Tourette's syndrome: Clinical features, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 161-171

  Müller, Norbert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Genetics; Infection; Inflammation; Pathophysiology; Therapy; Tourette's syndrome

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; CLONIDINE; FLUPENTIXOL; FLUPHENAZINE; HALOPERIDOL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PENFLURIDOL; PIMOZIDE; RISPERIDONE; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; TIAPRIDE; TRIFLUOPERAZINE; ZIPRASIDONE;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYNDROME; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; HEREDITY; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; NEUROIMAGING; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PREVALENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; TIC; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALS; BASAL GANGLIA; DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; ENCEPHALITIS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS; INFECTION; TOURETTE SYNDROME; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 34447579899     PISSN: 12948322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
2. Leckman JF, Walker DE, Cohen DJ. Premonitory urges in Tourette's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:98-102.
3. Müller N, Putz A, Kathmann N, Lehle R, Günther W, Straube A. Differentiation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1997;70:105-114.
4. Shapiro AK. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. New York, NY: Raven Press: 1988.
5. Leckman JF, Cohen DJ. Tourette's Syndrome - Tics, Obsessions, Compuslions: Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care. New York, NY: Wiley; 1999.
6. Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Swedo SE, Rettew DC, Gershon ES, Rapoport JL. Tics and Tourette's disorder: a 2- to 7-year follow-up of 54 obsessive-compulsive children. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:1244- 1251.
7. Pauls DL, Cohen DJ, Heimbuch R, Detlor J, Kidd KK. Familial pattern and transmission of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and multiple tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38:1091-1093.
8. Pauls DL, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ. Evidence against a genetic relationship between Tourette's syndrome and anxiety, depression, panic and phobic disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;164:215-221.
9. Pitman RK, Green RC, Jenike MA, Mesulam MM. Clinical comparison of Tourette's disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:1166-1171.
10. Comings DE, Comings BG. A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. III. Phobias and panic attacks. Am J Hum Genet. 1987;41:761-781.
11. Comings BG, Comings DE. A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. V. Depression and mania. Am J Hum Genet. 1987;41:804-821.
12. Biederman J, Faraone S, Milberger S, et al. A prospective 4-year follow-up study of attention-deficit hyperactivity and related disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:437-446.
13. Pauls DL, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ. Familial relationship between Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, speech disorders, and stuttering. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32:1044-1050.
14. Hirschmüller A, Bartels M. [A case of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome with strong mutilation tendencies]. Nervenarzt. 1982;53:670-673.
15. Tanner CM, Goldman SM. Epidemiology of Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin. 1997;15:395-402.
16. Apter A, Pauls DL, Bleich A, et al. An epidemiologic study of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in Israel. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:734-738.
17. Robertson MM, Stern JS. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Br J Hosp Med. 1997;58:253-256.
18. Freeman MP. Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry: a review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2000;12:159-165.
19. Rothenberger A. Electrical brain activity and motor control in Tourette's Syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimaging in Child Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1998:141-151.
20. Kirvan CA, Swedo SE, Heuser JS, Cunningham MW. Mimicry and autoantibody-mediated neuronal cell signaling in Sydenham chorea. Nat Med. 2003;9:914-920.
21. Asbahr FR, Garvey MA, Snider LA, Zanetta DM, Elkis H, Swedo SE. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms among patients with Sydenham chorea. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:1073-1076.
22. Müller N, Riedel M, Zawta P, Günther W, Straube A. Comorbidity of Tourette's syndrome and schizophrenia-biological and physiological parallels. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002;26:1245-1252.
23. Danek A, Walker RH. Neuroacanthocytosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2005;18:386-392.
24. Bohlega S, Al-Jishi A, Dobson-Stone C, et al. Chorea-acanthocytosis: clinical and genetic findings in three families from the Arabian peninsula. Mov Disord. 2003;18:403-407.
25. Saiki S, Sakai K, Kitagawa Y, Saiki M, Kataoka S, Hirose G. Mutation in the CHAC gene in a family of autosomal dominant chorea-acanthocytosis. Neurology. 2003;61:1614-1616.
26. Saiki S, Hirose G, Sakai K, et al. Chorea-acanthocytosis associated with Tourettism. Mov Disord. 2004;19:833-836.
27. Robertson MM, Banerjee S, Hiley PJ, Tannock C. Personality disorder and psychopathology in Tourette's syndrome: a controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;171:283-286.
28. Burd L, Freeman RD, Klug MG, Kerbeshian J. Tourette Syndrome and learning disabilities. BMC Pediatr. 2005;5:34.
29. Nee LE, Caine ED, Polinsky RJ, Eldridge R, Ebert MH. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: clinical and family study of 50 cases. Ann Neurol. 1980;7:41-49.
30. Kurlan R. The pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome. A possible role for hormonal and excitatory neurotransmitter influences in brain development. Arch Neurol. 1992;49:874-876.
31. Ziemann U, Paulus W, Rothenberger A. Decreased motor inhibition in Tourette's disorder: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:1277-1284.
32. Straube A, Mennicken JB, Riedel M, Eggert T, Müller N. Saccades in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Mov Disord. 1997;12:536-546.
33. Peterson B, Riddle MA, Cohen DJ, et al. Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette's syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images [see comments]. Neurology. 1993;43:941-949.
34. Singer HS, Reiss AL, Brown JE, et al. Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette's syndrome [see comments]. Neurology. 1993;43:950-956.
35. Bloch MH, Leckman JF, Zhu H, Peterson BS. Caudate volumes in childhood predict symptom severity in adults with Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2005;65:1253-1258.
36. Bohlhalter S, Goldfine A, Matteson S, et al. Neural correlates of tic generation in Tourette syndrome: an event-related functional MRI study. Brain. 2006;129:2029-2037.
37. Amat JA, Bronen RA, Saluja S, et al. Increased number of subcortical hyperintensities on MRI in children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006,163:1106-1108.
38. Pauls DL, Raymond CL, Stevenson JM, Leckman JF. A family study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1991;48:154-163.
39. Eapen V, Pauls DL, Robertson MM. Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission in Tourette's syndrome. United Kingdom cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;162:593-6.:593-596.
40. Hebebrand J, Klug B, Fimmers R, et al. Rates for tic disorders and obsessive compulsive symptomatology in families of children and adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res. 1997;31:519-530.
41. Barr CL, Wigg KG, Pakstis AJ, et al. Genome scan for linkage to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88:437-445.
42. The Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics. A complete genome screen in sib pairs affected by Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;65:1428-1436.
43. Merette C, Brassard A, Potvin A, et al. Significant linkage for Tourette syndrome in a large French Canadian family. Am J Hum Genet. 2000;67:1008-1013.
44. Hoekstra PJ, Anderson GM, Limburg PC, Korf J, Kallenberg CG, Minderaa RB. Neurobiology and neuroimmunology of Tourette's syndrome: an update. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61:886-898.
45. Toren P, Toren A, Weizman A, et al. Tourette's disorder: is there an association with the antiphospholipid syndrome? Biol Psychiatry. 1994;35:495-498.
46. Kiessling LS, Marcotte AC, Culpepper L. Antineuronal antibodies in movement disorders. Pediatrics. 1993;92:39-43.
47. Singer HS, Giuliano JD, Hansen BH, et al. Antibodies against human putamen in children with Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 1998;50:1618-1624.
48. Wendlandt JT, Grus FH, Hansen BH, Singer HS. Striatal antibodies in children with Tourette's syndrome: multivariate discriminant analysis of IgG repertoires. J Neuroimmunol. 2001;119:106-113.
49. Martino D, Giovannoni G. Autoaggressive immune-mediated movement disorders. Adv Neurol. 2005;96:320-335.
50. Church AJ, Dale RC, Giovannoni G. Anti-basal ganglia antibodies: a possible diagnostic utility in idiopathic movement disorders? Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:611-614.
51. Singer HS, Hong JJ, Yoon DY, Williams PN. Serum autoantibodies do not differentiate PANDAS and Tourette syndrome from controls. Neurology. 2005;65:1701-1707.
52. Dale RC, Church AJ, Candler PM, Chapman M, Martino D, Giovannoni G. Serum autoantibodies do not differentiate PANDAS and Tourette syndrome from controls. Neurology. 2006;66:1612.
53. Loiselle CR, Wendlandt JT, Rohde CA, Singer HS. Antistreptococcal, neuronal, and nuclear antibodies in Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;28:119-125.
54. Murphy TK, Goodman WK, Fudge MW, et al. B lymphocyte antigen D8/17: a peripheral marker for childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome? Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:402-407.
55. Morer A, Vinas O, Lazaro L, Bosch J, Toro J, Castro J. D8/17 monoclonal antibody: an unclear neuropsychiatric marker. Behav Neurol. 2005;16:1-8.
56. Finegold I. Allergy and Tourette's syndrome. Ann Allergy. 1985;55:119-121.
57. Hoekstra PJ, Bijzet J, Limburg PC, et al. Elevated D8/17 expression on B lymphocytes, a marker of rheumatic fever, measured with flow cytometry in tic disorder patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:605-610.
58. Leckman JF, Katsovich L, Kawikova I, et al. Increased serum levels of interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Tourette's syndrome. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:667-673.
59. Brambilla F, Perna G, Bellodi L, et al. Plasma interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor concentrations in obsessive-compulsive disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:976-981.
60. Denys D, Fluitman S, Kavelaars A, Heijnen C, Westenberg H. Decreased TNF-alpha and NK activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29:945-952.
61. Monteleone P, Catapano F, Fabrazzo M, Tortorella A, Maj M. Decreased blood levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychobiology. 1998;37:182-185.
62. Rickards H, Dursun SM, Farrar G, Betts T, Corbett JA, Handley SL. Increased plasma kynurenine and its relationship to neopterin and tryptophan in Tourette's syndrome. Psychol Med. 1996;26:857-862.
63. Hoekstra R, Fekkes D, van de Wetering BJ, Pepplinkhuizen L, Verhoeven WM. Effect of light therapy on biopterin, neopterin and tryptophan in patients with seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2003;120:37-42.
64. Martino D, Church AJ, Defazio G, et al. Soluble adhesion molecules in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2005;234:79-85.
65. Müller N. Anti-inflammatory therapy with a COX-2 inhibitor in Tourette's syndrome. Inflammopharmacology. 2004;12:271-275.
66. Riedel M, Straube A, Schwarz MJ, Wilske B, Müller N. Lyme disease presenting as Tourette's syndrome. Lancet. 1998;351:418-419.
67. Müller N, Riedel M, Straube A, Wilske B. Poststreptococcal autoimmune phenomena in patients with Tourette Syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2000;94:43-49.
68. Müller N, Riedel M, Blendinger C, Oberle K, Jacobs E, Abele-Horn M. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2004;129:119-125.
69. Murphy ML, Pichichero ME. Prospective identification and treatment of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococcal infection (PANDAS). Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:356-361.
70. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Mittleman BB, et al. Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:110-112.
71. Kurlan R. Tourette's syndrome and 'PANDAS': will the relation bear out? Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection [see comments]. Neurology. 1998;50:1530-1534.
72. Perlmutter SJ, Leitman SF, Garvey MA, et al. Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood. Lancet. 1999;354:1153-1158.
73. Singer HS, Giuliano JD, Hansen BH, et al. Antibodies against human putamen in children with Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 1998;50:1618-1624.
74. Müller N, Riedel M, Forderreuther S, Blendinger C, Abele-Horn M. Tourette's syndrome and mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:481-482.
75. Church AJ, Dale RC, Lees AJ, Giovannoni G, Robertson MM. Tourette's syndrome: a cross sectional study to examine the PANDAS hypothesis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:602-607.
76. Müller N, Kroll B, Schwarz MJ, et al. Increased titers of antibodies against streptococcal M12 and M19 proteins in patients with Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2001;101:187-193.
77. Greenberg BD, Murphy DL, Swedo SE. Symptom exacerbation of vocal tics and other symptoms associated with streptococcal pharyngitis in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder and tics. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1459-1460.
78. Bodner SM, Morshed SA, Peterson BS. The question of PANDAS in adults. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:807-810.
79. Singer HS, Walkup JT. Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. Medicine (Baltimore). 1991;70:15-32.
80. Sandor P, Musisi S, Moldofsky H, Lang A. Tourette syndrome: a follow-up study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;10:197-199.
81. Robertson MM. Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain. 2000;123 Pt 3:425-462.
82. Bruun RD, Budman CL. Risperidone as a treatment for Tourette's syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:29-31.
83. Stamenkovic M, Aschauer H, Kasper S. Risperidone for Tourette's syndrome. Lancet. 1994;344:1577-1578.
84. Caine ED, Polinsky RJ, Kartzinel R, Ebert MH. The trial use of clozapine for abnormal involuntary movement disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136:317-320.
85. Onofrj M, Paci C, D'Andreamatteo G, Toma L. Olanzapine in severe Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a 52-week double-blind cross-over study vs. low-dose pimozide. J Neurol. 2000;247:443-446.
86. Sallee FR, Kurlan R, Goetz CG, et al. Ziprasidone treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:292-299.
87. Scahill L, Blair J, Leckman JF, Martin A. Sudden death in a patient with Tourette syndrome during a clinical trial of ziprasidone. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19:205-206.
88. Kastrup A, Schlotter W, Plewnia C, Bartels M. Treatment of tics in tourette syndrome with aripiprazole. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25:94-96.
89. Murphy TK, Bengtson MA, Soto O, et al. Case series on the use of aripiprazole for Tourette syndrome. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;8:489-490.
90. Dehning S, Riedel M, Müller N. Aripiprazole in a patient vulnerable to side effects. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:625.
91. Chouza C, Romero S, Lorenzo J, et al. [Clinical trial of tiapride in patients with dyskinesia (author's transl)]. Sem Hop. 1982;58:725-733.
92. Eggers C, Rothenberger A, Berghaus U. Clinical and neurobiological findings in children suffering from tic disease following treatment with tiapride. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1988;237:223-229.
93. Leckman JF, Detlor J, Harcherik DF, Ort S, Shaywitz BA, Cohen DJ. Short- and long-term treatment of Tourette's syndrome with clonidine: a clinical perspective. Neurology. 1985;35:343-351.
94. Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Wilson RS, Carroll VS, Como PG, Shannon KM. Clonidine and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: double-blind study using objective rating methods. Ann Neurol. 1987;21:307-310.
95. Shapiro AK, Shapiro E, Eisenkraft GJ. Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome with clonidine and neuroleptics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40:1235-1240.
96. Müller-Vahl KR, Schneider U, Koblenz A, et al. Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002;35:57-61.
97. Wilhelm S, Deckersbach T, Coffey BJ, Bohne A, Peterson AL, Baer L. Habit reversal versus supportive psychotherapy for Tourette's disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1175-1177.
98. Müller N, Riedel M, Erfurth A, Möller HJ. [Immunoglobulin therapy in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome]. Nervenarzt. 1997;68:914-916.
99. Müller N, Riedel M, Blendinger C, Forderreuther S, Abele-Horn M. Childhood Tourette's syndrome and infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:481-482.
100. Cerovecki, A, Michler A, Riedel M, Müller N. Immunemodulatoric therapy in Tourette's disorder - a comparison. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006:256:2. Abstract.
101. Mantovani A, Lisanby SH, Pieraccini F, Ulivelli M, Castrogiovanni P, Rossi S. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;9:95-100.
102. Munchau A, Bloem BR, Thilo KV, Trimble MR, Rothwell JC, Robertson MM. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2002;59:1789-1791.
103. Chae JH, Nahas Z, Wassermann E, Li X, et al. A pilot safety study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in Tourette's syndrome. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2004;17:109-117.
104. Rapoport M, Feder V, Sandor P. Response of major depression and Tourette's syndrome to ECT: a case report. Psychosom Med. 1998;60:528-529.
105. Trivedi HK, Mendelowitz AJ, Fink M. Gilles de la Tourette form of catatonia: response to ECT. J ECT. 2003;19:115-117.
106. Strassnig M, Riedel M, Müller N. Electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with Tourette's syndrome and co-morbid obsessive compulsive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2004;5:164-166.
107. Visser-Vandewalle V, Ackermans L, van der LC, et al. Deep brain stimulation in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:E590.
108. Ackermans L, Temel Y, Cath D, et al. Deep brain stimulation in Tourette's syndrome: two targets? Mov Disord. 2006;21:709-713.
109. Houeto JL, Karachi C, Mallet L, et al. Tourette's syndrome and deep brain stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:992-995.
110. Diederich NJ, Kalteis K, Stamenkovic M, Pieri V, Alesch F. Efficient internal pallidal stimulation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a case report. Mov Disord. 2005;20:1496-1499.
111. Sturm V, Lenartz D, Koulousakis A, et al. The nucleus accumbens: a target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive- and anxiety-disorders. J Chem Neuroanat. 2003;26:293-299.
112. Flaherty AW, Williams ZM, Amirnovin R, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the anterior internal capsule for the treatment of Tourette syndrome: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:E403.