Gender nonconformity, homophobia, and mental distress in Latino gay and bisexual men

Journal of Sex Research

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 181-189

  Sandfort, Theo G M ^a   Melendez, Rita M ^b   Diaz, Rafael M ^b  

^a NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BISEXUALITY; ETHNOLOGY; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HISPANIC; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES; URBAN POPULATION;

ADULT; BISEXUALITY; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREJUDICE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL CONFORMITY; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; UNITED STATES; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 34547115215     PISSN: 00224499     EISSN: 15598519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00224490701263819     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Altman, D. (1982). The homosexualization of America. Boston: Beacon Press.
2. Bailey, J. (1999). Homosexuality and mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 883-884.
3. Bailey, J. & Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43-55.
4. Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5. Bergling, T. (2001). Sissyphobia: Gay men and effeminate behavior. New York: Harrington Park Press.
6. Bradford, J., Ryan, C., & Rothblum, E. D. (1994). National Lesbian Health Care Survey: Implications for mental health care. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 62, 228-242.
7. Bradley, S. J & Zucker, K. J. (1997). Gender identity disorder: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 872-880.
8. Brooks, V. (1981). Minority stress and lesbian women. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
9. Brooks, F. L. (2000). Beneath contempt: The mistreatment of nontraditional gender atypical boys. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 12 (1=2), 107-116.
10. Cochran, S. D. & Mays, V. M. (2000). Lifetime prevalence of suicide symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: Results from NHANES III. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 573-578.
11. Cochran, S. D., Sullivan, J., & Mays, V. M. (2003). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 71, 53-61.
12. Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Owen, A., Kaijser, V. G., Bradley, S. J., & Zucker, K. J. (2003). Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavior problems in children with gender identity disorder: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 41-53.
13. Gough, J. (1989). Theories of sexual identity and the masculinization of men. In S. Shepherd & M. Wallis (Eds.), Coming on strong: Gay politics and culture (pp. 119-136). London: Unwin Hyman.
14. D'Augelli, A., Grossman, A., Salter, N. P., Vasey, J. J., Starks, M. T., & Sinclair, K. O. (in press). Predicting suicide attempts of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior.
15. D'Augelli, A., Grossman, A., & Starks, M. T. (2005). Parent's awareness of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths' sexual orientation. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 67, 474-482.
16. D'Augelli, A., Pilkington, N. W., & Hershberger, S. L. (2002). Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 17, 148-167. (Pubitemid 36774454)
17. Diaz, R. M. (1998). Latino gay men and HIV: Culture, sexuality and risk behavior. New York: Routledge.
18. Diaz, R. M., Ayala, G., Bein, E., Henne, J., & Marin, B. V. (2001). The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: Findings from 3 US cities. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 927-932.
19. Ellingson, S. & Schroeder, K. (2004). Race and the construction of same-sex markets in four Chicago neighborhoods. In E. O. Laumann, S. Ellingson, J. Mahay, A. Paik, & Y. Youm (Eds.), The sexual organization of the city (pp. 93-122). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
20. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L., & Beautrais, A. L. (1999). Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 876-880.
21. Frable, D. E. S. (1997). Gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 139-162.
22. Frable, D. E. S., Wortman, C., & Joseph, J. (1997). Predicting self-esteem, well-being, and distress in a cohort of gay men: The importance of cultural stigma, personal visibility, community networks, and positive identity. Journal of Personality, 65, 599-624.
23. Freund, K. & Blanchard, R. (1983). Is the distant relationship of fathers and homosexual sons related to the sons' erotic preference for male partners, or to the sons' atypical gender identity, or to both? Journal of Homosexuality, 9 (1), 7-25.
24. Green, R. (1987). The "sissy boy syndrome" and the development of homosexuality. New Haven: Yale University Press.
25. Harry, J. (1983). Defeminization and adult psychological wellbeing among male homosexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12, 1-19.
26. Harry, J. (1989). Parental physical abuse and sexual orientation in males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 18, 251-261.
27. Herek, G. M. (2004). Beyond "homophobia": Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 1, 6-25.
28. Herek, G. M. & Capitanio, J. P. (1996). "Some of my best friends": Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 412-424.
29. Herek, G. M., Gillis, J., & Cogan, J. C. (1999). Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 67, 945-951.
30. Hofstede, G. (Ed.). (1998). Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national cultures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Howard, J. A. (2000). Social psychology of identities. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 367-393.
32. Isay, R. A. (1989). Being homosexual: Gay men and their development. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
33. Kimmel, M. (1996). Manhood in America: A cultural history. New York: Free Press.
34. King, M., McKeown, E., Warner, J., Ramsay, A., Johnson, K., Cort, C., Wright, L., Blizard, R., & Davidson, O. (2003). Mental health and quality of life of gay men and lesbians in England and Wales: Controlled, cross-sectional study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 552-558.
35. Landolt, M. A., Bartholomew, K., Saffrey, C., Oram, D., & Perlman, D. (2004). Gender nonconformity, childhood rejection, and adult attachment: A study of gay men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33, 117-128.
36. Levine, M. P. (1992). The life and death of gay clones. In G. H. Herdt (Ed.), Gay culture in America: Essays from the field (pp. 68-86). Boston: Beacon Press.
37. Levine, M. P. (1998). Gay macho: The life and death of the homosexual clone. New York: New York University Press.
38. Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 36, 38-56.
39. Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674-697.
40. Meyer, C., Blissett, J., & Oldfield, C. (2001). Sexual orientation and eating psychopathology: The role of masculinity and femininity. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 314-318.
41. Meyer, I. H. & Dean, L. (1998). Internalized homophobia, intimacy, and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men. In G. M. Herek (Ed.), Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (vol. 4, pp. 160-186). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
42. Nagel, J. (2000). Ethnicity and sexuality. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 367-393.
43. Purcell, D. W., Malow, R. M., Dolezal, C., & Carballo-Diéguez, A. (2004). Sexual abuse of boys: Short- and long-term associations and implications for HIV prevention. In L. J. Koenig, L. S. Doll, A. O'Leary, & W. Pequenat (Eds.), From child sexual abuse to adult sexual risk: Trauma, revictimization, and intervention (pp. 93-114). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
44. Raffaelli, M. & Ontai, L. L. (2004). Gender socialization in Latino=a families: Results from two retrospective studies. Sex Roles, 50, 287-299.
45. Ross, M. W. (1990). The relationship between life events and mental health in homosexual men. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 402-411.
46. Russell, D. W. (1996). The UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 20-40.
47. Sandfort, T. G. M. (2005). Sexual orientation and gender: Stereotypes and beyond. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 595-611.
48. Sandfort, T. G. M., Bakker, F., Schellevis, F., Vanwesenbeeck, I., & Van Lindert, H. (2006). Sexual orientation and mental and physical health status: Findings from a Dutch population survey. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1119-1125.
49. Sandfort, T. G. M., de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., & Schnabel, P. (2001). Same-sex sexual behavior and psychiatric disorders: Findings from the Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study (NEMESIS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 85-91. (Pubitemid 32057769)
50. Savin-Williams, R. C. & Ream, G. L. (2003). Suicide attempts among sexual-minority male youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 32, 509-522.
51. Schatzberg, A. F., Westfall, M. P., Blumetti, A. B., & Birk, C. L. (1975). Effeminacy: II. Variation with social context. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 4, 31-41.
52. Schulte, L. J. & Battle, J. (2004). The relative importance of ethnicity and religion in predicting attitudes towards gays and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 47, 127-141.
53. Siegelman, M. (1978). Psychosocial adjustment of homosexual and heterosexual men: A cross-national comparison. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 7, 1-11.
54. Skegg, K., Nada-Raja, S., Dickson, N., Paul, C., & Williams, S. (2003). Sexual orientation and self harm in men and women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 541-546.
55. Strong, S. M., Singh, D., & Randall, P. K. (2000). Childhood gender nonconformity and body dissatisfaction in gay and heterosexual men. Sex Roles, 43, 427-439.
56. Taywaditep, K. J. (2001). Marginalization among the marginalized: Gay men's anti-effeminacy attitudes. Journal of Homosexuality, 42 (1), 1-28.
57. Torres, J. B., Solberg, V. S. H., & Carlstrom, A. H. (2002). The myth of sameness among Latino men and their machismo. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72, 163-181.
58. Waldner, L. K., Sikka, A., & Baig, S. (1999). Ethnicity and sex differences in university students' knowledge of AIDS, fear of AIDS, and homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 37 (3), 117-133.
59. Waldo, C. R., Hesson-McInnis, M. S., & D'Augelli, A. R. (1998). Antecedents and consequences of victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual young people: A structural model comparing rural university and urban samples. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 307-334.
60. Westfall, M. P., Schatzberg, A. F., Blumetti, A. B., & Birk, C. L. (1975). Effeminacy: II. Variation with social context. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 4, 43-51.
61. Wyss, S. E. (2004). 'This was my hell': The violence experienced by gender non-conforming youth in US high schools. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 17, 709-730.
62. Young, R. & Sweeting, H. (2004). Adolescent bullying, relationships, psychological well-being, and gender-atypical behavior: A gender diagnosticity approach. Sex Roles, 50, 525-537.
63. Yunger, J. L., Carver, P. R., & Perry, D. G. (2004). Does gender identity influence children's psychological well-being? Developmental Psychology, 40, 572-582.
64. Zucker, K. J. (1994). Meditations on gay pride. Contemporary Psychology, 39, 285-287.
65. Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Sanikhani, M. (1997). Sex differences in referral rates of children with gender identity disorder: Some hypotheses. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 217-227.