Transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance: Are we seeing just the tip of an epidemiological iceberg?

Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 196, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 336-338

  Stekler, Joanne ^a,b   Coombs, Robert W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENOTYPE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NOTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, VIRAL; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS;

EID: 34447646304     PISSN: 00221899     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/519173     Document Type: Note

References (43)

1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents, October 10, 2006. Available at: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/adultandadolescentgl. pdf. Accessed 11 April 2007.
2. Smith DM, Wong JK, Shao H, et al. Long-term persistence of transmitted HIV drug resistance in male genital tract secretions: implications for secondary transmission. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:356-60 (in this issue).
3. Chan KC, Galli RA, Montaner JS, Harrigan PR. Prolonged retention of drug resistance mutations and rapid disease progression in the absence of therapy after primary HIV infection. AIDS 2003; 17:1256-8.
4. Brenner B, Routy JP, Quan Y, et al. Persistence of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 in primary infection leading to superinfection. AIDS 2004; 18:1653-60.
5. Delaugerre C, Morand-Joubert L, Chaix ML, et al. Persistence of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 without antiretroviral treatment 2 years after sexual transmission. Antivir Ther 2004; 9:415-21.
6. Pao D, Andrady U, Clarke J, et al. Long-term persistence of primary genotypic resistance after HIV-1 seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 37:1570-3.
7. Eron JJ, Vernazza PL, Johnston DM, et al. Resistance of HIV-1 to antiretroviral agents in blood and seminal plasma: implications for transmission. AIDS 1998; 12:F181-9.
8. Lafeuillade A, Solas C, Chadapaud S, Hittinger G, Poggi C, Lacarelle B. HIV-1 RNA levels, resistance, and drug diffusion in semen versus blood in patients receiving a lopinavir-containing regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 32:462-4.
9. Leigh Brown AJ, Frost SDW, Mathews WC, et al. Transmission fitness of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus and the prevalence of resistance in the antiretroviral-treated population. J Infect Dis 2003; 187:683-6.
10. de Mendoza C, Rodriguez C, Corral A, del Romero J, Gallego O, Soriano V. Evidence for differences in the sexual transmission efficiency of HIV strains with distinct drug resistance genotypes. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1231-8.
11. van de Vijver D, Wensing A, Åsjö B, et al. Selective transmission of drug resistance. Antiviral Ther 2005; 10(Suppl 1):S126.
12. Brenner BG, Roger M, Routy J-P, et al. High rates of forward transmission events after acute/early HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:951-9.
13. Schmitz T, Kleinkauf N, Klempa B, Ringe H, Varnholt V, Grosch-Worner I. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nevirapine resistance mutation K103N from a treatment-naive mother to her child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:275-6.
14. Romano L, Venturi G, Vivarelli A, Galli L, Zazzi M. Detection of a drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus variant in a newly infected heterosexual couple. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:116-7.
15. Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, et al. Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:1403-9.
16. Stekler J, Sycks BJ, Holte S, et al. Semen HIV dynamics and effect of antiretrovirals following primary HIV infection [abstract 396]. In: Program and abstracts of the 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (Denver). Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, 2006:396.
17. Jacquez JA, Koopman JS, Simon CP, Longini IM Jr. Role of the primary infection in epidemics of HIV infection in gay cohorts. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994; 7:1169-84.
18. Koopman JS, Jacquez JA, Welch GW, et al. The role of early HIV infection in the spread of HIV through populations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 24:249-58.
19. Xiridou M, Geskus R, de Wit J, Coutinho R, Kretzschmar M. Primary HIV infection as source of HIV transmission within steady and casual partnerships among homosexual men. AIDS 2004; 28:1311-20.
20. Hollingsworth, Anderson R, Fraser C. Has the role of primary infection in the epidemiology of HIV been overstated [abstract 913]? In: Program and abstracts of the 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (Denver). Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, 2006:913.
21. Stekler J, Swenson PD, Wood RW, Handsfield HH, Golden MR. Targeted screening for primary HIV infection through pooled HIV-RNA testing in men who have sex with men. AIDS 2005; 19:1323-5.
22. Pilcher CD, Fiscus SA, Nguyen TQ, et al. Detection of acute infections during HIV testing in North Carolina. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1873-83.
23. Blower SM, Aschenbach AN, Gershengorn HB, Kahn JO. Predicting the unpredictable: transmission of drug-resistant HIV. Nat Med 2001; 7:1016-20.
24. Blower SM, Aschenbach AN, Kahn JO. Predicting the transmission of drug-resistant HIV: comparing theory with data. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3:10-1.
25. Geretti AM. Epidemiology of antiretroviral drug resistance in drug-naive persons. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007; 20:22-32.
26. Akileswaran C, Lurie MN, Flanigan TP, Mayer KH. Lessons learned from use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:376-85.
27. Shet A, Berry L, Mohri H, et al. Tracking the prevalence of transmitted antiretroviral drug-resistant HIV-1: a decade of experience. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41:439-46.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Investigation of a new diagnosis of multidrug-resistant, dual-tropic HIV-1 infection - New York City, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006; 55:793-6.
29. Public Health, Seattle and King County. Four-case cluster of highly-resistant HIV found in King County. Available at: http://www.metrokc.gov/ health/news/07020101.htm. Accessed 11 April 2007.
30. Larder BA, Kohli A, Kellam P, Kemp SD, Kronick M, Henfrey RD. Quantitative detection of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations by automated DNA sequencing. Nature 1993; 365:671-3.
31. Leitner T, Halapi E, Scarlatti G, et al. Analysis of heterogeneous viral populations by direct DNA sequencing. Biotechniques 1993; 15:120-7.
32. Schuurman R, Demeter L, Reichelderfer P, Tijnagel J, de Groot T, Boucher C. Worldwide evaluation of DNA sequencing approaches for identification of drug resistance mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2291-6.
33. Van Laethem K, Van Vaerenbergh K, Schmit JC, et al. Phenotypic assays and sequencing are less sensitive than point mutation assays for detection of resistance in mixed HIV-1 genotypic populations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 22:107-28.
34. Schuurman R, Brambilla D, de Groot T, et al. Underestimation of HIV type 2 drug resistance mutations: results from the ENVA-2 genotyping proficiency program. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:243-8.
35. Palmer S, Kearney M, Maldarelli F, et al. Multiple, linked human immunodeficiency virus type 2 drug resistance mutations in treatment-experienced patients are missed by standard genotype analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:406-13.
36. Metzner KJ, Rauch P, Walter H, et al. Detection of minor populations of drug-resistant HIV-1 in acute seroconverters. AIDS 2005; 19:1819-25.
37. Johnson J, Li J-F, Brant A, et al. Multi-drug resistant HIV-1 are transmitted more frequently than current estimates. Antiviral Ther 2005; 10(Suppl 1):S124.
38. Tamalet C, Pasquier C, Yahi N, et al. Prevalence of drug resistant mutants and virological response to combination therapy in patients with primary HIV-1 infection. J Med Virol 2000; 61:181-6.
39. Little SJ, Holte S, Routy JP, et al. Antiretroviral-drug resistance among patients recently infected with HIV. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:385-94.
40. Grant RM, Hecht FM, Warmerdam M, et al. Time trends in primary HIV-1 drug resistance among recently infected persons. JAMA 2002; 288:181-8.
41. Derdelinckx I, Van Laethem K, Maes B, et al. Current levels of drug resistance among therapy-naive HIV-infected patients have significant impact on treatment response. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 37:2664-6.
42. Pillay D, Bhaskaran K, Jurriaans S, et al. The impact of transmitted drug resistance on the natural history of HIV infection and response to first-line therapy. AIDS 2006; 20:21-8.
43. Fox J, Dustan S, McClure M, Weber J, Fidler S. Transmitted drug-resistant HIV-1 in primary HIV-1 infection; incidence, evolution and impact on response to antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2006; 7:477-83.