"Setting the conditions" for Abu Ghraib: The prison nation abroad

American Quarterly

Volumn 57, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 973-997

  Brown, Michelle ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34447526824     PISSN: 00030678     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/aq.2005.0039     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Michael Taussig, The Nervous System (New York: Routledge, 1992), 18
2. Mark Danner, "Torture and Truth," New York Review of Books 51, June 10, 2004, 4
3. Slavoj Žižek, "Between Two Deaths," London Review of Books 26.11, June 3, 2004, online edition http://lrb.veriovps.co.uk/v26/n11/ zize01_.html (accessed January 1, 2005)
4. "Abu Ghraib a Crime Scene Says Military Judge," ABC News Online, June 21, 2004, http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200406/s1137076.htm (accessed June 29, 2005)
5. David Rothman, "Perfecting the Prison," in The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, ed. Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 100
6. David Garland, Punishment and Modem Society: A Study in Social Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 40
7. Michael Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 (New York: Pantheon, 1978), 212
8. Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (London: Verso, 2004), 53
9. Michael Ignatieff, The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in An Age of Terror (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004)
10. Both the International Committee of the Red Cross and Human Rights Watch have expressed concern over possible human rights violations at U.S. detention facilities since the beginning of the war on terror, including at twenty detention facilities in Afghanistan (Bagram airbase as well as bases at Kandahar, Jahalabad, and Asadabad). In Iraq, cases are being investigated at Camp Bucca, Abu Ghraib, and other undisclosed facilities. The interrogation practices first implemented at Camp X-Ray (now Camp Delta) at Guantanamo are argued to be the prototypes for emergent patterns of abuse in U.S. detention facilities across the world. See Reed Brody, The Road to Abu Ghraib (Human Rights Watch, June, 2004), http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/usa0604/ (accessed June 28, 2005)
11. Amy Kaplan, "Violent Belongings and the Question of Empire Today - Presidential Address to the American Studies Association, October 17, 2003," American Quarterly 56.1 (March 2004): 14
12. Amy Kaplan, The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), 1
13. "Court-Martial in Iraq; U.S. Army soldiers face court-martials for actions at Baghdad's Abu Ghraib Prison," 60 Minutes II, April 28, 2004, available at http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document?_m= b7ab631df5dd018146b1dc7f308f81f5&_docnum=1&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkVb&_md5= 69059fbd99c2b3fded07622bd7733b64 (accessed June 28, 2005)
14. "Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld Reaction to Abuse in Iraq," ABC News, Good Morning America, May 5, 2004, at http://web.lexisnexis.com/ universe/document?_m= d76dc228811ec3bf0b237cfb9358758b&_docnum=2&wchp= dGLbVzz-zSkVA&_md5= f3ed76662b03985cac5806edac98bc29 (accessed June 28, 2005)
15. Adam Hochschild, "What's in a Word? Torture," New York Times, May 23, 2004, at http://nytimes.com/2004/05/23/opinion/23HOCH.html (accessed June 28, 2005)
16. Mark Bowden, "The Dark Art of Interrogation: A Survey of the Landscape of Persuasion," The Atlantic Monthly, October 2003, 56
17. Seymour Hetsh, Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib (New York: HarperCollins, 2004)
18. Bowden, The Dark Art, 53
19. "Court-Martial in Iraq," 60 Minutes II
20. Butler, Precarious Life, 13
21. Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Ballantine Books, 2001), xiv
22. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 7
23. See Katherine Beckett, Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)
24. Presidential remarks given at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, September 11, 2001. See http:// multimedia.belointeractive.com/attack/news/ bushtext.html (accessed June 28, 2005)
25. "Agent: England Described 'Humiliation' Techniques," cnn.com, August 6,2004, http://www.cnn.com/ 2004/LAW/08/06/lynndie.england.hearing/index. html (accessed June 29, 2005)
26. See Joseph T. Hallinan, Going up the River: Travels in a Prison Nation (New York: Random House, 2001)
27. Eric Schlosser; "The Prison-Industrial Complex," The Atlantic Monthly 282.6 (December 1998): 51-77
28. and Sasha Abramsky, Hard Time Blues: How Politics Built a Prison Nation (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2002)
29. See Judith Greene, "From Abu Ghraib to America: Examining Our Harsh Prison Culture," Ideas for an Open Society: Occasional Papers from OSI-U.S. Programs, 4.1 (October 2004): 6
30. Sasha Abramsky, "Incarceration, Inc.," at http://www. duckdaotsu.org/070504-incarceration.html
31. Anne-Marie Cusac, "Abu Ghraib, USA," at http://www. prisonactivist.org/pipermail/prisonact-list/2004-June/009105.html
32. Earl Ofari Hutchinson, "Iraq 'Supermax' Prison Won't Wipe Away Abu Ghraib Stain," at http:// www.alternet.org/story/18819 (access date for all sites: January 31, 2005)
33. Anthony Dworkin, "Security Contractors in Iraq: Armed Guards or Private Soldiers?," http:// www.crimesofwar.org/onnews/news-security.html (accessed June 28, 2005)
34. See Paul Tharp, "Private Prison Stocks Hot - New Internment Camps, Cells Coming," at http:// www.rense.com/general15/privateprisonstocks.htm (accessed June 29, 2005)
35. Andrew Stein, "Prison Stocks: A Secure Pick?." Money, April 30, 2004, online edition, at http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/ document?_m = 8334a5eaf61266e5c847958c13a850da&_docnum = 3& wchp = dGLbVlz-zSkVb&_md5=0b2bf5ebd6fa79cb0f3bed7f4cfb183c (accessed June 29, 2005)
36. and Abramsky, "Incarceration, Inc."
37. See Michael Welch, Detained: Immigration Laws and the Expanding I.N.S. Jail Complex (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003)
38. Human Rights Watch, Locked Away: Immigration Detainees in Jails in the U.S. (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1998)
39. Human Rights Watch, Slipping Through the Cracks: Unaccompanied Children Detained by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1997)
40. The Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations
41. Brody, The Road to Abu Ghraib
42. Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1961), 13
43. Gresham Sykes, The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Facility (New York: Atheneum, 1970), 79
44. For an excellent recent application, see Lorna A. Rhodes, "The Choice to Be Bad," in Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004)
45. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 318
46. For human rights documentation, see Jamie Fellner and Joanne Mariner, Cold Storage: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in Indiana (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1997)
47. Jamie Fellner, Red Onion State Prison: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in Virginia (New York: Human Rights Watch, April 1999)
48. Jamie Fellner, Out of Sight: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in the United States (New York: Human Rights Watch, February 2000). Other useful sources include Craig Haney, "'Infamous Punishment': The Psychological Consequences of Isolation," The National Prison Project Journal (ACLU, spring 1993)
49. and Rhodes, Total Confinement
50. Danner, "Torture and Truth."
51. Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization: The Human Consequences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 108
52. Kaplan, The Anarchy of Empire, 1
53. Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1987), 80
54. Austin Sarat, When the State Kills: Capital Punishment and the American Condition (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 43
55. Susan Bibler Coutin, "Illegality, Borderlands, and the Space of Nonexistence," in Globalization Under Construction: Governmentality, Law, and Identity, ed. Richard Warren Perry and Bill Maurer (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 2003), 171
56. Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera, 80
57. Žižek, "Between Two Deaths."
58. Susan Bibler Coutin, "Illegality, Borderlands, and the Space of Nonexistence," 193
59. See Amy Kaplan, "'Left Alone With America': The Absence of Empire in the Study of American Culture," in Cultures of United States Imperialism, ed. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease (Durham, N.C: Duke University Press, 1993), 3-21
60. and Donald E. Pease and Robyn Wiegman, eds., The Futures of American Studies (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002)
61. "Camp Delta Death Chamber Plan," BBC News World Edition, June 10, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2979076.stm (accessed June 28, 2005)