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For fluorocitric acid, see: a
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Harper, D.B.1
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0030026396
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for fluoroglutamic acids, see: b
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for fluoroglutamic acids, see: b) B. P. Hart, W. H. Haile, N. J. Licato, W. E. Bolanowska, J. J. McGuire, J. K. Coward, J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 56.
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32
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0000441191
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For enantioselective reactions in which a stoichiometric amount of a chiral fluorinating reagent is used, see: a E. Differding, R. W. Lang, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 6087;
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For enantioselective reactions in which a stoichiometric amount of a chiral fluorinating reagent is used, see: a) E. Differding, R. W. Lang, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 6087;
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33
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0001117371
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b) F. A. Davis, P. Zhou, C. K. Murphy, G. Sundarababu, H. Qi, W. Han, R. M. Przeslawski, B.-C. Chen, P. J. Carroll, J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 2273.
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34
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33745683809
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For a short review, see: Y. Hamashima, M. Sodeoka, Synlett 2006, 1467; see also reference [7a].
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For a short review, see: Y. Hamashima, M. Sodeoka, Synlett 2006, 1467; see also reference [7a].
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36
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34447540655
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c) D. A. Evans, J. Bartroli, T. L. Shih, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 2127.
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D. A. Evans, C. W. Downey, J. L. Hubbs, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 8706.
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39
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0037073238
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For the concurrent use of a Lewis acid and an organic base in catalysis, see: a
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For the concurrent use of a Lewis acid and an organic base in catalysis, see: a) K. Itoh, S. Kanemasa, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 13 394;
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Itoh, K.1
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0037032313
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b) D. M. Barnes, J. Ji, M. G. Fickes, M. A. Fitzgerald, S. A. King, H. E. Morton, F. A. Plagge, M. Preskill, S. H. Wagaw, S. J. Wittenberger, J. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 13 097;
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Wittenberger, S.J.10
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41
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0037160423
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c) D. A. Evans, J. S. Tedrow, J. T. Shaw, C. W. Downey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 392;
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Evans, D.A.1
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6444227416
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d) N. Kumagai, S. Matsunaga, M. Shibasaki, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 13 632;
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Kumagai, N.1
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43
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33846051926
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we also reported a similar combination in asymmetric fluorination reactions: e T. Suzuki, T. Goto, Y. Hamashima, M. Sodeoka, J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 246;
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we also reported a similar combination in asymmetric fluorination reactions: e) T. Suzuki, T. Goto, Y. Hamashima, M. Sodeoka, J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 246;
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45
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0037174368
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The simultaneous activation of electrophiles, such as enones, imines, and N,O acetals, by protonation was important for their reaction with chiral palladium enolates: a Y. Hamashima, D. Hotta, M. Sodeoka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11 240;
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The simultaneous activation of electrophiles, such as enones, imines, and N,O acetals, by protonation was important for their reaction with chiral palladium enolates: a) Y. Hamashima, D. Hotta, M. Sodeoka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11 240;
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46
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21244500409
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b) Y. Hamashima, N. Sasamoto, D. Hotta, H. Somei, N. Umebayashi, M. Sodeoka, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 1549;
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Hamashima, Y.1
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47
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16244364063
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 1525;
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c) N. Sasamoto, C. Dubs, Y. Hamashima, M. Sodeoka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 14 010.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc
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Sasamoto, N.1
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Sodeoka, M.4
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49
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23044477415
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2 (3 equiv) was used as an external activator to form an oxonium intermediate from methyl orthoformate.
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2 (3 equiv) was used as an external activator to form an oxonium intermediate from methyl orthoformate.
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50
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34447519648
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II gave almost racemic products under similar conditions.
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II gave almost racemic products under similar conditions.
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51
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34447500977
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2 did not proceed at all.
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2 did not proceed at all.
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52
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34447522504
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The nickel complexes used in these studies were prepared according to the procedure described by Evans and Thomson.[17
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[17]
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53
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34447504295
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2 at room temperature.
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2 at room temperature.
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54
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34447513546
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2NEt, pyridine, and 2,6-di(tert-butyl)pyridine, led to less satisfactory results.
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2NEt, pyridine, and 2,6-di(tert-butyl)pyridine, led to less satisfactory results.
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55
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34447524405
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Details of these experiments will be discussed in a full paper
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Details of these experiments will be discussed in a full paper.
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56
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34447511990
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The treatment of 4a with Et3SiOTf and 2,6-lutidine at room temperature gave the corresponding silyl enolate in 78, yield with 22, unchanged 4a. When this reaction mixture was subjected to the fluorination conditions at -20°C for 24 h, 5a was obtained in 29, yield with 64, ee. The enantioselective fluorination of the remaining 4a and the uncatalyzed reaction of a small amount of the silyl enolate account for the observed low chemical yield and moderate enantioselectivity. If the formation of the silyl enolate and transmetalation are involved, a higher chemical yield and a comparable ee value should be observed, 25] In contrast, when chiral 2-acyl oxazolidin-2-ones were used as substrates, the optical purity of the fluorinated compounds decreased considerably during hydrolysis.[10a, Chemical Equation Presented
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[10a] (Chemical Equation Presented)
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