Advances in pesticide environmental fate and exposure assessments

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Volumn 55, Issue 14, 2007, Pages 5367-5376

  Rice, Pamela J ^a   Rice, Patricia J ^b   Arthur, Ellen L ^c   Barefoot, Aldos C ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b BASF CORPORATION   (United States)

^c BAYER CORPORATION   (United States)

^d DUPONT COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Catabolism; Degradation; Exposure assessment; Modeling; Pesticide; Predictive tools; Remediation; Runoff; Sorption; Transport; Treatment

Indexed keywords

PESTICIDE; WATER;

ADSORPTION; AGRICULTURE; BACTERIUM; CHEMISTRY; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; METABOLISM; POLLUTION; WATER POLLUTANT;

ADSORPTION; AGRICULTURE; BACTERIA; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; HUMANS; PESTICIDES; WATER; WATER POLLUTANTS;

EID: 34447644422     PISSN: 00218561     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jf063764s     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (94)

1. U.S. Census Bureau. Available at http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldpop. html and http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinteriproj, accessed Nov 14, 2006.
2. Judge, C. A.; Neal, J. C.; Derr, J. F. Response of Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) to application timing, rate, and frequency of postemergence herbicides. Weed Technol. 2005, 19, 912-917.
3. Wu, Q. J.; Zhao, J. Z.; Taylor, A. G.; Shelton, A. M. Evaluation of insecticides and application methods against Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a new invasive insect pest in the United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 2006, 99, 117-122.
4. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 1996 and 1997 Market Estimates; Aspelin, A. L., Grube, A. H., Eds.; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances: Washington, DC, 1999.
5. Toxicology of Insecticides; Matsumura, F., Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1985.
6. Toxicological Chemistry, 2md ed.; Manahan, S. E., Ed.; Lewis Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI, 1992.
7. Kumar, M.; Gupta, S. K.; Garg, S. K.; Kumar, A. Biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane-isomers in contaminated soils. Soil Boil. Biochem. 2006, 38, 2318-2327.
8. Loague, K.; Soutter, L. A. Desperately seeking a cause for hotspots in regional-scale groundwater plumes resulting from non-point source pesticide applications. Vadose Zone J. 2006, 5, 204-221.
9. Hoffman, R. S.; Capel, P. D.; Larson, S. J. Comparison of pesticides in eight U.S. urban streams. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2000, 19, 2249-2258.
10. Harman-Fetcho, J. A.; Hapeman, C. J.; McConnell, L. L.; Potter, T. L.; Rice, C. P.; Sadeghi, A. M.; Smith, R. D.; Bialek, K.; Sefton, K. A.; Schaffer, B. A. Pesticide occurrence in selected South Florida canals and Biscayne Bay during high agricultural activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 6040-6048.
11. Buehler, S. S.; Basu, I.; Hites, R. A. Causes of variability in pesticide and PCB concentrations in air near the Great Lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 414-422.
12. Goel, A.; McConnell, L. L.; Torrents, A. Wet deposition of current use pesticides at a rural location on the Delmarva Peninsula: impact of rainfall patterns and agricultural activity. J Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 7915-7924.
13. Clark, J. R.; Lewis, M. A.; Pait, A. S. Pesticide inputs and risks in coastal wetlands. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1993, 12, 2225-2233.
14. Margni, M.; Rossier, D.; Crettaz, P.; Jolliet, O. Life cycle impact assessment of pesticides on human health and ecosystems. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2002, 93, 379-392.
15. Schulz, R. Field studies on exposure, effects, and risk mitigation of aquatic nonpoint-source insecticide pollution: a review. J. Environ. Qual. 2004, 33, 419-448.
16. Koskinen, W. C.; Rice, P. J.; Anhalt, J. A.; Sakaliene, O.; Moorman, T. B.; Arthur, E. L. Sorption-desorption of "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides in soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 5368-5372.
17. 50 in modeling of predicted environmental concentrations in groundwater. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 73, no. 80 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed Arpil 11, 2007).
18. Hill, I. R. Aquatic organisms and pyrethroids. Pestic. Sci. 1989, 27, 429-465.
19. House, W. A.; Long, J. L. A.; Rae, J. E.; Parker, A.; Orr, D. R. Occurrence and mobility of the insecticide permethrin in rivers in the Southern Humber catchment, UK. Pest Manag. Sci. 2000, 56, 597-606.
20. Kabashima, J. N.; Lee, S. J.; Haver, D. L.; Goh, K. S.; Wu, L. S.; Gan, J. Pesticide runoff and mitigation at a commercial nursery site. In Pesticide Decontamination and Detoxification; Gan, J., Zhu, P., Lemley, A., Aust, S., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003; pp 213-230.
21. Weston, D. P.; You, J.; Lydy, M. J. Distribution and toxicity of sediment-associated pesticides in agriculture-dominated water bodies of California's central valley. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 2752-2759.
22. Weston, D. P.; Holmes, R. W.; You, J.; Lydy, M. J. Aquatic toxicity due to residential use of pyrethroid insecticides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 9778-9784.
23. Gan, J.; Lee, S. J.; Liu, W. P.; Haver, D.; Kabashima, J. N. Distribution and persistence of synthetic pyrethroids in runoff sediments. J. Environ. Qual. 2005, 34, 836-841.
24. d for strongly hydrophobic pesticides. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 73, no. 81 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/ agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
25. Shepherd, J. J.; Arthur, E. L.; Dominic, A. R.; Sabbagh, G. J.; Dyer, D. G. Mobility determination of an experimental compound as a seed treatment in a greenhouse. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 73, no. 82 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
26. Agarwal, V. K.; Sinclair, J. B. Seed Treatment. In Principles of Seed Pathology, 2nd ed.; Agarwal, V. K., Sinclair, J. B., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1997; pp 423-460.
27. Maloy, O. C. Seed treatment and eradicant chemicals. In Plant Disease Control: Principles and Practice; Maloy, O. C., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1993; pp 111-126.
28. Dawson, J. H. Herbicide-treated crop seed. In Methods of Applying Herbicides; Weed Science Society of America Monograph 4; McWhorter, C. G., Gebhardt, M. R., Eds.; Weed Science Society of America: Champaign, IL, 1987; pp 255-263.
29. Bateman, G. L.; Ehle, H.; Wallace, H. A. A. Fungicidal treatment of cereal seeds, In Seed Treatment, 2nd ed.; Jeffs, K. A., Ed.; Lavenham Press: Lavenham, Suffolk, U.K., 1986; pp 83-111.
30. Borjesson, B. J.; Stenstrom, L.; Johnsson, L.; Torstensson, L. Comparison of triticonazole dissipation after seed or soil treatment. J. Environ. Qual. 2003, 32, 1258-1261.
31. Sabbagh, G. J.; Fox, G.; Ma, L.; Malone, R.; Arthur, E. L.; Dyer, D. G. Modeling the fate and nonideal transport of pesticide from a slow-release, pesticide treated seed in a laboratory soil column. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 73, no. 83 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
32. Papiernik, S. K.; Koskinen, W. C.; Cox, L.; Rice, P. J.; Clay, S. A.; Werdin-Pfisterer, N. R.; Norberg, K. A. Sorption-desorption of imidacloprid and its metabolites in soil and vadose zone materials. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 8163-8170.
33. Friedman, C. L.; Lemley, A. T.; Hay, A. Degradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides by anodic Fenton treatment. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 2640-2651.
34. Kong, L.; Lemley, A. T. Kinetic modeling of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degradation in soil slurry by anodic Fenton treatment. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 3941-3950.
35. 2. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2001, 34, 241-252.
36. Divito, C. B.; Davies, S.; Masoudi, S.; Muhuro, C. N. Relative stability of formamidine and carbamate groups in the bifunctional pesticide formetanate hydrochloride. J. Agric. Food Chem 2007, 55, 5377-5382.
37. Muhoro, C. Studies on the aquatic chemical fate of formetanate hydrochloride. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 72, no. 76 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
38. Urbansky, E. T.; Magnuson, M. L.; Kelty, C. A.; Gu, B.; Brown, G. M. Comment on "Perchlorate Identification in Fertilizers" and the subsequent addition/correction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 4452-4453.
39. Susarla, S.; Collette, T. W.; Garrison, A. W.; Wolfe, N. L.; McCutcheon, S. C. Response to comment on "Perchlorate Identification in Fertilizers" and the subsequent addition/correction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 4454-4454.
40. 4-); Environmental Protection Agency: Cincinnati, OH, 2001; EPA/600/R-01/049.
41. Miller, G. C.; Lepak, V.; Kempley, R.; Awadh, J. Photooxidation of chloride to perchlorate in the presence of desert soils and titanium dioxide. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 72, no. 78 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
42. USGS National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, 2006; available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3101/.
43. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), 2006; available at http://www.deq.state.or.us/lab/wqm/watershed.htm.
44. Dominic, A. R.; Arthur, E. L.; Dyer, D. G. Drinking water treatment study procedures for evaluation of pesticide exposure. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 72, no. 79 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
45. Belluck, D. A.; Benjamin, S. L.; Dawson, T. Groundwater contamination by atrazine and its metabolites: risk assessment, policy and legal implications. In Pesticide Transformation Products: Fate and Significance in the Environment; Somasundaram, L., Coats, J. R., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991; pp 254-273.
46. Seiler, A. P.; Brenneisen, P.; Green, D. H. Benefits and risks of plant protection products. Possibilities of protecting drinking water: case atrazine. Water Supply 1992, 10, 31-42.
47. Assaf, N. A.; Turco, R. F. Accelerated biodegradation of atrazine by a microbial consortium is possible in culture and soil. Biodegradation 1994, 5, 29-35.
48. Mandelbaum, R. T.; Allan, D. L.; Wackett, L. P. Isolation and characterization of a Pseudomonas sp. that mineralizes the s-triazine herbicide atrazine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995, 61, 1451-1457.
49. Moscinski, J. K.; Jayachandran, K.; Moorman, T. B. Mineralization of the herbicide atrazine by Agrobacterium radiobacter, abstr. Q-414. In Abstracts of the 96th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology; American Society for Microbiology: Washington, DC, 1996; p 458.
50. De Souza, M. L.; Wackett, L. P.; Sadowsky, M. J. The atzABC genes encoding atrazine catabolism are located on a self-transmissible plasmid in Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1998, 64, 2323-2326.
51. Bouquard, C.; Ouazzani, J.; Promé, J.-C.; Michel-Briand, Y.; Plesiat, P. Dechlorination of atrazine by a Rhizobium sp. isolate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63, 862-866.
52. Sajjaphan, K.; Shapir, N.; Wackett, L. P.; Palmer, M.; Blackmon, B.; Tomkins, J.; Sadowsky, M. J. Arthrobacter aurescens TCl atrazine catabolism genes trzN, atzB, and atzC are linked on a 160-kilobase region and are functional in Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004, 70, 4402-4407.
53. deSouza, M. L.; Newcombe Alvey, D. S.; Crowley, D. E.; Hay, A.; Sadowsky, M. J.; Wackett, L. P. Molecular basis of a bacterial consortium: interspecies catabolism of atrazine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1998, 64, 178-184.
54. Seo, J.-S.; Keum, Y.-S.; Harada, R. M.; Li, Q. X. Isolation and characterization of bacteria capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organophosphorus pesticides from PAH-contaminated soil in Hilo, Hawaii. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 5383-5389.
55. Some Organochlorine Pesticides; Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man 5; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Lyons, France, 1974; pp 211-218.
56. Tas, O. D.; Pavlostathis, S. G. Temperature and pH effect on the microbial reductive transformation of pentachloronitrobenzene. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 5390-5398.
57. Starner, K.; Spurlock, F.; Gill, S.; Goh, K.; Feng, H.; Hsu, J.; Lee, P.; Tran, D.; White, J. Pesticide residues in surface water from irrigation-season monitoring in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2005, 74, 920-927.
58. Scott, G. I.; Baughman, D. S.; Trim, A. H.; Dee, J. C. Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides commonly found in nonpoint source agricultural runoff to estuarine fish and shellfish. In Pollution Physiology of Estuarine Organisms; Vernberg, W. B., Calabrese, A., Thurberg, F. P., Vernberg, F. J., Eds.; University of South Carolina Press: Columbia, SC, 1987; pp 251-273.
59. Pesticide Toxicity Index for Freshwater Aquatic Organisms, 2nd ed.; Munn, M. D., Gilliom, R. J., Moran, P. W., Nowell, L. H., Eds.; U.S. Geological Survey: Sacramento, CA, 2006; Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5148; p 81.
60. Ma, Q.; Hook, J. E.; Wauchope, R. D.; Dowler, C. C.; Johnson, A. W.; Davis, J. G.; Gascho, G. J.; Truman, C. C.; Sumner, H. R.; Chandler, L. D. GLEAMS, Opus, PRZM2beta, and PRZM3 simulations compared with measured atrazine runoff. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64, 2070-2079.
61. Rice, P. J.; McConnell, L. L.; Heighton, L. P.; Sadeghi, A. M.; Isensee, A. R.; Teasdale, J. R.; Abdul-Baki, A. A.; Harman-Fetcho, J. A.; Hapeman, C. J. Runoff loss of pesticides and soil: a comparison between vegetative mulch and plastic mulch in vegetable production systems. J. Environ. Qual. 2001, 30, 1808-1821.
62. Haith, D. A. TurfPQ, a pesticide runoff model for turf. J. Environ. Qual. 2001, 30, 1033-1039.
63. Heim, L. G.; Snyder, N. J.; Van Wesenbeeck, I. J. Runoff of 1,3-dichloropropene from field plots exposed to simulated and natural rainfall. J. Soil Water Conserv. 2002, 57, 16-23.
64. Potter, T. L.; Truman, C. C.; Bosch, D. D.; Bednarz, C. Fluometuron and pendimethalin runoff from strip and conventionally tilled cotton in the southern Atlantic. J. Environ. Qual. 2004, 33, 2122-2131.
65. Potter, T. L.; Truman, C. C.; Strickland, T. C.; Bosch, D. D.; Webster, T. M.; Franklin, D. H.; Bednarz, C. W. Combined effects of constant versus variable intensity simulated rainfall and reduced tillage management on cotton preemergence herbicide runoff. J. Environ. Qual. 2006, 35, 1894-1902.
66. Fox, G. A.; Pulijala, S. H.; Sabbagh, G. J. Influence of rainfall distribution on simulations of atrazaine, metolachlor, and isoxaflutole/ mtabolite transport in subsurface drained fields. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 5399-5407.
67. Jaynes, D. B.; Shao, M. Evaluation of a simple technique for estimating two-domain transport parameters. Soil Sci. 1999, 164, 82-91.
68. Kung, K.-J. S.; Kladivko, E. J.; Gish, T. J.; Steenhuis, T. S.; Bubenzer, G.; Helling, C. S. Quantifying preferential flow by breakthrough of sequentially applied tracers: silt loam soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64, 1296-1304.
69. Fox, G. A.; Malone, R.; Sabbagh, G. J.; Rojas, K. Interrelationship of macropores and subsurface drainage for conservative tracer and pesticide transport. J. Environ. Qual. 2004, 33, 2281-2289.
70. Massey, J. H.; Ampim, P. A. Utility of incorporating a conservative tracer and plastic tarp in turf runoff assessments. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 65, no. 47 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
71. Rice, P. J.; Horgan, B. P. Differential application of fluorobenzoic acids to evaluate surface runoff from turf grass. Proceedings of the 230th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005; p 72, no. 100 (available at http://membership. acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
72. Sethunathan, N.; Megharaj, M.; Chen, Z. L.; Williams, B. D.; Lewis, G.; Naidu, R. Algal degradation of a known endocrine disrupting insecticide, alpha-endosulfan, and its metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, in liquid medium and soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 3030-3035.
73. Shea, P. J.; Machacek, T. A.; Comfort, S. D. Accelerated remediation of pesticide-contaminated soil with zerovalent iron. Environ. Pollut. 2004, 132, 183-188.
74. Lin, C. H.; Lerch, R. N.; Garrett, H. E.; George, M. F. Incorporating forage grasses in riparian buffers for bioremediation of atrazine, isoxaflutole and nitrate in Missouri. Agrofor. Syst. 2005, 63, 91-99.
75. Lin, C.-H.; Lerch, R. N.; Garrett, H. G.; George, M. F. Bioremediation of herbicides in vegetative buffers: considerations for design and species selection. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 65, no. 46 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
76. Lowrance, R.; Altier, L. S.; Williams, R. G.; Inamdar, S. P.; Sheridan, J. M.; Bosch, D. D.; Hubbard, R. K.; Thomas, D. L. REMM: The Riparian Ecosystem Management Model. J. Soil Water Conserv. 2000, 55, 27-34.
77. Dukes, M. D.; Evans, R. O. Riparian ecosystem management model: hydrology performance and sensitivity in the North Carolina Middle Coastal Plain. Trans. ASAE 2003, 46, 1567-1579.
78. Graff, C. D.; Sadeghi, A. M.; Lowrance, R. R.; Williams, R. G. Quantifying the sensitivity of the Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) to changes in climate and buffer characteristics common to conservation practices. Trans. ASAE 2005, 48, 1377-1387.
79. Wauchope, R. D.; Williams, R. G.; Lowrance, R.; Vellidis, G.; Gay, P. REMM: A simulation model for remediation of pesticide contaminants in runoff and leachate water by riparian buffer systems. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 63, no. 37 (available at http://membership.acs. org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
80. Jackson, S. H.; Hendley, P.; Cheplick, M. PLUS: a regional groundwater assessment and ranking tool. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 5408-5415.
81. Hendley, P.; Jackson, S. H.; Chen, W.; Russel, M. H.; Sabbagh, G. J.; Ramanarayanan, T. S.; Wanner, U. Overprediction of erosion in standard regulatory modeling scenarios for agrochemicals. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 63, no. 36 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
82. FOCUS. Guidance document on estimating persistence and degradation kinetics from environmental fate studies on pesticides in EU registration; Report of the FOCUS Work Group on Degradation Kinetics; EC Document Reference Sanco/10058/ 2005 version 1.0; 2005; 431 pp.
83. Beigel, C.; Boesten, J.; Jones, R. L.; Aden, K.; Beulke, S.; Dust, M.; Dyson, J.; Fomsgaard, I.; Karlsson, S.; Magrans, J. O.; Richter, O.; Soulas, G.; van der Linden, T. FOCUS guidance on the calculation of persistence and degradation kinetic endpoints of metabolites. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 63, no. 35 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
84. Hendley, P. D.; Wauchope, R. D. Conceptual models for understanding agrochemical occurrence in surface waters. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 76, no. 96 (available at http://membership.acs. org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
85. Edwards, J.; Wauchope, R. D. Acid and base equilibrium constants for pesticide active ingredients: molecular connectivity calculations vs. experimental values. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 62, no. 33 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/ agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
86. Yates, S. R.; Dungan, R. Predicting transport and the control of plant pests after soil fumigation. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 62, no. 32 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/ agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
87. Holmes, C.; Williams, R. Spatial approaches to estimating pesticide spray drift exposure to surface water at the landscape level using GIS and remote sensing. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 76, no. 98 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
88. Trask, J. R.; Harbourt, C. M.; Holmes, C.; Hendley, P. Site selection for surface water sampling locations in smaller watersheds using a GIS based procedure. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 76, no. 97 (available at http://membership.acs.Org/a/agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
89. Snyder, N. J.; Harbourt, C. M.; Carver, L. S.; Hendley, P.; Burnett, G. A multi-state small-stream and weather monitoring network: equipment design, data handling, and reliability. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 76, no. 101 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/ agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
90. Meyer, M. T.; Kalkoff, S. J.; Scribner, E. A. Comparison between the transport of isoxaflutole and its degradates to triazine and acetanilide herbicides in ten Iowa rivers. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 76, no. 100 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/ agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
91. Rana, B. C.; Kumar, J. I. N. Observations on the effect of the herbicide isoproturon on aquatic targets and associated organisms. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1995, 55, 104-110.
92. Getsinger, K. D.; Petty, D. G.; Madsen, J. D.; Skogerboe, J. G.; Houtman, B. A.; Haller, W. T.; Fox, A. M. Aquatic dissipation of the herbicide triclopyr in Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota. Pest Manag. Sci. 2000, 56, 388-400.
93. Jacobson, B. R.; Balu, K. Dispersion and dissipation of 2,4-D residues associated with aquatic uses. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 66, no. 51 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/ agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).
94. Balu, K.; Ritter, A. M.; Williams, M. W. Exposure assessment of 2,4-D herbicide for aquatic uses. Proceedings of the 231st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, GA; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006; p 66, no. 50 (available at http://membership.acs.org/a/ agro/Picogram.html, accessed April 11, 2007).