JW (1997) The petrologic case for a dry lower crust. J Geophys Res 102:12173-12185
178. Yardley BWD, Valley JW (2000) Reply. J Geophys Res 105:6065-6068
179. Yuan X et al (2000) Subduction and collision processes in the central Andes constrained by converted seismic phases. Nature 408:958-961
180. Zelt CA (1998) Lateral velocity resolution from three-dimensional seismic refraction data. Geophys J Int 135:1101-112
181. Zhao W, Mechie J, Brown LD, Guo J, Haines S, Hearn T, Klemperer SL, Ma YS, Meissner R, Nelson KD, Ni JF, Pananont P, Rapine R, Ross A, Saul J (2001) Crustal structure of central Tibet as derived from project INDEPTH wide-angle seismic data. Geophys J Int 145:486-498