Capnography for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in the Emergency Department

Annals of Emergency Medicine

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 172-181

  Krauss, Baruch ^a,c   Hess, Dean R ^b,c  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; ETOMIDATE; FENTANYL; METHOHEXITAL; MIDAZOLAM; PROPOFOL;

ANALGESIA; APNEA; ARTICLE; BRADYPNEA; BREATHING; BREATHING PATTERN; BRONCHOSPASM; CAPNOGRAPHY; CARBON DIOXIDE MEASUREMENT; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; EMERGENCY WARD; HUMAN; HYPOVENTILATION; LARYNX SPASM; NOMENCLATURE; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; STANDARD; TECHNOLOGY; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT OBSTRUCTION;

ANALGESIA; CAPNOGRAPHY; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; HUMANS; RESPIRATION;

EID: 34447560969     PISSN: 01960644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.10.016     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Krauss B., and Green S.M. Procedural sedation and analgesia in children. Lancet. 367 (2006) 766-780
2. Smalhout B., and Kalenda Z. An Atlas of Capnography (1975), Kerckebusch-Zeist, Utrecht, The Netherlands
3. Swedlow D.B. Capnometry and capnography: the anesthesia disaster early warning system. Semin Anesth. 3 (1986) 194-205
4. In: Gravenstein J.S., Jaffe M.B., and Paulus D.A. (Eds). Capnography: Clinical Aspects (2004), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
5. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Standards for basic anesthetic monitoring: approved October 21, 1986 and last amended October 25, 2005. Available at: http://www.asahq.org/publicationsAndServices/standards/02.pdf. Accessed August 6, 2006.
6. Krauss B. Capnography as a rapid assessment and triage tool for chemical terrorism. Pediatr Emerg Med. 21 (2005) 493-497
7. Wright S.W. Conscious sedation in the emergency department: the value of capnography and pulse oximetry. Ann Emerg Med. 21 (1992) 551-555
8. 2 monitoring when comparing three methods of procedural sedation for children undergoing painful procedures in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 13 (1997) 189-193
9. Miner J.R., Heegaard W., and Plummer D. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during procedural sedation. Acad Emerg Med. 9 (2002) 275-280
10. Miner J.R., Biros M., Heegaard W., et al. Bispectral EEG analysis of patients undergoing procedural sedation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 10 (2003) 638-643
11. Miner J.R., Biros M., Krieg S., et al. Randomized clinical trial of propofol versus methohexital for procedural sedation during fracture and dislocation reduction in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 10 (2003) 931-937
12. Burton J.H., Harrah J.D., Germann C.A., et al. Does end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring detect respiratory events prior to current sedation monitoring practices?. Acad Emerg Med. 13 (2006) 500-504
13. Berengo A., and Cutillo A. Single-breath analysis of carbon dioxide concentration records. J Appl Physiol. 16 (1961) 522-530
14. Smalhout B. A Quick Guide to Capnography and Its Use in Differential Diagnosis (1983), Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard Application Note 78345-90011
15. Kalenda Z. Mastering Infrared Capnography (1989), Kerckebusch-Zeist, Utrecht, The Netherlands
16. Cote C.J., Liu L.M., Szyfelbein S.K., et al. Intraoperative events diagnosed by expired carbon dioxide monitoring in children. Can Anaesth Soc J. 33 (1986) 315-320
17. Guggenberger H., Lenz G., and Federle R. Early detection of inadvertent oesophageal intubation: pulse oximetry vs. capnography. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 33 (1989) 112-115
18. Vaghadia H., Jenkins L.C., and Ford R.W. Comparison of end-tidal carbon dioxide, oxygen saturation and clinical signs for the detection of oesophageal intubation. Can J Anaesth. 36 (1989) 560-564
19. 2 curve in pulmonary disease. Scand J Resp Dis. 50 (1969) 135-146
20. 2 curves. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 12 (1976) 605-624
21. Kelsey J.E., Oldham E.C., and Horvath S.M. Expiratory carbon dioxide concentration curve: a test of pulmonary function. Dis Chest 41 (1962) 498-503
22. You B., Peslin R., Duvivier C., et al. Expiratory capnography in asthma: evaluation of various shape indices. Eur Respir J. 7 (1994) 318-323
23. Yaron M., Padyk P., Hutsinpiller M., et al. Utility of the expiratory capnogram in the assessment of bronchospasm. Ann Emerg Med. 28 (1996) 403-407
24. Krauss B., Deykin A., Lam A., et al. Capnogram shape in obstructive lung disease. Anesth Analg. 100 (2005) 884-888
25. Hoffbrand B.I. The expiratory capnogram: a measure of ventilation-perfusion inequalities. Thorax 21 (1966) 518-523
26. 2 difference and dead space/tidal volume ratio in respiratory failure. Chest 92 (1987) 832-835
27. 2 gradient: a modeling analysis. Anesth Analg. 97 (2003) 1846-1851
28. Poirier M.P., Gonzalez Del-Rey J.A., McAneney C.M., et al. Utility of monitoring capnography, pulse oximetry, and vital signs in the detection of airway mishaps: a hyperoxemic animal model. Am J Emerg Med. 16 (1998) 350-352
29. Soto R.G., Fu E.S., Vila H., et al. Capnography accurately detects apnea during monitored anesthesia care. Anesth Analg. 99 (2004) 379-382
30. Vargo J.J., Zuccaro G., Dumot J.A., et al. Automated graphic assessment of respiratory activity is superior to pulse oximetry and visual assessment for the detection of early respiratory depression during therapeutic upper endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 55 (2002) 826-831
31. Kaneko Y. Clinical perspectives on capnography during sedation and general anesthesia in dentistry. Anesth Prog. 42 (1995) 126-130
32. Croswell R.J., Dilley D.C., Lucas W.J., et al. A comparison of conventional versus electronic monitoring of sedated pediatric dental patients. Pediatr Dent. 17 (1995) 332-329
33. Tobias J.D. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during sedation with a combination of midazolam and ketamine for children undergoing painful, invasive procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care 15 (1999) 173-175
34. Weingarten M. Respiratory monitoring of carbon-dioxide and oxygen: a ten-year retrospective. J Clin Monit. 6 (1990) 217-225
35. Muttitt S.C., Finer N.N., Tierney A.J., et al. Neonatal apnea: diagnosis by nurse versus computer. Pediatrics 82 (1988) 713-720
36. Lightdale J.R., Goldmann D.A., Feldman H.A., et al. Microstream capnography improves patient monitoring during moderate sedation: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 117 (2006) 1170-1178
37. Lumb A.B. Respiratory system resistance. Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology. 5th ed. (2000), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, England
38. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 30th ed. (2003), Saunders/Elsevier Publishers, Philadelphia, PA
39. In: Barash P.G., Cullen B.F., and Stoelting R.K. (Eds). Clinical Anesthesia. 5th ed (2006), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA
40. Roy W.L., and Lerman J. Laryngospasm in paediatric anesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 35 (1988) 93-98
41. Guyton A.C., and Hall J.E. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 10th ed. (2000), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA
42. West J.B. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials. 6th ed. (2000), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA
43. In: White P.F. (Ed). Textbook of Intravenous Anesthesia (1997), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
44. Craig D.B., Wahba W.M., Don H.F., et al. "Closing volume" and its relationship to gas exchange in seated and supine positions. J Appl Physiol. 31 (1971) 717-721
45. Huang Y.C., Weinmann G.G., and Mitzner W. Effect of tidal volume and frequency on the temporal fall in lung compliance. J Appl Physiol. 65 (1988) 2040-2045
46. Bendixen H.H., Bullwinkel B., Hedley-Whyte J., et al. Atelectasis and shunting during spontaneous ventilation in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 25 (1964) 297-301
47. Mead J., and Agostoni E. Dynamics of breathing. In: Fenn W.O., and Rahn H. (Eds). Handbook of Physiology Vol. 1 (1964), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
48. Wilson W.C., and Shapiro B. Perioperative hypoxia: the clinical spectrum and current oxygen monitoring methodology. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 19 (2001) 769-812