Local law enforcement and illegal bushmeat hunting outside the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

Environmental Conservation

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 55-63

  Holmern, T ^a   Muya, J ^b   Roskaft E ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^b Serengeti Regional Conservation Project   (Tanzania)

Author keywords

Bushmeat; Community based conservation; Illegal hunting; Law enforcement; Serengeti; Wildlife management areas

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION; VILLAGE GAME SCOUTS (VGS);

DATA ACQUISITION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS; LAW ENFORCEMENT; REGULATORY COMPLIANCE;

MEATS;

BUSHMEAT; COMMUNITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; EXPLOITATION; HUMAN ACTIVITY; HUNTING; LAW ENFORCEMENT; LOCAL PARTICIPATION; PROTECTED AREA; TEMPORAL ANALYSIS; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

ANIMAL HUNTING; ARTICLE; HERBIVORE; LAW ENFORCEMENT; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; NATIONAL PARK; PROBABILITY; SPECIES CONSERVATION; SUMMER; WILDLIFE CONSERVATION;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; SERENGETI NATIONAL PARK; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; TANZANIA;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 34447506482     PISSN: 03768929     EISSN: 14694387     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0376892907003712     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Abbot, J.I.O. & Mace, R. (1999) Managing protected woodlands: fuelwood collection and law enforcement in Lake Malawi National Park. Conservation Biology 13: 418-421.
2. Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. & Thompson, W.L. (2000) Null hypothesis testing: problems, prevalence, and an alternative. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 912-923.
3. Arcese, P., Hando, J. & Campbell, K.L.I. (1995) Historical and present - day anti-poaching efforts in Serengeti. In: Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem, ed. A.R.E. Sinclair & P. Arcese, pp. 506-533. Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press.
4. Baldus, R.D. & Cauldwell, A.E. (2004) Tourist hunting and its role in development of wildlife management areas in Tanzania. Sixth International Game Ranching Symposium, Paris, July 6-9, 2004, International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife, Paris: 45 pp. [www document]. URL http://www.wildlife- programme.gtz.de/wildlife/download/hunting_wma.pdf
5. Balmford, A. & Whitten, T. (2003) Who should pay for tropical conservation, and how could the costs be met? Oryx 37: 238-250.
6. Barnett, R. (2000) Food for Thought: The Utilization of Wild Meat in Eastern and Southern Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa: 264 pp.
7. Barrett, C.B. & Arcese, P. (1998) Wildlife harvest in integrated conservation and development projects: Linking harvest to household demand, agricultural production, and environmental shocks in the Serengeti. Land Economics 74: 449-465.
8. Bell, R.H.V. (1984) Monitoring of illegal activity and law enforcement in African conservation areas. In: Conservation and Wildlife Resources in Africa, ed. R.H.V. Bell & E.McShane-Caluzi, pp. 371-351. Washington, DC, USA: Peace Corps.
9. Borge, A. (2003) Essays on the economics of African wildlife and utilization and management. Dr. polit. thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway: 187 pp.
10. Brashares, J., Arcese, P., Sam, M.K., Coppolillo, P.B., Sinclair, A.R.E. & Balmford, A. (2004) Bushmeat hunting,wildlife declines and fish supply in West Africa. Science 306: 1180-1183.
11. Burnham, K.P. & Anderson, D.R. (2002) Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: a Practical Information-theoretic Approach. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
12. Campbell, K. & Hofer, H. (1995) People and wildlife: spatial dynamics and zones of interaction. In: Serengeti II. Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem, ed. A.R.E. Sinclair & P. Arcese, pp. 534-570. Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press.
13. Caro, T.M. (1999) Densities ofmammals in partially protected areas: the Katavi ecosystem of western Tanzania. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 205-217.
14. Caro, T.M., Pelkey, N., Borner, M., Campbell, K.L.I., Woodworth, B.L., Farm, B.P., Ole Kumai, J., Huish, S.A. & Severre, E.L.M. (1998) Consequences of different forms of conservation for large mammals in Tanzania: preliminary analyses. African Journal of Ecology 36: 303-320.
15. Caro, T.M., Rejmánek, M. & Pelkey, N. (2000) Which mammals benefit from protection in east Africa. In: Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity, ed. A. Entwistle & N. Dunstone, pp. 221-227. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
16. Child, B. (1996) The practice and principles of community based wildlife management in Zimbabwe: the CAMPFIRE programme. Biodiversity Conservation 5: 369-398.
17. Du Toit, J.T. (2002) Wildlife harvesting guidelines for community-based wildlife management: a southern African perspective. Biodiversity Conservation 11: 1403-1416.
18. Ferraro, P.J. (2001) Global habitat protection: limitations of development interventions and a role for conservation performance payment. Conservation Biology 15: 990-1000.
19. Gibson, C.C. & Marks, S.A. (1995) Transforming rural hunters into conservationists - an assessment of community-based wildlife management programs in Africa. World Development 23: 941-957.
20. Gillingham, S. & Lee, P.C. (1999) The impact of wildlife-related benefits on the conservation attitudes of local people around the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. Environmental Conservation 26: 218-228.
21. Hofer, H., Campbell, K.L.I., East, M.L. & Huish, S.A. (1996) The impact of game meat hunting on target and non-target species in the Serengeti. In: The Exploitation of Mammal Populations, ed. J. Taylor & N. Dunstone, pp. 117-146. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.
22. Hofer, H., Campbell, K.L.I., East, M.L. & Huish, S.A. (2000) Modelling the spatial distribution of the economic costs and benefits of illegal gamemeat hunting in Serengeti. Natural Resource Modelling 13: 151-177.
23. Holmern, T., Mkama, S.Y., Muya, J. & Røskaft, E. (2006) Intraspecific prey choice of bushmeat hunters outside the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania: a preliminary analysis. African Zoology 41: 81-87.
24. Holmern, T., Røskaft, E., Mbaruka, J.Y., Mkama, S.Y. & Muya, J. (2002) Uneconomical game cropping in a community-based conservation project outside the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Oryx 36: 364-372.
25. Infield, M. & Namara, A. (2001) Community attitudes and behaviour towards conservation: an assessment of a community conservation programme around Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda. Oryx 35: 48-60.
26. Ite, U.E. (1996) Community perceptions of the Cross River National Park, Nigeria. Environmental Conservation 23: 351-357.
27. Jachmann, H. & Billiouw, M. (1997) Elephant poaching and law enforcement in the central Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 233-244.
28. Johannesen, A.B. & Skonhoft, A. (2005) Tourism, poaching and wildlife conservation: what can integrated conservation and development projects accomplish? Resource and Energy Economics 27: 208-226.
29. Kaltenborn, B.P., Nyahongo, J.W. & Tingstad, K.M. (2005) The nature of hunting around the Western Corridor of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. European Journal of Wildlife Research 51: 213-222.
30. Leader-Williams, N. & Albon, S.D. (1988) Allocation of resources for conservation. Nature 336: 533-535.
31. Leader-Williams, N., Albon, S.D. & Berry, P.S.M. (1990) Illegal exploitation of black rhinoceros and elephant populations: patterns of decline, law enforcement and patrol effort in Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology 27: 1055-1087.
32. Leader-Williams, N. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (1993) Policies for the enforcement of wildlife laws - the balance between detection and penalties in Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Conservation Biology 7: 611-617.
33. Lewis, D., Kaweche, G.B. & Mwenya, A. (1990) Wildlife conservation outside protected areas - lessons from an experiment in Zambia. Conservation Biology 4: 171-180.
34. Loibooki, M., Hofer, H., Campbell, K.L.I. & East, M.L. (2002) Bushmeat hunting by communities adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania: the importance of livestock ownership and alternative sources of protein and income. Environmental Conservation 29: 391-398.
35. Marks, S.A. (1994) Local hunters and wildlife surveys - a design to enhance participation. African Journal of Ecology 32: 233-254.
36. Mduma, S.A.R., Hilborn, R. & Sinclair, A.R.E. (1998) Limits to exploitation of Serengeti wildebeest and implications for its management. In: Dynamics of Tropical Communities, ed. D.M. Newbery, Prins H.H.T. & N.D. Brown, pp. 243-265. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.
37. Milner-Gulland, E.J & Leader-Williams, N. (1992) A model of incentives for the illegal exploitation of black rhinos and elephants - poaching pays in Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology 29: 388-401.
38. Newmark, W.D. & Hough, J.L. (2000) Conserving wildlife in Africa: integrated conservation and development projects and beyond. BioScience 50: 585-592.
39. Nyahongo, J.W., East, M.L., Mturi, F.A. & Hofer, H. (2005) Benefits and costs of illegal grazing and hunting in the Serengeti ecosystem. Environmental Conservation 32: 326-332.
40. Pelkey, N.W., Stoner, C.J. & Caro, T.M. (2000) Vegetation in Tanzania: assessing long term trends and effects of protection using satellite imagery. Biological Conservation 94: 297-309.
41. R Development Core Team (2006) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
42. Rowcliffe, J.M., de Merode, E. & Cowlishaw, G. (2004) Do wildlife laws work? Species protection and the application of a prey choice model to poaching decisions. Proceedings of the Royale Society London B 271: 2631-2636.
43. Rusch, G., Stokke, S., Røskaft, E., Mwakalebe, G., Wiik, H., Arnemo, J. & Lyamuya, R. (2005) Human-wildlife interactions in western Serengeti, Tanzania. Effects of land management on migratory routes and mammal population densities. NINA Report 85, Trondheim, Norway: 47 pp.
44. Songorwa, A.N. (1999) Community-based wildlife management (CWM) in Tanzania: are the communities interested? World Development 27: 2061-2079.
45. SPSS (2005) SPSS for Windows. Release 14.0. Chicago, IL, USA: SPSS Inc.
46. UNEP-WCMC (2005) World database on protected areas [www document]. URL http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/
47. URT (2002) General management plan for Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves (2002-2007). Final draft. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
48. URT (2004) Reference manual for implementing guidelines for the designation and management of wildlife management (WMAs) in Tanzania. Government Printer, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
49. World Bank (2006) World development indicators database: Tanzania data profile [www document]. URL http://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.asp? PTYPE=CP&CCODE=TZA