Commentary with a historical perspective by a child psychiatrist: When "ADHD" was the "brain-damaged child"

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 279-283

  Eisenberg, Leon ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEXAMPHETAMINE; METHYLPHENIDATE;

ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR; ANXIETY; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; BRAIN DAMAGED CHILD; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; ENCEPHALITIS; HUMAN; HYPERKINESIA; MENTAL INSTABILITY; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; TERMINOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 34447557733     PISSN: 10445463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/cap.2006.0139     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Als-Nielsen B, Chen W, Gluud C, Kjaergard LL: Association of funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials: A reflection of treatment effect or adverse events? J Am Med Assoc 290:921-928, 2003.
2. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders. Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 1952.
3. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed. (DSMM-II). Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 1968.
4. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (DSM-III). Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
5. Angell M: The Truth about the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About It. New York: Random House, 2004.
6. Angold A, Erkanli A, Egger HL, Costello EJ: Stimulant treatment for children: a community perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:975-984, 2000.
7. Avorn J: Powerful Medicines: The Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Prescription Drugs. New York: Knopf, 2004.
8. Batoosingh KA: Ritalin prescription rates over last 4 years. Clin Psychiatry News 21:1-2, 1995.
9. Birch HG (1964) The problem of brain damage in children. In: Birch HG (ed.): Brain Damage in Children: Biological and Social Aspects. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1964.
10. Bond ED, Smith LH: Post-encephalitic behavior disorders: a ten-year review of the Franklin School. Am J Psychiatry 91:17-31, 1935.
11. Bradley C: The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. Am J Psychiatry 94:577-585, 1937.
12. CDC: Prevalence of diagnosis and medication treatment for ADHD - United States 2003. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep 54(34):1, 2005.
13. Conners CK, ed.: Clinical Use of Stimulant Drugs in Children: Proceedings of a Symposium held at Key Biscayne, Florida, 5-8 March, 1972. New York: American Elsevier, 1974.
14. Conners CK, Eisenberg L, Barcai A: Effect of dextroamphetamine on children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 17:478-485, 1967.
15. Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Arkanli A, Keeler G, Angoid A: Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:837-844, 2003.
16. Cox ER, Motheral BR, Henderson RR, Mager D: Geographic variation in the prevalence of stimulant medication use among children 5 to 14 years old: Results from a commercially insured US sample. Pediatrics 111:237-243, 2003.
17. DeAngelis C, Drazen JM, Frizelle FA, Haug C: Clinical trial registration: A statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors N Engl J Med 351:1250-1251, 2004.
18. Eisenberg L: Psychiatric implications of brain damage in children. Psychiatr Quart 31:72-92, 1957.
19. Eisenberg L: Conceptual problems in relating brain and behavior. Am J Orthopsychiatry 30:37-48, 1960.
20. Eisenberg L: Principles of drug therapy in child psychiatry. Am J Orthopsychiatry 41:371-379, 1971.
21. Eisenberg L: Mindlessness and brainlessness in psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 148:497-508, 1986.
22. Eisenberg L, Lachman R, Molling P, Lockner A, Mizelle J, Conners K: A psychopharmacologic study in a training school for delinquent boys. Am J Orthopsychiat 33:431-447, 1963.
23. Fisher S (ed.): Child Research in Psychopharmacology. Springfield (Illinois): Charles C Thomas, 1959.
24. Hearing: Federal Involvement in the Use of Behavior Modification Drugs on Grammar School Children on the Right to Privacy Inquiry. Hearing Before a Sub-committee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, 91st Congress, Second Session, September 29, 1970. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 52-268-6-23, 1970.
25. Hearing: Ritalin Use Among Youth: Examining the Issues and Concerns, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth, and Families of the Committee on Education and the Workforce, U.S. House of Representatives, 106th Congress, 2nd Session (16 May 2000). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2000.
26. Jorgensen AW, Hilden J, Gotzsche PC: Cochrane reviews compared with industry supported meta-analyses and other meta-analyses of the same drugs: Systematic review. BMJ 33:782, 2006.
27. Kanner L: Child Psychiatry, 3rd ed. Springfield (Illinois): Charles C Thomas, 1957.
28. Klein DF, Gittelman-Klein R: Diagnosis of minimal brain dysfunction and hyperkinetic syndrome. In Conners CK: op. cit. pp 1-10, 1974.
29. Laties VG and Weiss B: Enhancement of human performance by caffeine and the amphetamines. Pharmacological Rev 14(1):1-36, 1962.
30. Lexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O: Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: Systematic review. Br Med J 326:1167-1170, 2003.
31. Lipman RS: NIMH - PRC-support of research in minimal brain dysfunction in children. In: Conners CK: op. cit. pp 202-213, 1974.
32. Medical Research Council: Streptomycin treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Lancet 1:582-596, 1948.
33. Melander H, Ahlqvist-Rastad J, Meijer G, Beermann B: Evidence b(i)ased medicine - selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: Review of studies in new drug applications. Br Med J 326: 1171-1173, 2003.
34. Morrow RC, Morrow AL, Haislip G: Methylphenidate in the United States, 1990-1995 (letter). Am J Public Health 88:1121, 1998.
35. Olfson M, Gameroff MJ, Marcus SC, Jensen PS: National trends in the treatment of attention deficit disorder. Am J Psychiatry 160:1071-1077, 2003.
36. Pasamanick B, Knobloch H: Syndrome of minimal cerebral damage in infancy. J Am Med Assoc 170:1384-1387, 1959.
37. Pickering H, Stimson GV: Prevalence and demographic factors of stimulant use. Addiction 89:1385-1389, 1994.
38. Rapoport JL, Buchsbaum MS, Weingartner H, Zahn T, Ludlow C, Mikkelsen E: Dextroamphetamine: Its cognitive and behavioral effects in hyperactive boys and normal men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:933-943, 1980.
39. Rapoport JL, Buchsbaum MS, Zahn TP, Ludlow C, Mikkelsen E: Dextroamphetamine: Cognitive and behavioral effects in normal prepubertal boys. Science 199(4328)560-563, 1978.
40. Rutter M, Lebovici S, Eisenberg L, Sneznevskij AV, Sadoun R, Brooke E, Lin T-Y: A tri-axial classification of mental disorders in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 10:41-61, 1969.
41. Rutter M, Tizard J, Whitmore K: Education, Health, and Behavior. Longman Group, London, 1970.
42. Safer DJ, Krager JM: Effect of a media blitz and a threatened lawsuit on stimulant treatment. J Am Med Assoc 268(8):1004-1007, 1992.
43. Safer DJ, Malever M: Stimulant treatment in Maryland public schools. Pediatrics 106:533-539, 2000.
44. Strauss AA, Werner H: Disorders of conceptual thinking in the brain-injured child. J Nerv Ment Dis 96:153-172, 1942.
45. Studdert DM, Mello MM, Brennan TA: Financial conflicts of interest in physicians' relationships with the pharmaceutical industry - self-regulation in the shadow of federal prosecution. N Engl J Med 351:1891-1900, 2004.
46. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: Ecstasy and Amphetamines: Global Survey 2003. New York: United Nations, 2003.
47. Walzer S, Wolff PH, eds: Minimal Cerebral Dysfunction in Children. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1973.
48. Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S, Magder LS, Gardner JF, Magder L, Soeken K, Boles M, Lynch F, Riddle MA: Psychotherapeutic medication patterns for youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153:1257-1263, 1999.
49. Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S: Racial disparity in psychotropic medications prescribed for youths with Medicaid insurance in Maryland. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:179-184, 1998.